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AUTHOR: 


LANCIANI,  RODOLFO 
AMEDEO 


TITLE: 


WANDERINGS  IN  THE 
ROMAN  CAMPAGNA . 


PL  A  CE : 


BOSTON 

DATE: 

1909 


COLUMBIA  LJNIVHKbiiY  LIBRARIES 

PRESERVATION  DFITXRTMENT 


Master  Negative  # 


BiBI.lOGRAi'HiC  MICRUIORN 


Origii 


.  ru  i  ,1^  i  iinitii  -  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


'^i*»«»B5^H»»'"'*'^*g!SS^#^'SS 


|:94:,:: 


1 


Lanciani,  Rodolfo  Amedeo,  1847-1929. 

Wanderings  in  tiit  R.  inaii  t -ni  pagna,  by  Eodolfo  Lan- 
ciani  ...  Boston  and  X^  V  i  ,  TT  arliton  Mifflin  com- 
pany, 1909. 

xiii,   378  p.,   1  1.  incl.   illus.,   plates,   ports,     front,    (map)    5  double  pi. 

24^"^.     j-$5.003  ^ 

Contents.— The  land  of  Saturn.— The  land  of  Horace.— The  land  of 
Hadrian.— The  land  of  Gregory  the  Great.— The  land  of  Cicero.— The  land 
of  Pliny  the  Younger  and  the  land  of  Nero. 


1.  Campagna  di  Roma.     2.  Art— Campagna  di  Roma. 


Library  of  Congress 
Copy  2. 


DG975.C17L2 


I.  Title. 
9-30395 


Copyright     A  251949 


iJ 


R 


se: 


TFCHNICAl MlCROFORAl  IhVTA 


IX  .  .  1 .''  \....j  V.     J    i  \,.J  i   -'* 


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FILM      SIZE:  ^ ^^  ^1<^J^ 

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ITEMED  BY;    RiiSEARCH  PUIM  ICATIONS,  IN- :    WOODBRIDGE,  CI 


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THE  llOMAX  CAMPA(JNA 


WANDERINGS   IN   THE 
ROMAN  CAMPAGNA 


BY 


RODOLFO  LANCIAM 

I  r  9 

AUTHOR  OF  ''ANX'IENT  ROME  IN  THE  LI(;HT  OF  RECENT  DISCOVER- 


IES, 


"    "pagan  and   CHRISTIAN    ROME,"    "nEW    TALES  OF 
OLD   ROME,''    *'tHE   RUINS  AND    EXCAVATIONS  OF 


ANCIENT   ROME, 


??    tk 


THE   (UJLDEN   DAYS  OF 


THE   RENAISSANCE  IN   ROME,  '    ETC. 


PIIOFUSELY    ILLUSTKATED 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 

HOT'OirrON   MIF^^P^LIN   rnAn\\NY 

Cbe  EttJcrrstUe  JJrffiffi  Cambritiffe 

1909 


O  J? 


CONTENTS 


COrVRIGHT,    1909,    HY    RODOLKO    LANCIAM    AND 
IIOIGHTON    Mil  KLIN    COMTANV 

ALL    HH.HTS    KtSEKVED 

Publi'slitd  Xoventbt-r  iqoq 


I.  The  Land  of  Saturn         .      -    . 

II.  The  Land  of  Horace     . 

III.  The  Land  of  Hadrian 

IV.  The  Land  of  Gregory  the   Great 
V.  The  Land  of  Cicero 


74 

188 
.   247 


VI.    The    Land    of    Pliny    the  Younger  and    the 

Land  of  Nero 302 


Appendix   . 

Index 


.   365 
371 


c 

rv 


Q^ 


440918 


LIST    OF    ILLI  STILVTIOXS 


1  i:ll-pa(;k  i>lai  i:s 

Tin-:  Roman  Campacw    iMnp)  Fronfispirrr 

Tin:    Aijiw     \'()L(AM(      Ra.\(;k     skkn     i  hom     i,,,:    \'illa 

(^l   IN  IILlomM        .  .  ....  2 

'VUK    W  ii.DKKNKSS     HV     \VHI(H     RoMK    is    ST  1{  K(  )r  XDKI)     .  .       17 

A  (Jlimi'si:  of  thk   Pixk  lM)in:sT  oi    Castkl  Fisano         .     21 

From  a  jiliMtM-i  aph  l,y  M  i^-.  iioi;,  F.niu.T. 

'I'm-:  Sar(  ()i>iiA(;rs    lorxi)    i\    thk   \'f\   Collatiw.   Jfxk, 

1^^<»^ ,27 

Olk  Lady  of  thi:  Fi:\  i:i{,  i\   rm:  Civ'vfts  ov  St.   PktfkV     .V,] 
The  Citiiaikkdi:  Ai'olio  foi  \n  i\  rm:  X^iffa  of  X'ocomfs 

PoLMO 

A  Waysidi:  Snh'ixF   'Icoxftta)   xfvi;  Sfhiaco 

Thk  (\\stfk  of  niF  (\vFTAXi   xfah   Mftflfa's  Tomb 

'rm-:  Small  WATFin  alls       ...... 

ViKW     FROM    THK     TFiniACK     OF     CyXTHIa's     VifFA     AT     SaXT 

Amoxio 

Thl  Coat  of  Amis  of  thf  d'Hsik  ox  thk  IVvhsthadf  oi 

THK     r!'l>Ki{    'ri:iiKA(   K 

'  •  •  •  . 

()\K   OF    LKiOUlo's   FoFXTAiXS    IX   THK    IIaLL   OF   THK    PvLAOI 
COIMKI)    FKOM    THK    AXTK^   K 

The  hk^t  kxi^tixc;   Poimkait  Hist  of  Hadhiax 

Showing  Uu-  iHstrd  wm,,,  |,,r  il,,.  tir-^t  riiii.'  by  a  IJomaii  Fnn..TMr. 

IHE   So-Callei)    ^F\1^XK  Thkatuk.    with   THK   Chaxxkl 

IXCLOSIXCI    THK     I^OFXI)     IsLAXI)  .... 

OXKOF   niK   (;iAXr(Al>L'KSSKs  PLAXTKI)    BY  CoF  X  r  (  i  I  FSFI'l'l 

Fkdk  i\  the  First  Half  of  the  Fk.hteexth  (^kx  rrin    1  [:] 

AxdKXT     OlivK    ThkKS     IX    THK     LaXD    OF     (iuKcioin     niK 

.     1  H> 


(ID 

77 

109 
11.5 

i:i; 


i;;: 


Vlll 


LIST   OF    ILLUSrRA'noNS 


A   SpE(^IMKX  of    IHK   KkIK n.AI'KI)  Sn  LH  OF   MaS()M{V   rSKI) 


H 


V  IIadiuax   in    iHK  SruFi  rruKs  of   iiif 


\'lLF 


l.-)! 


A    \'lKW    OF     I 


UK    l{oVAL    CnV    OF    IVvi.MVKA 


•  1  • 


),) 


1  UK 


Ma  IFF  ol 


AnIINOFS    !)1S(  OVKHKI)    \i\   (iANIN    IlAMM.roX 


A  I      rAFKSlKINA     IN     II 


IK    \'kak    17!). 


ISl 


A  Rfinki)  A(iFKi)F(  1  IN  riiK  L\Ni)  OF  (iiuj.oin    riiK  (iinvM    1!)1 


Fruiii  a  i»li<'t<i- raj 


li  bv  t hf  <  a\  .  I   .    T.iiiilM mil. 


Thk  Si  AUK  OF  Si .  (iKK(.oin   m  Nkofo  ('oin)iKin.  a  Pfpik 

OF    Ml(  HKLAN(iKFO  ....... 

(iKNKHAF  \'lK\V    OF    MoDKHN    PaFKSIHINA    (()\KinN(.   Sll  K    OF 

'I'kMPFK    ol      l'\)KrFNK         ....... 

TlIK    TkMFFK    of    FoiMFNF.        DfI  All..        InTFHIoK 


1' 


I 


A    SkcIION    of     IHK     .Mo-AK      T  l.OOK    ON     A     l>AH(.KH    >(  AFK 
'I'llK    HKSI     KN<nVN     LlKKNK>.>    OF    ("l(  I:H0    W     .MiOFI    TlIlKrY 
Fl\  K    ^'KAHS    OF    .V(.K  . 

The  Miha(  FI-:  oi     rm-:  Coffmn     ..... 


( )ii. 


»(iiiifnii  iiiiii  I  -  t  jT-cof-  ,1 


t  <  .ri'ttatfiT.ita. 


Thf  Sukink  on    nil-:   Ffamini\n    1vo\i 


1!)' 


-.:.>.> 


^2U 


^.>:):) 
^^^?,) 


,:  I  i 


Markmu   tli>' 
Fiu^  II  1 1 1  '111  I  li' 


it    at    w 


\\\i-\\    tl)f    Ikm'I   "1    :^!.  -Vinllru   wa-ld 


li.iinl-  I  >i  <  ai 


iii.ii   !;>•-- iiai  III. 


.\   Fi>n    Fond   in    ihk  Ti  ^<  i  fvn 


\ii.i 


H 


\    OF    ISl^IioF    lU   IINI 


•IM.-il    1>\    I'i'i' 


u 


now 


.\  Shady  W  alk 


Fal 
W 


COIIKM'I 


IN     IHK    Ll  A  L  F1,KAN    (iAlHHA.^    iX'illa    ("ollli- 


fori 


Olll.'i 


'I'hk  Sri{i-:\\i   oi     iiii:  .\(^i  \   ('k\hk\ 


^>S{\ 


^>!)r> 


win. 


■  iH'f  w  a  t'  rt-'l  t  iif  liiwiT  iiHMil.  .\\  - 


(    ictf  i'^   r~t.l  t' 


UkMAINS    Ol       IHF 


KoMAN    ('ori\(.i:    DI^(  o\  KKKD    m     (^l  KKN 


Fi.i-;na   a  I    Lafkknifm 


Ff.v<i  FH   Cv^i    Ol    (^fi:kn    1m.i:n  a  ^   1)i-(ohofi 


I)l-< 


;i!) 


(  oiiilil'-ti'l    1>\   till-  aii'iit  Mil   "I    t  lir   aim    !  rmii 
I.,,ii\r.'.  .iini  Ihf  tf'-t  tf'-in  rhr   I'.Mti-h    Mii-.-uin. 


Ic  If. ■III.-.  ;  111    luMii   t  I  iiiu  t  lii' 


FoiFruMi    Ili;\D  o 


\      XkHO     W     AHoFl     TWIAIA 


l)  t.> 


iwin^r  iii'i'  '' 


h.-altlis   .iinl  rhfciriil  \  oil'  h. 


Onk  oi    Niohk"-  l)AF(.iii  fk-^  ^tivF(  k  TO  Dkath  m   Diana 
Thk  M\>rKKioF>  (iuKKK    NFmdkn   I  kom   Antif.m 


,),>.) 


\\i] 


).> 


•  't  /  f 


■ 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


IX 


ILLLSIRATIOXS    IX    IIIF    FFX'F 

Tellkx-f:,  oxe  of    rm:  Rfined  Faiua    ririKs  of  L.vitfm 

Fl(    IFKKSCH  E    Re.M.VINS    OF   Ac^   KDF(    IS    FN     IJIK    \'aLLK    DK(.LI 

A  l\(  I 

Sm\FFK!{     MoFlH    OF     Tin:    TlHKK     Vl     FlFMK  INO     . 
(ilFWKS   Ol     FAitLV    L.MIN.S,    Pl{Oli.\HL^     OF    IHK    l^'oFNDKKS    op 
1^)MK,     DTSCOVKHKD     IN     TlIK     l^'oiUM  .  .  .  . 

A    CoMPAKlSON     PKIAVKIA      IlIK    AN(  IKNl'    .\  N  D    MoDKUN    ("oN- 

.  DirioNs  OF   rin:  (\mpa(;n.v     ...... 

Thk    (Jaik     in     wiik  ii      ihk     Pcexink    Pass    Road     kkkf 

AOSTA 

i  Pont  Si.  Maim  in.  oxe  of  the  Ro\fvn  Hkidcks  in   ihk  \'af 


7 
11 


)'  Aos  TA 


A  II 


osiKLin     IN     THK    Ko 


R 


.\  ( 


iI.IMPSK    OF     rilK     I.AKK    OF     I5KV((  i\NO 


>MAN     ('A.MP\(iN 

Hi 


Thk   Piu:Hisroinc  Spkini.s    vr  Si.   Mohi  rz 


W  KPS     OF      THK     ('aKTANI     oX 


rw 


Onk   Ol"    IHK    W A K  H  T' 

Appian   W.w 

Vafffv  of  ihk  Ri\  is  Afhvnfs  nkar  Dkcfmo  ii'roin  a  phol 


()- 


,ra[)h  1)\   A.  \ 
II 


(X'llPTl 


1  OHTIFVIT  Head  oi-  I1oua(  k  in  .\  aIkdvklion  of  ihk  Thh{1) 

UKNIFin- 

The    PEHisrvFE    of    ihe    Tempff    of    IIeiutfes.    whepe 


lAiFsriS    ADMINI^IKPKl)     .Ifsikf 


X>* 


i)"^ 


,>o 


41 
U 
49 


67 


71 


SO 


81 


The  Middfe  Tepkai  k  oi    ihk  \' 


M 


IFFA    OF    AI.EOKNAS   OX    IHF 


("\p(iANo    Road    (tVoiii    a    pliolooraph    1)\-    [)v.    Thonia' 


^lll)^ 


I  1^ 


PACiMFNl     OF    .V     ImMEZE    WFFH    THE   (    PVPriC   SkiN.MFHES   Ol 
SaFHI  S    AND     R.MKAi   HIS 


The  Bisr  op  A 


NA(  PEON    l)l>((>\  EPED   HV    THE  Af  IHOR  FN    IHF 


(i.VPDENS    OF    (\es\P     IN     1  SS  !• 

The  Lowep  Teppa<  e  oi    ihe  X'ifla  of  M.ecenas  (^i'rom  a 
])li()t()L:raj)li  l>y  Miss  Dora  Hulwer'*  .  .  .  . 


88 


S. 


S' 


!>2 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTR.VriOXS 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


XI 


I 


ir 


.It 


AN(  IKM     N'kssHL    lOK    Ilor    1)k1\K>    lOlM)    \\:\\l  THKliAClXA. 

SiDK  \'iK\\     from  an  iinpul>li>hr(l  drawini;-  in  \\\v  possos- 

^ioii  i)\  the  author i    . 
An(  IKM   X'k.^.-^ll  loii  llor  1)hink>  ioind  .m:vi{  Tkkija*  ina 

Sh:(   lloNAl.    \'iF.w  ...... 

\'K>il<.h>    <•!      <-NK    <>1      lili:     Hl.(i:i'lI<>N     lv<K)M>    IN     (^NI111\S 

N'li.i.A     tVoiu  a  j)liotoui-aj>h  l>v   Dr.  Tlioma>  A>hl>v) 
I*f;  1  la  >\i  V    M  i  ^v     ........ 

Thk  IIk.h  SiKLKi   oi    Mi:i)i.i.\  Ai.  Tixoi.i     . 

Lh.oiiio'^  ( .[{oip  OF  UoMF.  Axn  !!>  1^  )r  M )  i:h^.  1 11 1 :  I-"ia».\iis- 

i>n;«  v.  in  111^  Kfi.ifi    Fi.a\  <>i    mi:  (iia,  i\    in.,  \'ii.i.\ 

d'K^if  .....••••• 
TI\<  ki:k!'--   \'ii:\v  oi    I1<>ka(  b:"~>   I-'ak'm   .  .  .  .  • 

FnuiKAii    lk>r    oi     rill-:    Lmimms^    Fi.(>ii\\,    iiii.  \Niii;  oi 

'I'uA.FW  '^liowini:-  the  cxt  raordiu.irx  liraddrc^^  uoi'ii  li\  llir 

hulit'^  of  the  ripiaii  and   .Fliaii  faniilio). 
'I'liF.  Fai.li\(.  IJoH^i:  Fia>\i    \  i)^  \i)i;i(.\  i)i^(  <  >\  Kin;!)  f\  thk 

\\t.i:  oi    Tkmi'i:    \M)    i  k  w^i  <  )k\i  i:i)   i\r<»    \   (•lani'  of 

(^11MF>    ("riMH^     l.F\l'l\<.     l\lo     1111,    (llV^M 

A   CoHNFi;   or    rnF  Sivdum    i\    IIxdkiw"^   \ii.i.\ 

A   Hall   \FVK    ITIF  (  iHFFK    \M)    L\T1\    LlHKMMF-.    i:\(    W    MKl) 

n\    tiif;    \i  rnou   i\    iss,")         ...... 

^[xi'oi    I  11  K  Ilii.i.  oi    S.  Sii.iwo    >li(.\\  ini:-  i-<'^p«'(ti\r  Nit<•>^  ot 

the  \ill;i-  of  Hadrian,  /cnohia.  Ma'ccna>.   Lollia   Paulina. 

and  of  tlir  \'il»ii  \  ai'ii  ..••••• 
Tiii:   TiHruriNi:    IIii.k>      a   \i«'\v    (»\ci'  wliidi  (^uctai  Z<Miol)ia 

inu>t    liaxr  ua/rd  forxcar-'  fr'oin   \\\v  trrracr  ot  her   \illa- 

prixtn  i  .....••••• 

A   \'iK\v  OF  niK   Dork    Coi  i;t.   IImuhw"-   \'iff\ 

A     DkDK    \TIO\-    TO     AL\1.AK1HKF<»^.     WlHlllA     I\      FvlAMlMAK 

discovered  in  llie  Tra-tcxt-re.  and   now    in  lla-  (apiloline 
Museum)  ......••• 

Thk  Kk\i\in^  of  thk  Tkmffi:  of  thk  Sfv  oppo^n  i;  thk 
(^Fii'jN  \i.  Pafai  i;  from  an  ciii^ravin:;  by  ( iioxannoli  made 
in  the  time  of  l*aul  \  >     . 


100 

!o:; 
km; 


1 1:; 


i:n 


1  U) 

1  w 

U!) 


l.-)!) 


Hi:; 


KiS 


171 


The  ff\i)in(j  of  ihk  Triancjulak  Altak  f\  thk  Chapel  of 

jFPFi'KK    IIeLIOPOLFFANFS    ON     THE    JaN'K  FLF.M  .  .     17:5 

A    MORE   DE'i'AlLED   X'lEW    OF    THE  I'ULWT;  F  LA  R   AlTAR    liEFORE 

THE  1'rap  Door  marked  A,   H,   (\    D   was   lifted     .   17.) 

WhAI     was    FOFND    in     the    HlI)I\(i-I*LA(  e      .  .  .  .177 

The  Amtxofs  of  Antoxlvnus,  dis( overed  at  I'orre  del 

Padh;lioxe      .........    1S.3 

The  Chfr(  h  of  S.   Maria  di   N'fltfrella   {fiN)iii  a  sketch 

h\   (iiovainii    1^'ontana;      .......  '■ZOO 

The  (  \)Xse(  ra  riox  of  hie  ('hfr(  h  oi  the  \'FLrFRELLA  by 
Pope  Svia  esier  L  wi  hi  ihe  Apparfhon  of  ihe  Si  A(i 
(from  a  rude  earxin^  in  wood  jireserved  in  the  eliureh'    .   ^20o 

The  A.mpiclioxe  \'alli:v  (with  ("eeihaiio  in  the  (h"stanee,  the 
mountain  of  Santa  Si^ohi  on  the  rii'ht.  the  mediieval  eastle 
of  Ampiiilione  (»n  the  left)  ...... 

A  Family  ( iRoFP  of  ihe  Cox  i  i  (from  tlie  oriuinal  picture  now 
in  the  ( 'onti-Torlonia  vilhi  at  Frascati)     .... 

'I'lIK    PoRlA    NkVOLA.    ox     thk    KoAD    TO    THK    \'lLLA    CaTEXA 

(from  a  photograph  l)y   Miss  Dora   Hulwer) 

A\K\FK    OF    CyPRKSSLS,     \"iLLA    CaTKNA  .... 

TiiF  Approa(  H    ro  niK  \'illa  Catkxa         .... 

'I'lIK    I^FINKI)    (dlFR(   H    OI      IHK    FraI  I(  KLLI    OX    THE    MoXlE 

Svxr'  .Vncelo  aho\  e   Poli     ...... 

roLY(ioxAL  Walls  iu  ilt  afier  the  Pklas(,i(    0(  (  fpahox 

OF    Pr.kxksik 

Froxt  of  thk  Lower  Terraci:  of  ihe  Saxctfary  ftweUc 

liunch'ed  feet  loni:.!     ........ 

An     a  liar     FOFND    WITHIN     THE    TeMPLE    OF    l^'o  RTFNE 

1'lan   of  Ora(  lk 

(lENERAL  OfTLINE  OF  THE  MoSAK  I'^LOOR  IN  THE  Al'SK  OF 
THK    'I'kMPLE 

ALvp  OF  THE  District  of  Tfsc  flfm  (comprising-  Cicero's 
vilhi  at  the  Colle  (k'Ne  (  dnestre,  as  well  as  the  mo^t  impor- 
tant ancient  and  modern  ones  in  the  territory  of  Frascati 

« 

and  (Jrottaferrataj ZVJ 


ZOO 
ZOO 

Z]0 
Z 1 1 
Z\0 

ZZO 


zz.-) 


w)'U) 


Z:u 


Z:)0 


zn 


\I1 


TJSr   OF    ILM'STHA'I^IOXS 


LlS'l^   OF    IFFUSTRATIOXS 


xiu 


l4 


A    in  -ri(    ( 


VI  F-    <>I      A     Tl   >C  TLAN     \'ll.l.\        I'\il 


coilicri 


^2(\{ 


A    \'iK\v    (ti      I  in:    X'lij.A     I 


i.A  11  uini     i:\(  \\  Ai  i:i>     17  H    k>. 


wHKin:   riiK  '1'ilk  inx  iniu:i)  w  1 1  h  Ckkho'^  N\mi 


w  \ 


1  < >i  \i) 


TllK     Na.MK     (>i     ClCKIiO     .>^1  AMIMJ)     <  )\       lllK     Blx'K   K^     IslD     l\ 
THK     IH   II.DIVC     OV    UI^     \'ll.l.\     Al     Tl^c   lU    M 

I'm:  ( I  \\  \:\\  w  oi    rm:  (  ihoii  w  i:uka  i  \  A 


HHi:>   1  ( )iM  1 1  1  hi)  m 


( '  \i;i)i  \  Ai.  (in  I. 


iA\<  >   i)i:i.i.A    l(<>\  I  i;i;    \nnir    1  1-S. 


•  iMHvri   (>i    ("audinal  Hi:>>^Ain<>\   i\    i  hk  ('i.oi-ii  i;  oi 


*^<-N 


Al'o^lOLl 

A    \'n:\v    f)F    Tin:     \' 


< . ' » \  f: 


II. LA       (^ri\  I  ILIOKI'M.       \()\\       M()\I)K\ 


<>\\  <  \i.i.i;i)   rm:    1  ohh'  >\k 


'1'hk  M Ar^ni.i-:r.\i  oi    Li  (  i  m.i  ^.  \ 

Dl     M  It  AK  \  .  . 

•  •  •  •  • 

'I'iiK  TiiixKi/lA  i>i(  Ai.  Thkk^  (,i   a  Ti  >i  i  la.\  \ii.i.\     \]\i'  pin 

\hr  ('yj)vv«.  and  (lie  ilcxi  ..... 

A   \'ii\s    oi     111I-:   Pi\i:   |m)|{i;-i    \i  \n    L\i  i{i.\ii  m 


^2(1 


^2{'A 


^Z  I  .) 


^.>S  [ 


^2i): 


U)() 

;o.s 


!%--(  !u PI  i<  »\    ( »i     ( I  \M i:k}:i:i'i 


i;^    \\  1)    ( >i  wiAi    M  MM'.i.i:^    i)!s 


<  ( »\ 


i:!vi:i)  \',\  (^i  i;i.\  l'"i.i.\ 


\  1  \   111  i:  r.\(  A\  A  I  K  »\--  <  )i    riiK 


\'h  (  ^   Al  (.r^  1  \\T  >    1, 


A I  HL.\  11  .M 


10 


TiiK  Ilwii.KT  or  ToHh-K  Pktf.hx 


\    ioIKC    a 


llUllf 


IFIL:"    |(h|'|(>   n! 


H 


w 


(tiiian    rii 


[H'r()i-«>    in    fhr    hircxt    of    I 


iiurt'iitnm  ;    later    a 


;it(}i-t()\\ cr  aLiain^l   the  Aliicriaii  pirate^;  at   pi-cvcnl  ux'il 


U)V  tlir  [-1  >\  al  kciint-U  ii 


I  iotmccnoii  w  11  h   lilt'   i)r('>('r\ rv  oi 


( 'a>«tf'j    1*1  (f/iar 


lo 


)  1 .1 


Plan    ny    rm:    Romax    ro'rrxcr.    r)i-( ox  r.in:i)    in     Qri:K\ 


I' 


LK\  \  <  )\   1111.  ( 'oA^i  or  Lai  in  :\  1 1  m.    Tlic  1  )iN(()l)()lu 


\\a>  foun  1   iicai-  iN  pr(j<'>tal  al   tli<'  place  marked  (i) 
Thf.  Di^eoHoi.r^   lOLxi)   BY  (^1  i;i:\   Flk\a    Al    LArin:\ri  .M 


IN     \    !• 


U  \(.MKN  lAUV 


\  TL 


)  I  I 


pLA^ri:i{  ("\^r  ni  (^ikkn  Fi.knaV  DixonoLrs  rwitli  Ihe 
addition  of  the  i-iL^lit  aian  now  in  the  l^ionarotti  Mu^eiini 
at  Morence  and  <»f  the  Faneellotti  head,  a  ea^t  of  which 
\\ii^  heeii  found  in   Parisi  ...... 


FhACLMLMS     of     SlATlAin       DLSC(n  EHFl)     I.N      PlIXy's     Ba'1  IIS 

\v    Tin-:  Vi("T\s  Au(;rsT.\xrs  ffroiu  })]i()t()i(raph.s  hv  (iino 
Ferrari      .......... 

H.vLF  Wild   Hi  ffaloi-:s  spoiniNci  ix    rm-:  Watfhs  of  the 

Hl\FH     NlMK  n  S     NEAR    A  FII RODISH  .M    (La    FoSSa)      . 


>^2U 


aldax.e   ox    the 


The   SFLi'inK   SiMnN(;s   of  hie   Aqi'.e    ( 

\'oLs(iAN   CoAsr   h'lXE   Miles  West  of  Axrn 

PaIM'    of    an    Ar(   ill  lEn  FKAL    l^ELIEF      . 


M 


i  Tin:   1)ionvsia(    IIekma   h\   I^oeihis  of  ('iial(  edon 

1  Pros    as    a    Pamp-Siani)    (before    and    after    the    proccv^s    of 

elcansinu':  recovered  from  the  wreck  of  a  (i reek  .ship  on  tlie 
coast  of  Numidia)      .         .  .  .  .  .  .  j        . 

'I'lIE  (JrEAI'  pAHrnWOLKS  RAISED  BY    THE  VoLS(  I.\XS  FOR   rilE 

i)EFEX(  E  OF  Axin  .M  OX  THE   Pand  Side 
Tin:   (Ireat   1)fi(  h    e\(  avated   in     rm:    Hi  rrij    for   the 


i>00 


-).).> 


).).> 


I) 


EFFN(   E    OI      .VRDFA    O 


N      IHE     I 


AND    hIDF 


Portrait  Head  oi    Nt:ro  at  ahoft  Twenia-Six   ohowinir 

etfects  of  e\cesse>  and  dissipation)    .  .  .  .  . 

One  of  Xiohe's  Sons,  i  rom  Xero's  \'illa  at  Sfblacm  ei 


CiFEF.M 


Museo  Nazionale  alle  Terme) 


Onf  of  the  1)af(;hteks  of  Niohe.  fro.m  Xero's  \'illa  at 
Sfblac^fefm   (A'atican   Museum)       .  .  .  .  . 

The  Mysterioi  s  (^refk  .\Pvidex  from  Axtif.m  (details  of 
Iieadj 


).)  / 


).); 


141 


,)  +  / 


).) 


,).)  / 


J{)0 


.y'Z't 


WANDEIUNGS  IN  THE  ROMAN 

CAMPAGNA 


(  llAPrER    I 


llli;     LAM)    OF    SAIl  H\ 


Salve.  Tiia^iKi  ]i:ir('Tis  rrui;inii,  Satiiniia  tcllu 
Mauiia  \ii"iim.' 


w 


HEX  the  slu^|)her(ls  who  had  just  founded 
Uonie  on  the  Hill  of  Pales  used  to  assemble 
on  the  twentv-third  dav  of  Fehruarv  for  the 
(*elel)ration  of  the  Ivrniundia^  at  the  sixth  milestone  of 
the  road  to  Laurentum,  on  the  frontier  of  their  kinii'dom 
towards   the   sea.  — 


—  a    kinu'dom   ten   miles   in  diameter. 
—  eould    thev    have    foreseen   that     the    same    frontier 

« 

would  soon  reach  the  limits  of  the  known  world  ?  that 
the  TcruntKilid.  instead  of  Ixmuu'  eek^hrated  anv  longer 
on  the  hanks  of  the  nameless  stream^  which  divided 
their  iields  from  the  territorv  of  Laurentum,  would  he 
observed,  in  times  to  come,  on  the  hanks  of  the  Tiizris, 
of  the  Dnieper,  of  the  Rhine,  of  the  (dyde,  and  of  the 
Nile?  that  thev  would  soon  he  made  to  exehaniie  tluM*r 
pastoral  rod  for  the  seeptiv  of  kinos,  and  become  lead- 
ers of  men  instead  of  h^adiM's  of  flock.-? 


Hist 


orians  anc 


1  etl 


1 


.1 


moij'ranners  navi 


1: 


tried 


in   vain   to 


*    "Hail,  land  of  fcciuulitv.  land  ot'  Saturn.  nH)tlKT  of  j^n'cat  men  I" 
"  A  festival  in  honor  of  llie  <i;(ul  Terminus,  who  presidtMJ  over  hounda- 
ries  and  <ji;uaranteed  the  rii^hts  of  propertv.    He  was  represented  In  a  st(»ne 
or  j)()st  stuck  into  the  ground  on  the  })oun(lary  between  two  adjt)inin^  lields. 
Now  called  *'il  Fosso  di  Ac(juacetosa/' 


%       WANDERINGS    IN     IIIE    ROMAN    CAMPAGNA 

solve  this  problem  of  the  miraculous  growth  of  Rome 
from  so  humble  an  origin.  Of  what  stuff  were  those  she|)- 
herds  made?  Where  did  thev  get  their  strength  of  body, 
their  viiror  of  mind,  their  wisdom,  their  prudence,  their 
nuiirnificent  manhood,  which  made  it  possible  for  them 
to  achieve  such  feats  in  times  of  peace  and  in  times  of 


5 


war  r 

Livv  seems  to  think  that  the  greatness  of  Itome  was 
due  to  the  (juality  and  properties  of  the  land  on  which 
it  was  built,  and  bv  which  it  was  surrounded.  *' Not 
without  reason."  he  savs,  ^Mid  oods  and  men  choose 
this  site  for  Rome:  healthy  hills,  a  river  ecjually  adapted 
for  inland  and  maritime  trade,  the  sea  not  too  distant 
.  .  .  a  site  in  the  centre  of  the  Peninsula,  made,  as  it 
were,  on  purpose  to  aUow  Home  to  l)ccomethe  greatest 
citv  in  the  world." 

Xo  wonder,  therefore,  that  the  ]{onian  Campagna  — 
the  cradle  of  that  mighty  race  should  have  become, 
since  the  Renaissance  of  classic  studies,  an  object  of 
investigation  for  all  those  who  feel  the  attraction  of  his- 
torical  and  ethnological  problcMUs.  'Phe  first  of  these 
j)r()blems  relates  to  the  passa^'c  of  Livy  just  (|U()t(Hl 
concerning'  the  wholesomencss  of  the  site  of  Rome,  or 
at  least  of  the  hills  upon  which  it  was  |)rincipally  built. 
Were  the  seven  hills  and  the  surrounding  district  (ager 
Romanus)  inunune  from  malaria  in  the  first  stages  of 
Roman  historv,  or  was  that  sacred  soil  already  tainted 
with  the  irerms  to  which  millions  of  men  have  owed  a 
[)remature  death  in  the  course  of  twenty-seven  centu- 
ries r 

Specialists  differ  on  this  point.  Hrocchi,  the  author 
of  that  dcliuhtful  book,  '\Stato  fisico  del  suolo  di 
Roma,"'^  does  not  doubt  for  an  instant  that  Rome  was 

^    Printed  bv  Dc  RnmaiiLs  In  IS^^U. 


f' 


rHK   ALIIW    V()\A\\S]C    \l\si\K  .-mI   F1;oM   1'fIK  VILLA    <)ri\TILI(  )ia".M 


ft 


r 


IIIH    LAM)    OF    SA'IUHX  S 

iuuiuled  on  laiiil  cdrcadv  stricken  bv  malaria,  while 
\V.  II,  Jones,  the  latest  writer  on  tlie  .subject,'  tliifiks 
that  the  scour^'c  l)e(*anie  endemic  onlv  about  ^200  b.  c, 
the  i^ferms  havini^-  l)een  imported  from  Africa  bv  the 
( 'arthai>inians  of  Hannibal.  I  am  mvself  inclined  to 
favor  Brocchi's  theoi'v,  because  the  first  records  a])])ear 
in  i{oman  literature  about  the  epoch  mentioned  bv  Dr. 
Jones,  not  as  records  of  a  new  experience,  but  as  an 
account  of  a  state  of  things  which  had  prevailed  from 
immemorial  times.  No  doubt  the  founders  of  Rome 
were  a  strono;  and  wholesome  race  :  no  d()u))t  their  heavv 
woollen  togas  made  them  proof  against  the  bite  of  the 
anopheles,  and  against  cliills  generated  by  the  sudden 
changes  of  temperature  so  couimon  in  the  Campagna: 
and  no  doubt  mosquitoes  found  less  chance  to  propa- 
gate and  sj)read  while  volcanic  agencies  were  still  active 
and  powerful  emanations  purified  the  air.  Geologists 
have  shown  tliat  the  eruptions  of  Monte  Pila,  the  last 
crater  of  tlie  Alban  range,  must  have  lasted  two  or  three 
centuries  after  the  foundation  of  Rome.  Livv,  who  drew 
liis  information  from  the  Pontifical  Archives,  dating 
probably  as  far  back  as  tlie  reign  of  Xuma,  speaks  so 
<)ft(Mi  and  so  exactly  of  showers  of  ashes,  and  of  ''  roarings 
of  the  earth/'  that  it  is  impossible  to  deny  the  facts.  The 
burial-fields  of  XWkx  Longa  on  the  slopes  of  Monte 
Gucco  and  Monte  ( Vescenzio  were  found  in  1817,  buried 
under  three  eruptions,  one  of  pozzolana,  one  of  lapillo, 
and  one  of  peperino.  Rome  itself  was  surrounded  by 
thermal  springs,  for  which  the  northwest  section  of  the 
(  am|)us  Martins,  bordering  on  the  Tiber,  was  es[)eciallv 
i'onspicuous.     Heavy  vapors  hung  over  the  pool  of  the 

^  /.(/  ifuihiria,  ufi  jdiiorc  trciscurato  ncHa  storia  di  (Ircria  e  di  Ronid,  traiLS- 
latinl  from  tlie  Eii^Hish  l)y  Dr.  Francesco  (ieiiovese.  Naples.  Dctcken, 
1!)()S. 


\VAM,)EKIN(,S    IN     1111;    ROMAN    CAMPA(;\A 

I  arcnUiin  '  icd  l>v  hot   >ul|»liin'  springs,  .-iiid   (oiimio  of 


ilaiiK^  w(M'(-   ^oeii    is>uinn'   (Vom   tlic  ci-acks  of  fl 
I  Icricc  tl 


ic   ('ai'in 


II 


vwcr  [\\r  name  ca ni j>iis  ujii ij(  r        \]\v  \\vv\   field  —  oi\ en 


coimcci  loll 


c    wvvv 


to   the    j)lact\    and    tlu^   popular   hclicf   in    it 

with    the    infernal    rt^ahnv.     (  )f    the    same    natur 

the  A(jua'  Lautnhe.  which  lornied  anothei"  pool  neai'  tl 

Senate   liou^e   in    the  Ai'^ilet uni.     The    I* 

eonneet((l    l)\    tradition    with    eartlniual 


10 


oruni   itN(>|f  w  a 


ke^   an( 


I    el 


I  a  ^  n  1  s , 


and  other  telluric  di^turhanees  ;  nnd  Li\  v  reh'itiv-  how 
in  the  year  ^IW)  w.  (  .  a  powerful  jet  of  water  l)ur»t  from 
the  top  of  the  "street  of  In^feiu^/'  in  con>e(|U(Mice  of 
which  that  lane  !  coi-re>pondin^-  to  the  pi-e,sent  \'ia  di 
Sant'  Ai^'ata  de"  ( ioti 
torrent. 


wa>   t  ran^tornuMi    uito    a    imi^Imim'' 


1  need  not  in>ist  on  the  fact  that  a>  I 


onii'  as  the  Alhan 


\'olcano(\N 


remained   acti\(\    lif'e   prospered    within    tl 


leir 


spnere  o 


f   infl 


uen('(\    on 


the   ( 


impa^iia    >i(le  as  w(Ml    as 


on  the  >idt>  of   thi^  Pontine  district,  a>    far  as  the  Ishind 
(|)romontor\  )  of  ('irc(\    Accordino-  to  a  tradition  related 


I)\    Plinv  (iii.  .><)),  ther 


than   twent\-three   t 


e  were  in  pr(dii>toric  times  no  |(. 
tl 


.S.S 


owns  tlirivm^'  in   that   now    deserted 


plain  :  and  on  the  (  'ampaiina  side  of  the  vol 


canoes  ro 


lo- 


nists  from  AIha    Li)ni'a   had   f 


ounded  permanent  settle 
meiits  in  |)laces  which,  at  a  later  time,  hecame  hothed.^ 
of  malaria.  S])oakinu'  of  I'^ideme,  TelliMne,  Collatia 
Ant 
that 


emme,  ( 


tc.,   tl 


le   writers  of  the  Au<»ustan 


\iiiv  attest 


no  vestio-e  was   left    of   tli(Mn:   /h'ricrc  s/nc   rcstiiji 
We  may  rather  from  these  facts  the  helief  that  mal 


() 


ina 


I  )i>cn\  crrd    })\    \\ 


ic   author   in    1 SS. 


M'e    hums   (ifi 


I  /•;. 


■f'araf 


'ons  () 


'f  I 


lien  n  I    I  in  fin  _    r ), 


\u< 


1 


I  )r.   Hrci>iak,   in  a  r 


Jirriioir  <  >ri    the 


I  'I 


\Ni<  al    I  opo^Tapliy  ot   Koiik 


f  H. 


ijuotfd   }.v    Brocchi.    p.    ill).   coiitcndN    that    the  (l«'[)r('ssi()n   of  the    I- 


onmi, 


"^urrouridrd    1)\    the    I'ahitirM-.    ( 


iaii.    i;s(|ijiIiFH'.    X'iriiiiud,   (^uirinal,  and 


( 


Lpifoi 


mt'.  was  ori::inali\   a  \oh'anic  cratcT. 


rilK    LAM>    OF    SA1LHV  5 

existed  in  a  mild  form  at  the  time  of  the*  foundation  of 
the  thirt\  colonies  of  AIha  Lonjia  ;  '  that  its  virulence 
increased  after  the  extinction  of  volcanic  life  in  Latiuni  : 
and  that  at  the  hei^innini^'  of  the  second  centurv  hel'ore 
(dirist  it  had  heconu^  endemic,  causinu'  a  ureat  diininu- 
tion   in   the  j)h\sical  and  moral  eneri>i(\s  of  the  J{oman 


race 


Idle  ear]i(\st   hints  ahout  intermittent  fever  in  J{oman 


TiAV 


ena*,  one  of  the  ru'nuNl  oarlv  citic^s  o 


f  Lat 


I  urn 


literature  aix^  to  he  found  in  Plautus'  "  ( 'urculio"  ( i.  17^: 
"Did  the  fev(M-  leave  xou  vivsterdav  or  llie  da\  htdorer" 
and  in  Terencc^'s  'MIecvra'"  (in,  ii,  ^2^2):  "Wdiat  is  thv 
case  r  l^\wer.  (Quotidian  'r  So  then  sav."  Cato,  "  I)(^  He 
Kiistica"  (157),  distinctly. mentions  as  svmptoms  of  the 
ao'ue  ''a  black  hih^  and  a  turbid  liver."  Plinv  (vii,  .)()') 
savs  that  tlu*  excitement  of  fio'litini'-  a  successful  hattle 
against  the  Allohrooi  and  the  Arverni  on  the  hanks  of 


Lulij:!  C'anina.  "Suite  Irenta  <'oh)iiie  Albane,"  In  Alt'  Acriuh  I'lin  d'  .ir- 
chcoloqia,  March,  18,'}!). 


1, 


G 


WANDERINGS    IN    THE    ROMAN    CAMPAGNA 


''1"^ 


the  Isere,  in  the  year  ^-21  b.  c,  freed  the  J{oiiiaii  <;'eneral, 
Q.  Fabius  Maxiinus,  from  the  (juartan  fever.  But  the 
nearest  approach  to  the  modern  theory  of  infection 
thr()u<j:h  the  microl)es  of  a(T:ue  is  to  he  found  in  \  arro's 
'*  l)e  He  Hustica,"  where  he  contends  that  in  marshv 
(hstricts  ''prosper  insects  so  infinitesimal  in  size  that 
no  human  eye  can  detect  their  presence."  lliese  micro- 
organisms enterinir  the  human  s\stem  hv  iidiahition 
l^enerate  **difficuh  cases."  According  to  Friscianus, 
the  tertian  and  (juartan  fevers  were  supposed  to  l)e  the 
chiua'hters  of  Saturn.  '*l'he  Jiomans,"  he  sa\s,  ''have 
dedicat(Ml  altars  to  I'^ever,  because  the  int(M'mittent  ones 
SufNrNi  jillds  r.v.vr  ajjirnuirif  (Uit'unntus''  \  and  \Nhcn  we 
consider  that  the  Canipauna  itself  was  calltMl  the  ''  Fand 
of  Saturn,"  we  wonder  whether  this  trachtional  connec- 
tion l)etw'een  the  Fand,  the  I'CN'cr,  and  the  old  Italian 
(iod  of  Aii-riculture  was  not  somefhino-  more  real  and 
tangible,  to  the  ancients,  than  a  poetical  fanc\ . 

The  sanitation  of  the  city  and  of  the  (ampai^na.  on 
a  laru'c  scale,  was  undertaken  towards  the  end  of  tin* 
itepubllc.  and  continued  by  Auuustus  and  his  successors. 
The  means  emoloNtMl  to  stM-urc  satisfactory  results  were 
the  draininu"  of  staunant  waters;  a  rational  systcMU  of 
sowers;  the  substitution  of  spriui^-  water  for  that  of  pol- 
luted wells,  the  wat(M'  bein^'  carried  down  from  moun- 
tain sources  l)V  fourteen  aiiueducts.  .SSJ)  miles  in  au- 
oTca'atc  Icnuth  :  the  pavinu' and  nudtiplication  of  roads; 
tht^  sanitary  e(juipment  of  human  dwellino-s  even  wlien 
intende(l  tor  laborers  and  farm-hands;  the  invention  of 
cohnnbaria  as  places  of  burial,  and  the  stihstitution 
of  cremation  for  interment  ;  and  lastlv  the  or^-ani/ation 
(^f  mc(lical  help.  'Fhe  results  were  astonishin<j:.  Fliny 
sa\s  that  Faurentum  was  more  dt^li^htful  in  summer 
than    in   winter;  whih*   in    modern    times   the  place  was 


1 


THE    LAND    OF   SATURN 


^ 


PiVtures(}U('  remains  of  aciueducts  in  the  Valle  de^^li  Arcl 

([uoted  until  a  few  years  a^x)  '  as  one  of  the  most  dano'cr- 
ous   on    the   coast.     Antoninus    Fins    and    M.    Aurelius 
|)rcferred  tluMr  villa  at  Forium  (Fa   l^ottaccia,  near  (  as- 
tel   di  (iuido)  to  all  other  imperial  suburban  residences, 
aud   the  corresponckMice   with    Fronto  {)roves  their  j)re- 
scnce  tliere   in    mid.Nunmier.    The  same  can   be  said  of 
Hadrian's  villa  below  'Fivoli,  of  the  Mlla  (^uintiliorum 
on  the  Appian  Way,  of  that  of  Fucius  \>rus  on  the  Xm 
(  lodia  at   Ac(jua  I'ravcM'sa.  etc.    'Flic  Campaona  must 
hav(^    looked    in    thosc^   hap|)y    (hiys   h'ke   a    oreat    park, 
studded  with  villau'cvs,  farms,  cottaws,  k)rdlv  resi<lences 
temples,  fountains,  and  tombs. - 

The  present  generation  has  once  more  conquered 
the  evil;  Rome  has  become  the  best  (h'ainecL  tlu^  best 
waterecb  the  healthicvst  capital  of  Europe,  Fondon  per- 

^     rUo  (IraiiiiiiLj  of  ilie  Pantano  di  Lauro,  near  Pliny's  villa,  was  iindor- 
taki'ti  In   II.  M.  Kiiii^f  N'ictor  l^iinnaniH^l  in  1!M)7.  as  part  of  the  solionio  for 
tlu-  hydraulic  sanitation  of  the  royal  shootino;  farm  of  Ca.stel  Porziano. 
See  Ancient  llniuv,  v\\>.  iii  and  x;  also  Ruins  cnul  Kj'ciu-dfions,  p.  7. 


1 


Hi 


s      \vam)i:hin(.s  in    riii:  iioman  (  ampacxa 


1 


I  I  »^  ('\((M  » 


|»t(Ml  ;  .-iihI  c.ix'^  of  ni.-il.'ii-i;i.  ('\  (Ml  iicnr  llic  fori! km* 
hiuooiiNot  ()>ti;i.  Anlcj.  \  iicciirc^c,  mid  (  nnipo  Snliiio, 


I 


ia\('    (111111111 


.IumI 


in    lumihcr    niid  in   Ninilciici 


()>{i, 


tlic  population    of    wliicli.  from    the    Ix'ii'ilmiiiL:,'    of    Jul 


to   tl 


\V    C\\( 


1    of 


HM> 


'\V\1\\ 
1 


XT,   \\a>   r(M!U('(M 


to  tl 


tree    tcNcr- 


>tiH"k('n  cari'takciv^.  lia>  now    occonic  a  pleasant  ivndc/ 
vou>    for   Suu(la\"    excursioulNtN.    W 


ir('   ncttiii 


"> 


ilia  )u>t 


the  iii^i(liou>  anopliclc^  lia\(^  done  more  fo?-  the  p('a>ant.'\ 
of  tli('  Marciimia  than  tlic'  taking-  up  1>\  tlic  State  of  the 
pr{^[)aratiou  and  >alc  of  (juiniiif. 


'^  I  ■* 


riic  uauH'  ("anipaLtna  i^  applied  to  tlic  i^cnth  undu- 
latiiii:'  j)lain.  fort\  inilcN  lom^'  ^ind  tliirt\  wide.  iiicIonimJ 
l>y  tlir  Sal)aiino-(  iniinian  licit  of  crater^  on  tlic  nortli, 
the  fore-Ap<'nninc^  on  the  ca^t,  the  An)an  IlilU  on  the 
south,  watered  and  drained  l)\  the  Tihei",  on  the  hanks 
ot  w  hieh  Home  ^it^  at  an  e(jual  distance  from  the  moun- 
tain>  and  the  -(^a.  The  (  'ampauna  i^  therefore  a  modern, 
arhitrary  topoura|>liieal  formation  nia(h  up  of  three 
>"etions:  the  Ktni^ean,  Ix^t  ween  the  eoa^t  and  theTilKM': 
the  Sahine,  hetwc^'U  the  Tiher  and  the  Anio;  and  the 
Latin.  hetwiH'ii  the  left  l)ank>  of  thi'^c  two  river>  and 
the  coaNt.  It  i>  an  ampJilieation,  a>  it  were,  of  tln^  old 
a^er  l{omanu>,  the  metropolitan  territorw  tlu^  limits 
of  which,  a>^  we  liave  just  ^eeii.  did  not  exceed  at  tl 
time  of  the  kin^>  a    radiu^  of   \\\r  or  >i\    niile>  from  tl 


le 


le 


1 


tii 


i( 


ri: 


le    ^anie   metropolitan  terntor\'  now  cover 


a  >urface  of  4S7  .(lOO  acre^,'  e(|ual  to  ahout  T^i'-ixiuare 
mile-.,  with  a  population  of  xwen  hundred  thousand 
pi'o|)le.  Leaving'  a>>ide  the  narrow  hclt  of  culti\  at(Ml  land, 
uardeUN.  orchards,  and  vineyard>  which  surrounds  the 
inlial>ite<l    centre>     (Rome.     I  sola     l''aruese.     Mumiciuo, 


I 


!••    trrriturv    within    the    immlcipal    jurixlictioii  of    Iconic  incasu 


ros 


<>\;ufl\    I'nJUH) 


;Lcr<' 


I 


111 K    LAM)    OF    SATrUX 

Ostia.  (^tc.),  all  tlu^  rest  is  divided  inio  ahout   two  1 
driMJ  farms  or  fciiutc.  th(vsurfac(M)f  whicli  vaiies  f 
minimum  of   b2()  acr(\s  (l^edica  di  Castel  di   1 


,e\  a 


lun- 


rom  a 


o  a 


maximum  of  1.j,0()0  (/renuta  di  ( 'ampjomortoj.' 

The  Campao'ua   is.   so  to  speak,  a   comparativeh    re- 
cent  land.     In   the  tertiary   pei'iod,  the  waves  of  tl 
hished  the  foot  of   the  limestone  mountains  at  ( 


le  ^ea 


iimeria 


)ur,  and   I  ra'n(vst(\  iormmo-  a  hay,  out  of  tlu^  depth 


'l^il 

of   which    the   hills  of    Sant'   An<»('lo,   P; 


)()-()-i() 


esi 


IlK 


I 


Monticelli  -'  I'ose  as  an  ai'chipc^la^o  of  w  hite  peaks.  With 
tlu^  adv(Mit  of  the  (juaternai'y  epoch  two  groups  of  \o|- 
caiioes  (Muer^'ed  at  the  two  ends  of  the  l)a\ ,  —  tlu^  Sal 


tine  on  the  nortli,  the  Alhan  on  the  soutl 


hclcl 


)a- 


imi. 


forth   such    masses  of  eruptive   matter   that    the  hottom 
of  the  sea  heiian  to  rise  until  it  hecame  a 


swanipN"  le<!^( 


nils, 


le 


of  coast  skirtini:  the  hase  of  tlie  limestone  mount 

The  suhseijuent  clian<4'es.  which  hav(^  i:iv(Mi  to  tl 
Campauna  its  pr(vs(Mit  fui'rowcMl  aspect,  are  the  exclu- 
siv(^  work  of  water  au'cucies,  espiM-iallv  of  the  two  iniulitN 
streams   now    representcMJ    hy    the   'I'ilxM'  and   the  Anio. 


The  first,  7000  fe(H  wide  and  l/JO  d(H^p.  enipti(Ml  itself 
into  the  >ea  hetweeu  Pont(^  (iah^'a  and  Draiioncello, 
ei^iit  or  nini^  nu'Uvs  inland  from  its  pres(Mit  mouth. 
At  the  (Mid  of  th(^  (juat(M-uary  |)(MM*od,  when  nuMi  first  aj)- 
peared  in  thes(^  lands,  the  TilxM-  had  diminished  al 


m  o ' 


I'll 


iaruc^t  t'a^Ill■^  of  ilic  (  aiiij»aL;iia  arc  \  accarcsc.  of  the  Ivovpi^jiovi. 
l')\\)  acres:  ()Ntia.  of  the  Aldohratidiiii.  S7<l;5;  ('a>f<'i  di  (iiiido,  of  the  l-'al- 
coiiit'ri.  ni,ni,';  (  oiica.  of  Sjo-nor  Ma/.zolcni.  |-j.i);;7;  (  aiiipoinorio.  of  liu 


s;ii 


lie.  l.VO'il.    Kiiii:  \  ictor  I'ainiuiiiiu'r 


lootiiio-  farm  (tf  ( 'astcl  l*or/iai 


o 


covers  an  area  oi    l!),l;>.')  a,crc>.  part  of  which  i>  crown  or  >taic  propcrh 
part   is  leased  from  the  ("hiui. 


-    S; 


U 


it'    An^'ch)    in    ( 'apoccia    has    })een    i(hMitifie(l    witli    McthilH; 


i.    ami 


M 


COI 


)nticelH  with  Cornicuhim,  l)v(icll  antl  Xil)hv.    It    is  a  pure  matter  of 
ijectiire. 


1 


! 


If    ! 


.4- 


10      WANDERINGS    IN    THE    ROMAN    (  AMPACiNA 

to  its  present  size  and  voliiiiie;  and  yet,  in  s|)ite  of  this 
diniinntion  it  retiiins  enon^ii  of  its  erosive  power  to  earrv 
down   to   the   sea   everv   vear  ei<'ht    million   and   a    half 
tons  of  sand  and  nuid,  a  vohiine  of  over  fonr  niilHon 
euhic  vards.    No  wonder,  then,  that  the  line  (rf  the  coast 
>honld  advance  w(vst\vard  at  a  considerable  rate.    \\  hen 
Kinu'   Aliens    Marcins    fonnded    Ostia    as   a    harhor   for 
Home,    Ficana.    the   oldest    hnman    settlement    near   the 
har  of  tlu^  river,  was  alreadx   .>.>()()  vai'ds  inland.    ()stia 
itself  stands  now  7000  xards  fi'om  the  shore;  the  'I'orre 
san    Michele,    hnilt    in    l.>()7    l)\     Michelani'-elo,    stands 
^2^200   vards:  the  Torre  dementina,  at    l^^inmicino,  hnilt 
in    ITTS.    "in    ipso   maris   SnpcM'cilio."   SOO   vards.     The 
averau'c   advance   of    the   coast    at    the    Ostia    month    is 
thirty    feet,  at  the   l-'inmicino  month  ivu  feet,  per  vear.  I 
'rhi>  formation  of  the  Homan   ('ampauna   hv  the  com- 
hined  action  of  land  and   watiM*  p()W(M">.  as  well   as  its 
penei'al  ontline  and  its  honndaries,  can  \)v  hest  stndied 
from    the    Mont(^    Mario,'    which    advances   like   a    hold 
promontoi'N   into  the  valley  of  the  'Fiher.  one  mile  north 
of  St.   Peter  .>.     The   whole   plain   stretches  at   onr  fe(?t, 
framed  in  pnrple  monntain-^  of  cxcpiisite  ontline:  Hocca 
iioman.-i.     I!)S7     t'cct,    Monte    CaKi,    ITS?    feet,    Monte 
A'irii'inio.     17S2    feet,    on    the    nortli  :    Monle    (iennaro. 
41  S7   ieet.   Monte  (  i  il.'id;ii:!i()|( ),  lO  1  0  feet,  and  the  citad(4 
of    I*r:e!i('Nf(«.  on    the   e;i-}:    Moiifc   (';i\().   .'JOOO   feet,   and 
tilt'    Plifita    delle    l';M'ft<'.    :)!.'),")    feci,    on    llie    >oulli.      Tile 
ln_:lie>!    p('ak>    \i^i;»i<'    icom    one    point    o|    \anta<4'e    are 
the   Mu!i(e  Tefniiiiillo  a{»o\e  Hieti.  7.')02  fee!   hi^di,  and 

I  !;,*■  Miiiit'-  M.iri'i.  thf  !i!_rht'-!  [MMiit  Within  IIm-  ni«'trM|>()!i|;tn  district. 
—  tliL-  M<>ii>  \ati''anuN  nf  aticirnt  wnftTs,  — ISO  ifci  ahoxf  tiic  x'a.  is 
un{  :i('cc<<]])\{-  [n  Driiinarx  \  i^itnr^.  !ia\iiii:  hmi  sc!«'c}c(l  a>  tiic  basis  for 
tiic  [iiihtarv'  (irt^'ricc  ot  Kninc.  l*«Ti!iit>  arc  -omctiiiic^  LTrantcd  !>v  the 
Mini^trr  of  \\  ar. 


THE    LAND   OF    SATURN 


11 


the  Monte  Velino,  above  the  Lake  of  F'neino,  8^207  feet. 
Thev  usually  keep  their  shining  eoat  of  snow  till  the 
middle  of  May. 

From  what  has  just  been  said,  it  is  evident  that  onlv 
three  oeojoo-ieal  formations  can  be  traced  in  the  Cam- 
pai^na,  —  the  tertiary  or  arfj^illaeeous,  the  volcanic,  and 
the  (]uaternary  or  diluvial.  I  mention  these  [)articulars 
because  each  one  has  a  distinct  bearing-  and  sionihcation 
in  the  history  and  arclneology  of  the  Campagna.    From 


M    ^    '^^ 


Snialicr  !nnii!!i  of  thr  Tihrr  at  l-'iuniicirio 

tile  argillaceous  deposits  of  tlie  ^^atican  district  tli(*  world- 
famous  Jioman  bncks  and  tihv^  havt^  bec^n  made  and 
exported  to  (ner\  harbor  of  thi^  AhMliterranean  for  tlu^ 
hist  twentv-three  ( enturies.  I'roni  the  volcanic  strata 
come   tufa  and   pozzolana  and  pt^perino,  materials  with 


1 


n* 


fH 


I. 


i«    wam)i:kin(.s  in    iiii:  roman  <  ampa^na 


\\ 


hid 


I   t'\t'i-v  -IikIchI  of   Konuui   ai-fliR-uloox   Iia>  Ix^coi 


lie 


:iiiiilia  !' 


tl 


iKl    Iroiii  \\\r  rpiatcriinrv  (I('|>()si|>  cawio  im 


yrr\\\\i\   tlM>  inalcrial  dcaiv^l   (o   lioniim  arcliilccl>  I* 


roin 


t!ir    fiiiu'    when    if 


w 


lil-^t 


I1^(M 


I.      f 


WO  ('(Miiiincs   hclorc 


( 


Tea  -Ni  > 


( 


<>  oiir  ()\\  II   (la\  > 


l\ 


ic   pi'ocnl   ui'iicralioii.   for 


"^  Hiat  max   Ix"  coiiiKMlcd  wilh  polihV.-il  inHnci 


\('C: 


^»'J^  l"a\("  n(»tliin-'  in  <-oiiiiiioii  wilh  nv\  nud  i^ood  l.-i^h 
i>  ti-yiiii:  lo  l)ani>li  tra\  la'liiic  tVom  pracfical  nx'  and  t 
^nl)N(iliit(^  a   iKMv  stoii«\   wliidi    l.\    i(> 


( > 


iiiit 


n('>>   lo 


tl 


I 


lalv 


K 


tain 


•»t    '"ii:*'^        tiia{    index.  i-il)al)lc    line    of    dried 


(■a\'( 


N      >( 


o  a  hhrccia 


ted  1 


>\  art  1 


■>  > 


liarnionion^^  (one  oi'  Ihc  I 


win  in  jni'c  i^ica 


fix   II 


i( 


\  o  I  n  a  n 


land 


xaix 


1  l><'   \afican  nd-c.  cnlinina fini:- in   flic  Monf^  M 


{DO. 


i<   (-(^xcrtMl    wifh    pliocene    inarU    altoimdin^    in    i 


narine 


I    ai^ciieio    lia\('    l)ee]i 


lo>.>il.>  :  of  her   fraee>   of   Nepfinnai 

found  an.(|  (lex-!'il)e(l.  in  ofher  -c(  fion^  of   the  hmd.     'I 

explain    fhe  >tate  of  thiii-^,   Anfoiiio    Nihhv.  the   lendi 


( ) 


(if  I 


MCXltTll     ("\|)|()I-(M 


tl 


IC   l'\l 


.1. 


'S     (  ) 


f  f 


l( 


iipai^na.  n^ed   lo  (pjof( 


d('nee  of  Mraton  of  Lainpxieii>,  fhe  "  \afi!rali>f 


who   floiiri>lied   al>onf    "JS!)    i 


(  .   a>   >iieee>x)r  o 


f  Ml 


leo- 


phi-a>ln-    in    the    leader-hip  of    the    Pei'ipatetie    School 


traton    contended    that    al 


the  ( 


(mv    lime    the    Hlael> 


i^piaii   x-a-  and    flic  sen   of  Aral   formed    i>ut 


;in( 


one 


ocean,  two  thousand  miles  Ion 


( I' 


that   its  level  liavinu'  I 


md  six  hundrecj  wid 


)( 


HMi  raised    to   a   on^af    heiniit    hy 


the  inflow  of  the  thn^'  |)o\verfiil  ,stn\-inis  (the  l)aiuii)0. 
tlie  Xoln-a.and  the  Amoor)  draining  half  the  continents 
of  Kurope  and  Asia,  the  ocean  had  hurst  its  harriers 
and  discharLi'ed  itself  into  the  much   I( 


ower  hasin  o 


f  tl 


Mediterranean,  throuiih  the  oaps  of  the   Host 

the   Jlellespont  ;  and  that   the  evidence  of  tin's  catacl 


)orus   an( 


vsm 


w 


I-  vet  to  he  seen  all  round  the  si 


lores  of  the  Mediter- 


ranean, even   two  or  three  hundred   stadia  inland.    T] 
level  of  the  latt^ 


le 


1 


cr  sea  Uaving  hccn  raised  in  its  turn  uia 


n 


y 


riii:    LAM)    OF    SAll  RX 


13 


luindriMl  feet,  fhe  Hood  forced  its  way  into  the  Atlanfii 
through  the  uap  of  the  INllar.s  of  llercules. 


ilratous  theory,  warmly  supported  hy  Slraho  (i 


ha-  1 


)eeu 


lak( 


en  ui)  in  more  recent  times  hv  Dureau  ( 


le  I, 


Malic  in  his  '*  ( ico^raphic  physKpie  de  la   Mer  Noiin 


)\ 


■I 


osselm     in 


to 


'Iral 


raoo  s 


trail: 


his    **  ( diiimeiitari(vs    and     \of(vs" 
ilatiou,    and,    of    course,    hv    Sir    William 


(idl.  Xihhv's  p)atro]i  and  associate  in  the  exploration 
of  the  ('ami)au'na.  'idie  {^\id(Mic(^  collected  h\  flicsc 
learned  writers  simmus  f(deave  no  douhf  that.vvithin  fla^ 
recoll(M-tion  of  man,  an  (\irtli(piake  or  a  voleanic  out- 
hnrst,  or  the  pressure  of  tlu^  Kuxiiu^  Sea.  had  cut  open 
a  dianiud  throuiih  the  (  \a.ii(Ne  Islands  and  the  Thracian 


Isthmus  once  couium 


til 


(>• 


1^ 


urope  wi 


th   A: 


I'd.  creatmi:'  an 


immense  flood,  the  same  that  (ireek  writers  indicate 
hy  the  name  of  I  )(Micalioirs  deluu'c.  Hie  (lironide  of 
Pare-  lix(^^  its  dat(^  l.r^{)  years  i)efore  ("lirist,  which  is 
ihe  approximate  epoch  of  the  first  Ihdlenic  iniurations 
into  lfal\»  Modern  x-ienc(^  is  less  conlidinu'  in  matters 
of  tradition:  and  alfhouuh  tlu^  tli(M)ry  of  Deucalioirs 
deluu'c  would  help  us  to  explain  c(M"taiii  anomalies  in  the 
ideological  constitution  of  the  (dnipau'iia,  and  alfhouuii 
such  nuMi  as  Newton,  Taylor,  Prideaux,  Selden.  and 
(\)rsini  liay(^  not  hesitated  to  acc(*pt  it  as  an  indis- 
putahle  fact,  1  shall  only  remark  that  the  first  eastern 
immigration  ih  our  lands,  la]  hv  (Knotrus,  took  place 
ahout  tlu^  time  indicated,  viz.,  fifteen  centuries 
the  ( diristian  era. 


l)efe 


)re 


According"  to  ancicMit  annalists,  tlu^  first  men.  to  ap- 
jH'ar  and  settle  on   the  newly   made  swampy  plains  of 


the  ( 


unpanna,  W(M"e  tlu^  Siculi,  seim-sava^c 


tril 


)esmen 


of  tlu^  neolithic  c^poch,  whose  trihal  ccMitre  \yas  perha])? 
at  the  falls  of  tlu^  Anio,  on  the  site  of  the  Pelasdan  Tihur 


■!ii!i 


I  i 


IH 


I 


i! 


s« 


U      \VA.\UEK1N(.S   l.N     lllK    UU.MAX    tAMl'AGXA 

Two  or  three  i;ener;itioiis  alter  tlie  Hood  the  Sieiili  were 
overwhelmed  by  the  joint  forees  of  the  Aborigines  and 
the  Fehisoians,  and  chased  towards  the  sonth.  'J'he 
seat  of  the  Abori^^ines  had  been  u[)  to  that  time  the  val- 
lev  of  the  \'ehno  at  Ueate  ;  their  eaj)ital,  Lista  ;  their 
chief  vilhiiies,  (\itiha\  Trebuhi,  Orvininm.  The  IVhis- 
liians  had  advanced  bv  slow  stages  from  the  sontli, 
marking  their  |)ro^r(\ss  by  polygonal  strnctnres.  and 
tinallv  sehn-tini''  the  Cicohino  district  for  their  tribal 
centre.  Pi^lasaians  and  .iborii'in(\s  had  alri^adv  at- 
tained  thi'  bronze  stai^t'  of  (•i\ili/ation.  '^I'hev  occunic-d 
one  l)V  one  the  >itc>  vacated  bv  the  Sicnh  (Antenuue, 
l\'llcna\  Ficulnea,  Tibnr,  ctc.L  who,  (h'ivcn  sonthward 
from  land  to  land,  found  at  hi>t  a  permanent  refuse 
in  the  i>land  which  >till  iM-ar-  their  name,  Sicily.  The 
rule  ni"  the  two  mi\(Ml  laee^  on  th«  (  ampai^iia  histeil 
uiidi^l  uri  led  for  about  tlir«'e  eeuturie.^,  to  ihe  time  of 
tilt-  d  r<  ijaii   \^  ar. 

Ai    iiir-    lime,    tliat   i>    le>  >a\    ai    llic'   ti"an>ition  |.>criod 
ff!!!!i   flic  a"e  ()(    lii-i^i/r  \i)  tlh'  aue  of  irr»]i.  n   new  rae(' 


a  h i '» 'ai'^  '.»n   the  ^ t ii  j 


!  II 


t         t 


he  Canij»a^ 


\i 


i  I  !  i  <   M  j 


tiiev  come   iViUii  :      Wiiai    inll'i^^iM  < '  - 1  m  i    M 
fjrations  of  Greek  refn<i^ees  ai  ' 
led  bv   Evander  the  Arcadian,   ai 

« 

over  their  destinies  and   civilizalio 
I  >♦  siardiii- say-  i\\ij\  the  Latin  ra«  « 


e*'    <  ie."--!  UH  ■( 

5 


w 


i         ■    !   !  * 


ere  ( 1  i<  1 

.  f!i  Uii- 
1 


i  i '  >er, 

1  leas,   have 
(\nrlv  career  ? 

f  hi  ■   h\  i  'fh  !   f  Mlt-j/^ 


f  I 


(/oUie  of   the   i]itereoiil>.t.-   in-lWeeU    the   Meull,  Abo]-i;^iiii'^, 


rela^-iaii-,    A 


?•(  ■  •  M  h  '  1 '  '• 

I        ^  i      !       '        j       i      t      I        i       i 


a !  H 


]    Troi;i!is.        "  C'c^t    a    eett< 


hidivMi  Latin*-.  liielaHj^e  de  Meule^,  (j  A  i  m  )!-iu('iie>.  Oc 
|*fj;iv--r-,  t'f  dt'  Trovrii-.  ct  avaut  j>our  eajMla  le  d  pour 
•  ■'aitre  pulitiijUe  et  reli-ieiix  la  \ille  d  Albc.  «|Ue  je 
doiine  le  noni  de  Latin>."  d1il>  i-  no!  <]Uite  --ati^taetory, 
\('i  v.e  have,  at  present,  no  betlei'  tlieor\   to  oiler. 


THE    lAM)    OF   SAIURN 


15 


According  to  tradition.  Alba  Longa  was  fonnded  by 
\scanins,  son  of  d^ncas,  tliirtv  years  after  the  landinjf 
of  the  I'rojans  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tibei*  (Laurentum), 
and  L2,S0  years  before  our  era.  Dionvsius  says  that  the 
population  of  tius  new  kingdom  of  Alba  was  essentially 


4;  ■  'i 


Graves  of  early  Latins,  probably  of  the  founders  of  Kome, 

tliscovered  in  the  Forum 


of  ca-te!ai  ni-i^aiL  i*h  !-\  iria n>,  Arcadian-,  Fela^iriau^, 
—  11!  a  !'!a  le  .^^taire  ol'  nxali/a  i  loii,  e>|  hm-kiIK'  a-  i"eL:-ank  the 
ma!itiia<}  ure  ol'  ()ol!:r\-.  d'hr  -lahaueiil  al  the  !li^tonafl 
I-  eouliianed  b\-  the  di-eoxoru-N  made  ^luee  IslT  In  Ihe 
prelu.^toric  ccmclcria:5  of  the  Allnm  di>(riet.  at  Monh' 
Cncco,  Afonte  Crcs^'(^n/.io,  Ararino.  and  ( iroltaferi-ata. 
It  M'cms,  therefore,  that  we  old  Latins  owe  e)ur  exi>tenec, 


14      \\AM)ERL\G>    IN     lllK    ROMAN    (  AMPAGNA 

Two  or  three  ueiienitiuii^  after  the  Hood  the  SieiiH  were 
overwhehiied  1)V  the  joint  forees  of  the  Al)ori,uiiu\s  and 
the  Pehiso-ians,  and  ehased  towards  the  sontli.  The 
seat  of  the  Al)ori<^ines  had  been  u[)  to  that  time  the  val- 
ley of  the  \'elino  at  Heate  ;  their  capital,  Lista  :  tlu^ir 
eliief  villa*'es,  ('utilia\  Trt^hula,  Orviniuin.  The  Felas- 
o-ians  had  advanced  1)V  slow  >taues  from  the  sonth. 
markinu-  their  |)roure>s  by  polygonal  structnres.  and 
linallv  selectinu'  the  Cicolano  di>trict  for  tluMr  triha! 
centre.  Pela>uian.>  and  .Vboriuinivs  had  ali'cady  at- 
tained the  bron/e  .^ta-v  of  civilization.  They  ()ccn|>ied 
OUT'  l)V  one  the  >ite^  \a(attMl  b\  the  Sicnii  (AntennKc, 
Tcllt'na\  Ficulnea,  Tibur.  ('tc.^  ulm.  di-ivcii  southward 
fro!!!  land  to  laii<l.  imind  at  ia-t  a  |  Ha-iiiaiici!  t  rctiiiie 
ill  the  i>lan<l  uliicli  -till  iM-ar-  thrif  iiarnc,  >ioilv.  'Hie 
nih'  i)\  \\\i'  t\\t>  fiiix'MJ  facr-  Mil  lh<  (  afcpa-iia  la>tcd 
nndi-lurlMMl    im    <ib<.ii!    \\iwv  ccniunc-,   U.)  the    lime  nl 

fia-    T 

At 
from 


THE    LAND    OF    SAIUUN 


t> 


r*  •  la  I 


!  i  1  1 


1    i\  (I  1  . 

Itiiic.    ilail    1-    io    -a\    ai    \]i<-    ti-afi-intai    pn'iod 


( '   {I 


i        H 


fai-(^ 


ai;pcui>.  oil   iliV 


a  n  i  I  'a  L:  Ma  ,   a 


<  • « •  ( I  f  "- 1 1 1  It ' ( 1 


K  ^    \\  \\i-i't  ■  ( !i<  i 


i  )!-n! !  /* '    t(  »    fljC'    n  12"<"'    nl     ! 

taije  of'  1  hi    i 

to  COnCl  IH'l'  t"!lo  \\-(  a  ii  i       \\  WCi  wrM't 

they  come  from:  What  nlluence  d  ii  '!  u-ii  nnnii- 
prations  of  ('ireek  refufi^ees  at  the  m« nlh  of  lii'.  i  li^er, 
led  b\  lAander  the  Arcadian,  an  1  by  .Eneas,  have 
nvf^r   their  destinies  and   civili/alioii  aiivi 


i  1  V 


career  r 


h.sjardins  sax^   tb:if    lla-   l.ahf!   rarr   ua^   !!;r  !iv1-aad  rait- 
(•onie  of  tiic  UilcrcuUi:^^'  iK-t\\o<ai   [he  "^icTdi,  A  i  ^  ai_^ines, 

l*,'i;,.'aan-.    Aivadiaav.    aiai    Troians.       •' ( '\^vt    a    r*ette 


[infioii  Faliia-.  iticiaiipC  d.-  >a'!ilf>,  d  A  f  •<  aauvnc-,  d(» 
r.la-L:"<'-.  ''f  d«'  TrovcTi<.  ct  avaat  |>oii!-  '-a  j  ata  h'  c!  pniir 
aaiiirc  [.olitit^uc  ct  rrli-itaix  la  \ill*'  d  Alb^a  (jnc  je 
doinio  Ir  noiii  de  Fat!!!-."  d1ii-  i-  not  (juito  -atistaotory. 
yet   uc  lia\e,  at  present,  no  bottrr  thcci-y  t(»  otbaa 


Aecordinu'  to  ti'adition.  Alba  Fon^a  was  fonnded  l)y 
\scanius,  son  of  .l^neas,  thirty  years  after  the  landinu' 
of  the  'Frojans  at  the  mouth  of  the  'Fib(4"  (Laurentuni), 
and  h2,')()  vears  before  our  era.  Dionysius  says  that  the 
j)opulation  of  tlus  new  kingdom  of  Alba  was  essentially 


Graves  of  curly  Latins,  probably  of  the  founders  of  Rome, 

discovered  in  the  Forum 

of  ea^Lciii  origin,  —  Phia-ians,  Arcadian-.   I'rlasgians, 

—  ill  a  riidc  <taaa'  of  civili/ntinii.  r^ixa'iaib  a^rei^-nT'd^  t]io 


o , ,  a 


Nul  I  Ml  1  ar  i  i  1  !"r   ol    inn 


HtaA  .      I  he  >ia i 


t  as  H" 


n  i  ol   lilt'  in-h  n-aii 


1^  coatiriiicd  b\  ti!^'  d]^cov(M']e^  iiiado  -na/o  In!  7  m  nic 
['rohi^toric  c(aia't(a-ir>  of  the  AJban  di^tnci.  at  Moah^ 
Fiicco.  AF)ntc  ( 'i'c>cc{i./i(c  Maiano.  and  ( irottalcrrata. 
It  >eems,  thcrcfoiaa  that  w  v  old  Fatin->  o\\  c  ciu'  oxi-'ti^nce. 


i<)    WAM)}:inN(.>  IN    Tin:  komax  (  ampa(..\a 

a^  i\  r.K  ('  ai!<!  ;i^  a  nation.  h>  .1  i!)r<'ii:n  inxii^inn  ?  li\  ^<'a) 
of'  llu'  (  anipaiina.  an<l  f(»  tlic  lonnn-  i>l  (la^  coik jiicror-; 
and  \\\r  coni  pioHMl  m  a  cnntn  lrr.'ic\  .  (lie  nicctinu-placc 
of  wliicli  \\a^  al  ilic  (  .-ipnl  A(|n;i"  l'\-!-<'nl  ni;!'.  A  \i>il  lo 
fin-  \N  <  »*  h|c(  I  ^Icn.  now  ca  IIimI  f  he  P.i  rco  di  (  ( »|onn;i .  w  InCli 
w  mt  U  lU  \\  a\  into  the  licn'i  of  (lie  All  »;i  n  oralt"r.>  ;  lit  tie 
ix'low  M.inno,  (■.■iiniol  f.-til  lo  impi-c^^  flic  cLi^-ic;'!  ^-tn- 
ilt'iiJ  ;i-  \\«-ll  ;!>  tlir  ;ir!i>t  and  ilif  [xud.  lu  iollo\\in_:  tlir 
]»;!!!!  \ '\  \\\r  hfook  lowiiril  lU  -- }  )]'i]iij-.  oi]i^  tllonL:lil■^ 
\\;i!;d*  r    iKioiv    lo    \\i.-    \v:i_,\^'    !;•!<■    mI     |  nrnu-    I  !• -rdon  i  ii-. 

f     Ai'h  Ki.    dl'iiwhrd     ;il     []]('•    <\n'\'\_^-     llh-ni- 

.1  I'M  a  I  n  Ml-    r^in  )« ^-i  h  i-.  — 


the    ( -h  i*  'M  ;i  i  n    n 


■-    av   or«lrr    o 


!   ^         » 


; » ■  i !  f 


hcMiiLT  In^ld  d'iv.  !i  wiiii  ii  u:ratin<>;  and  .;  !n;ip  o*'  -.tonc> 
UDoii  it, — and  also  to  the  <n'eat  iiieetiiii'"  of  the  eon- 
federates  which  k-d  io  iia  battle  of  Lnko  ]?e<i:ilhi>.  I  iie 
Caput  Aqua*  Ferentina*  is  still  risini;  iu  a  clear  volume 
at  the  base  of  a  ^reat  mass  of  roek  erowued  with  ever- 
oreens,  and  tluM*e  are  rustic,  moss-orown  seats  around, 
which  seem  to  invite  the  visitor  to  rest  in  solitude,  and  to 
recall  the  events  of  the  past.- 

At  the  time  of  its  greatest  prosperity  it  was  im|)os- 
sihle  to  determine  how  far  the  metropolitan  district  ex- 
tended into  the  Campa<>na.  There  were  three  zones  or 
belts  of  buildiuijfs:  the  inner  one,  within  the  old  walls  of 
the  Kinn;s,  being  called  that  of  the  contineniia  (vdipcia, 
])ecause  its  public  and  private  edifices  touched  and 
crowded  each  other  in  a  limited  space  ("21,239  tenement 
houses  and  740  patrician  dwellings  in  an  area  of  onlv  8000 

^  The  keys  of  tlie  Parco  can  be  obtained  at  the  Colonna  Pahice,  Marino, 
from  the  a^^ent  of  the  duke.  The  entrance  gate  is  at  the  soutli  end  of  the 
vil!a<je,  on  the  left  of  the  viachict  over  whicli  the  highroad  to  Castel  Gar- 
dolfo  crosses  the  A(jua  Ferentina. 

"  See  The  Golden  Daijs  of  the  Renai.s.sanee,  p.  196. 


/, 


'^ 


f 


n 


-.N 


\ 


TIIK    I  AM)    ()I 


FT'lIX 


19 


{'  ->  < '  1 '  u  n  ( 


!.  l>rt\\rrl 


II 


!<■  \\;i 


11 


>    ! 


Ilir   Kil 


i  !  M 


flir  liiit'  of  the  Ueirui,^   w  it  ji  Ihulm-^  and  (mIiIk-c.^  >I.'i  nd 
!cir  own  uround  (^i.^iXi  1   {cncnK^it  liou 


on 


ses  and  !).>;; 


nalririan    palacrs  in    M)()0  arrr>j,  \\a>   ilial  of  ilic  t.cy.ur 
//,/////(/  fccfd.    'Vhi'  third  or  ontrr  hclt  of  a^ardr 


lis.  villas 


11, 


(•()(tau('>,  sul)url)an  ho>} 


(arics.  snia 


II 


1 


;irni>.  and  x-al  U'ihm 


1 


lialMfations  wa<    rallod     the   (•xtniitd    tccfonni/^  and    c^x- 
Icnded  a>  far  a->  die  dnrd  inilotonc  ontsidc  \\\c  Sci'xian 


(f 


iiiv 


\\ 


V  nia\ 


d 


icicloi'c.  fake  \\    lor  uranUM 


diat 


UK 


ni('(ro|)()lilan  (li>fri(*L  with  it.  o(l<l  million  pt^oplc.  cx- 
[kiikKmI  from  the  Milvian  l)ri(l^('  on  \\\v  nordi  to  the 
lond)  of  Mctclla  (Mi  i\\v  south,  from  the  \  iIJa  doi'diano- 
iiim   ('I'orre  (h*  Schiavi)   on  the  (^ast   to  the  uai'deiL>5  of 


(a'sar   towar( 


Is    tl 


le 


>( 


ttin 


i»-  sun 


riie  (hslriet 


oval   in 


1 


shape,  measure(l.  therefore,  seven  miles  on  its  greater 
diameter,  six  on  the  less,  and  these,  strange  to  sav.  are 
the  exact  limits  marked  hv  the  latcvst  Piano  liei-olatore 
for  the  (extension  of  the  eitv  in  the  nc^xt  twcMitv-live  v(\ir>. 


We  shoidd  he  ureatly  mistaken,  lioweviM".  in  su|)|)osin^' 
that  life  and  i)ustl(^  and  traffic  and  cultivation  stoj)|)e<l 
outriuht  hevond  thos(^  limits,  as  liappens  now.  Jiome 
was  not  cut  off  in  old  times  from  the  ueiahhorini''  cities 


X 


of    \  en,  .NouKMitum 


rii 


)ur 


I'aMies 


ri"' 


te,  1 


I 


uscuium.  anc 


\ 


Uoviihe  l)v  a  sti-etch  of  (K'>ert  :  farms  and  vinevards  and 


V 


villas  linked  the  liix^ater  and  smaller  centres  into  one 
ureal  nark  tcMMuinu-  with  lif(\  Tlu^  only  sections  of  the 
(ampaiiiia   whicli    mak(^  an   (^xct^ption   to  this   ruh^  are 


th 


OSV    Cl"OSS(M 


1   i)v   the   ti'anstilHM'ine  roads,   the  \  it(dlia 


the  two  Aur(dia\  and  the  Coi'ui^lia  kNidini'"  to  the  Etrus- 


can 


M 


tremnia 


I    1 


lave  crosscM 


1   th 


I 


i(vs(»  lon(\sonu> 


land; 


over  and  ovim*  auain  to  uatluM'  mat(M*ials  for  mv  arclne- 
olocrical    map,  and  1   have    found  none:  or,  to  ])c  more 


1   1^ 


riic  line  of  the  Octroi  is  identical  with  tiiat  of  the  walls  built  about 


o-r.y 


^-    \.   !).  })\-  the  I'anpcror  Aurcliaii. 


ml 


it     ' 

\i 


!  '♦ 


lUK    LAM)    OF    SAirilX 


19 


aciH's).  'Hie  s(M'()ii(l,  l)('l\\'(H'ii  {]\v  walls  of  \\\v  Kinii's  aiul 
[\\v  liiH^  of  [\w  Octroi,'  with  houses  and  cchhccs  staiKhiii;- 
on  their  own  uround  (*:^5.()()1  tenement  houses  and  !),3o 
|)atrieian  palaces  in  MHH)  aci'cs),  was  that  of  the  ex pa- 
iiiuifiii  fcrfd.  I'he  tliird  or  outer  beU  of  ^arcU^ns.  villas, 
ttaiies,  sui>url)an  hostelries,  small  farms,  and  scattered 

ind    ex- 


co 


hal)itations  was    raUed    the   cvtrcina    fccforuift. 
tended  as  far  as  the  third  mih'stonc^  outsid(^  tlie  StM'via 


n 


( I 


ut 


(VS 


We  mav.  tluM-efore.  take  it   for  granted  that  tl 


iC 


inetropohtan  district,  with  its  odd  mihion  |)(H)|)1(\  ex- 
|);in(l(Ml  from  th(*  Milvian  hridiie  on  tlie  north  to  the 
torn!)  of  Metelhi  on  the  south,  from  tlie  \  ilia  (iordiano- 
rum  ('I'ori'c  de  Schiavi)  on  the  east  to  the  i^ardens  of 
Ca'sai'  towards  the  settinu'  sun.  The  district,  oval  in 
shape,  measured,  therefore,  sevcMi  miles  on  its  ureater 
diametci",  six  on  the  Kvss,  and  thes(\  sti'anae  to  sav,  are 
the  exact  limits  marked  hv  the  lat(\st  Piano  Re^olatore 
for  tlu^  extcMision  of  the  citv  in  the  next  tweiitv-iive  v(^ai->. 
We  shoidd  he  i^i-eatly  mistaken,  however,  in  supposing' 
that  life  and  hustle  and  ti'affic  and  cultivation  stopped 
outriuht  hevond  those  limits,  as  happens  now.  Home 
was  not  cut  otf  in  old  tinuvs  from  the  ncMuhhorinii'  cities 
of  \('ii,  XomcMitum,  I'ihur,  PnxMieste,  'rusculum,  and 
Hovilhe  l)V  a  stretch  of  d(\sert  ;  farms  and  vinevai'ds  and 
villas   linked   tlu^  i>r(Niter  and   smalliM-  centres  into  one 


() 


reat 


1 


)ai 


k  t 


(HMUlUi''    W  I 


th    lif 


n 


le  onlv  s(H*tions  ot  tfu 


f  tl 


hicl 


impauna   wnicU   make  an  (^xcep 


1> 


•tion 


to  tl 


us   I'uie  arc 


lose   cross(M 


tl 
tlu^  t 


1   1)V   the  transtilxM'ine  roads,   the  ^  itt^llia 


wo 


ui'eine,  a 


nd  the  (\)rnelia  Ic^adini*'  to  the  Etrus- 


can 


M 


UHMuma 


1    1 


lave  ci'osse( 


1   tl 


uvse  lonesome 


land; 


over  and  over  aaain  to  i»ath(M-  mat(M"ials  for  mv  arclne- 


I. 


I 


oio(rieai    map,  an( 


1  I   1 


lave 


foun 


1 


(1  noiu^ 


or 


to  1 


)c  moi'c 


'V\\v  liiH'  of  tli(^  Octroi  is  identical  witii  tliat  of  tlic  walls  huilt  ahoiit 


^^7?  A.   1).  hv  the   I'Jiipcror  Aurclia 


II. 


^0 


WAXDEKLNdS    1\    IllK    HOALVX    (WMPACiXA 


:« 


1 


exact,  I  \\ii\v  1*01111(1  l)ut  tVw  ()a>('>  in  the  w  ildcMiicss, 
owe  perhaps  in  an  area  of  ten  scpiare  miles.  Tliis  statc^ 
of  tilings  proves  that  the  Kti-usean  section  of  the  Cani- 
paiina,  Ix^twcen  the  Tiher  and  the  sea,  was  covered  w  ith 
fore>t>.  the  haunt  of  the  deer  and  the  wild  hoar,  rem- 
nants of  w  liich  are  still  to  \)v  >een  in  the  farms  of  ( 'aset ta 
di  Mattei.  Malnome,  \  accarese,  etc.  Plinv  has  left  u> 
a  i^raphic  docription  of  the  ancient  Maremma.  wliicli 
li(  wa>  ohlii^'cd  to  cross  on  In's  wav  to  l.aurentnm.  "The 
a>pect  of  the  country  i>  not  monotonou>.  l)ecau>e  the 
road  >omctime>  I'un^  thi'ouiih  ancieiil  forots,  sonie- 
time>  through.  meado\\>  an<l  pa-tni'c  land  w  here  i;- row 
and  pro•^p('r  licrd^  of  horxv^  aiid  oxen.  an(i  llncks  of 
>h<'fp.   which.  dn\"f!i    irofii    l!ir    iiMMinla  m^    \>\    Ihc  rarl\ 

iru.>L>,  <'(.!iM'  }()  wmirr  \\\  thr  h-pid  (  a  !!ip;ii;fi;i  .""  AllV 
nHf  ni  iii\  ffjid*'!'^  \\hi>  h;i-  hilhiwrd  !!i  l*!in\'^  fiiol- 
.^Lcp>>    lt>    (J^-'ticu  C  a>Li'l    1' u>tini),  oi     I'laiua  di   M.iir  cnii 

VOiirll    T' »!'   M!«'   ;h -s  •!  1  r:i  f 'X'   <  tf  ! !  I  ■-    dcscT'i  phi  *  n , 


A 


<  I  I  H  i       1  >,  I  i  i  1 


1  !   •    » 


i  i         IK! 


i 


iil\<,      _^l't  ■'LiOli-'^ 


i)\    U'.r   f'n  TTii)ai:'Tin .   ]iptA\-r(^Ti   l^fiTiiP  mid    flu'  nioiintaiiis. 


we     ! ! ;  i  \  i  ■     n\i\\ 


'  I 


Win 


Miiif 


* '    1  n  »  H  I  ^  - '  1 


!  [  Ki  !  W     i)\       (in        I 

(  I ! !  s  ' «  ■      Hit'      1  I  1  I  i  1  H 


r>  iU  )'  •  \i   ;•  i      --!  1  f\  (  W 


i !  n  f 


1 1  !h-f'un<  ^f-    Im'- 


I'v  *'en    u.> 


I'M     i   1 


icr    afid 


1 1  ( ■  ^  ( 


i  '«  >  h  i  I  i  !  h  H  1 


I 


.  1 


cl  -'  I'm!  ifistance,  the  groun<l  rossed  H\  Hh  \  la 
Latina  between  the  seventh  and  eleventh  niik\>luiic.s, 
where  the  lonesome  wayfarer  of  to-day  hears  no  sound  of 
human  yoices,  no  sintrin*^  of  birds,  and  looks  in  yain  for 
shade  or  shelter,  or  for  a  drauji^ht  of  water  to  quench 
his  thirst.  In  ancient  times  the  same  length  of  road 
skirted  four  thriying  yillages,  and  a  dozen  or  more 
country  houses  of  the  patricians.  The  first  yillage  was 
discovered  and  excavated  in  1865  by  Giuseppe  Gagliardi 
near  the  Osteria  del  Curato.  Its  classic  name  is  unknown. 


4 


0) 


A     ^ 


*   -= 


J2 


1 

3 


THE   LAND   OF   SATURN 


23 


The  second,  called  "Respublicu  Decimiensium"  (from 
its  location  near  the  tenth  milestone),  was  found  in 
188.3  in  the  Vi<;'na  Senni  at  Ciampino     The  tliird,  called 

"Vi^n-    AT^ini^fiilnTins,"    was   exj;iuic«!    ix    H:r   author 


1 


t. 

\ 
I 

I    • 


lii. 


■r 


v» 


J  V  T~V  S  CW  L^\'\  N  V  S 


A  comparison  U'twciMi  the  aiicitMit  iffi)  and  modern   -'  ) 
(•t)n<litit)ii>  of  the  (  ampat^na 

thre(^  vt^ars  ai^o  in  the  Viu'ua  (i(Mitilini:  th(^  fourtli  was 
found  hv  Al)eken  in  1S4()  at  tlie  liead  of  th(^  ht^autiful 
Aalle  Mareiana.  Besides  these  four  centres  of  life, 
tluMV  \v(M'e  a  villa  of  th(^  Lieinii  Murena  at  Morena, 
that  of  Mcinius   Opiniianus   at    (^ianipino,  that  of  the 


\i 


'    I 


>t     \\am)i:ki\(.>  in    iiii:  komax  (  a.mi*a(.\\ 

luNolcnii  at  Hori^lu't to.  an  estate  of  'IVajair>  ^!>(('r  iu 
the  \  allc  Mai'ciana,  a  tciiiplc  dedicated  to  Septiiiiins 
S('\'rrii>  at  Hauiiai'a  ;  iioIjIc  maii^olea  lining'  tlic  t'oiir  miles 
ot  road;  a  pauan  >an(tiiar\  aiul  place  of  pilariiiiaii'e  in 
the  \  iiina  (iiu>ti;  a  Cliri^tijiu  l>a>ilica  and  cataconiKs  in 
tli(^  \  iuna  (ientilini.  and  tonntain>  and  pleasant  >lia(le 
and  lio>telrie>  for  the  conitort  of  man  and  l)ea>t. 

I  he  nio>«t  con^picnon>  ruins  of  the  ('ampa^aia  are 
tlio->e  ot  w  ater-i-e>er\ oil'*-  and  tond)s,  hecan^e  their 
imier  '^hell  oi-  coi'e  heini:'  hnilt  in  rn})l)le-\\()rk  oi  in  con- 
crete, they  ha\-e  hetter  withstood  the  raNa^'c^  of  time, 
and  they  haxc  escape(|  the  cnpi(ht\'  of  nicdia'xal  and 
modern  stone-cntter>  and  lime-i»urner>.  The  a(pie- 
duct^.  aNo,  for  reasons  w  hicli  I  ha\'e  e\j)lain(Ml  in  another 
work,  have  Ixhmi  >pai-ed  to  a  certain  extent,  to  t'orm  the 
most  chai'acteri>tic  feature  of  oni*  suhurijan  landxape. 
These  channels,  hoiaie  tor  miles  upon  triumphal  arches 
at  a  pi'odii^ious  heii^ht,  would  still  he  in  woi-kini:'  ordei* 
hut  for  Pope  Sixtus  \'  and  foi*  the  Hospital  of  San  Sal- 
vatore  at  Latei'ano  :  the  Pope  huilt  his  Acpiedotto  l^'elice 
with  the  materials  of  the  Marcian,  while  the  trnst(M\s  of 
the  hospital,  whenever  they  found  thcMUselves  in  ucrd 
of  funds,  would  put  up  at  auction  one,  two,  oi*  thi-ee 
arcades  of  the  (laudian,  which  unfortunately  ciossed 
theii"  fai'm  of  Arco  Travertino  on  the  \'ia  Latina.  In 
th(Mr  archiv(\s  (vol.  iv,  p.  .V)  I  have  found  documents  of 
tlie  sal(*  of  a  niomimental  ai'ch  over  which  the  ('laudian 
spanne(l  the  lii^hroad  :  and  a^ain  the  sale  of  four  ])iers 
to  a  Hartolomeo  \  itali,  of  two  to  the  brothers  (iuidotti. 


''I"' 


11  IK    LAND   or   SATIUX 


1 


and  so  on 

7'he  fate  of  the  tond)s  and  mausohvi  which  lined  tlio 
hi<^hroad.s  has  heen  well  descrilxMl    l>v   T^rancesco   Fico- 

I 

*    Laiiciani,   /  conunitirii  di  i'rontino,  j).  1 49. 


roni,  a  se\enteentli  centui'v  anticiuai'v  an.d  excavator  of 
no  classic  culture,  hut  a  keen  ohservei*  of  facts  and  gath- 
erer of  arclueoloaical  (W'idenc(\  Roman  familv  vaults, 
li(^  r(Mnarks,'  contained  a  funeral  hancjuetina-liall,  level 
with  the  road,  and  a  crypt  helow.  wlu^i'c  the  ashes  were 
kept  in  urns,  or  the  ]»o(lies  laid  to  rest  in  sarcophaui.  The 
foianer  standinu'  ahcA'c  i^round,  within  c^asv  I'each  of  the 
pass(M'-})y,  nnist  have  heen  sti'ipped  of  their  marbles  and 
hron/es  at  a  V(M"v  earlv  i)ei'iod.  The  custom  of  hurnini'- 
the  marhles  of  abandoned  tombs  for  lime  became  so 
common  in  the  foui'tli  century  that  the  Em|)er()rs  had 
to  enact  capital  punishmeni  as  a  pc^nalty  for  tiieotfeiice. 
In  :)4!),  sixiv-one  veai's  before  the  iirst  barbarian  iiu'oad 
of  Alaric,  the  KmpcM'or  (\)nstans  substituted  a  heavy 
line  for  capital  punishment,  so  oreat  was  the  number 
of  thos(*  who  had  deserved  it  I  These  provisions  may 
have  sav(Ml  from  spoliation  the*  toml)s  more  exposed 
to  view  ;  but  those  standinii"  back  from  the  hiii'hroads, 
screened  bv  trees  or  bv  the  undulations  of  the  i»"roun(b 
probably  disappeared  faster  than  ever. 

The  under;;round  rooms,  or  hypo^a'a,  suffcM'cd  less 
damage,  and  manv  esca])ed  discovei'v  alto^etlKM". 
Search  was  made  in  them  for  i(w\(drv  and  u'old  :  but 
tlu^  cinerarv  urns  and  the  sarcophagi  wore  left  undis- 
turbed. This  is  the  reason  whv  so  manv  beautiful 
ervpts  are  brouuiit  to  liu'lit  at  no  rare  intervals  in  the 
Campai^na,  notwithstanding"  the  active  search  made 
for  them  in  past  centurit\s.  In  trutii.  such  precautions 
were  takiMi  to  conci^al  the  wav  of  entrance  that  their 
rediscovery  is  mostly  due  to  chance.  Idie  secret  pas- 
sai>'e  leadino'  to  the  i»ray(^  of  (\vcilia  Metella  was  found 

by  accident  in  bVM),  by  a  stone-cutter  enoaued  in  wrench- 

,  I  <     I 

in<'-  away  some  blocks  of  traviM'tine.    A  similar  discovtM'v 

^    Francesco   Ficoroni.    I  .a  holln  d'  oro  dri  janriulli  rouuuii.  Part  IF 


'2(\    \VAM)KinN(;s  IX   riii:  komax  campacxa 


took  place  under  Alexander  \'II  i  H ).").>  (IT)  in  connec- 
tion with  the  INraniid  of  ('ain>  (V>tin>,  the  entrance  to 
which  wa>  x)  artfullv  coiiceahMl  that  it  could  onlv  he 
located  1)\  the  hollow  >ound  of  the  >lones  with  which 
it   had  heen   Mocked. 

I'^icoroni  ha>  otl'ertMl  an  inu'eniou.N  >uu^e^tion  in  regard 
to  the  i'Mjn'ax'cd  ^'cuin  or  canieo>  w  liich  ai'c  found  in  such 
numbers  in  the  ( ^anipauiia.  After  .stating-  that  out  of 
ninctv-two  se])ulchral  chanilxTs,  excavate(l  1>\  him  in 
the  \  i^na  Moroni  near  the  Appian  (late.  hclwecu  170.) 
and  17(M).  oid\  one  had  nnl  l>cen  sc;n'<hc<l  hcloi-c,  he 
add>  :  *'  M\-  workmen,  ^iftinu  {h<'  earth  w  hicli  hllcd  these 
( ( tjuml >aria .  or'  the  pa^^au*'^  lictwccn  tli<'m.  tound  a 
::rcat  man\'  cameo^  an«l  \ahi.-il»lc  ^toiic^.  Iti'nkni  oi"  m- 
di'Mfcd    round    the  edue.     ''I  hc^f  rnnifo^  .'ire  con>tan[lv 

piickcd    !1  j )   m    \inc\a!'d^  a  lid   »  irrh;!  r(  U.    which   r\f  rlnl  oxc]- 

ancient  cemeteries,  iind  ;!•>   fli(;\    ^lill   -how    irarr-  ^it    ilu* 


L'  1  U  t 


>\'    ]]H'ali^   r>f  "\^"hir!!    ihfV   were    t';i-{r!MMl    wiUi    fheir 


SiM'koU.  ihc\  1!!!!-}  h;i\c  h.m  [!;!-n\\li  .!\\;i\  ;*-  <i  !ise- 
]p<<   UlT'limkr;!  !m  ■*•    k\     ihose    wllO    W('Vi'    <ee!x!!r^;    I'oi'    Ilichd 

alone." 

The  kite^l  discovery  connected  with  the  intenUunal 

t/ 

concealment  of  rich  fyraves  took  place  in  June  of  last 
year  (1908),  at  the  first  milestone  of  the  Via  Colla- 
tina,  where  the  new  freif^ht  station  of  Rome  is  beiniif 
erected.  Here  a  mass  of  concrete  was  found,  and  inside 
of  it  a  recess  lined  with  bricks,  and  inside  the  recess, 
in  the  core  of  the  concrete,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
sarcophaji^i  1  have  ever  seen,  a  masterpiece  oi  liadrian's 
golden  age.  It  contained  the  skeleton  of  a  full-grown 
man,  a  perfume  goblet,  and  a  silver  penny  of  the  time 
of  Titus.  Judging  from  the  scenes  rej)resented  on  the 
front  of  the  coffin,  the  buried  man  must  have  served 
on  the  staff  of  Trajan  in  one  or  more  of  his  Dacian 


K 


Y, 


y. 


'^ 


'Y. 


x. 


J. 


I. 


I   n  f 


t   \  \  I  >    ni     -^,\11  II  V 


29 


inipr*----r^  111.'  I  H'lii  Ai'j-r  ni   ih)-.  -plriHiiij  w  < !  r  k  1-^  iiie  liar- 


T]1(  »I  no!  In    i  1 !  ^  I  !'i  i  Hi  !  h  »n     (  > 


•(  Mi  !  IN 


i 


ihr  f'xrnii^itf^  f'.'ire 


ol  (ICUIIIN,  N(  »  arlMihx  mlircahMi  iliat  it  <i(ir-.  !!n(  nHrr- 
}'<■!■('    Willi    ill*'    ucnrral    cjlcci    «»!'    ihc   n  UlipONil  inll.    aJhl    iIm' 

(•|('\('r  \\a\'  ill  \\li!«-li  iIm'  national  characia/riNl  itn  nf  itic 
(■on<  jiicrorx  and  llic  cotHpiri't'd  -ire  rcndrrcd  :  (jii'  l!o- 
nian>  with  clcar-ciit ,  f<'iinc(l  t'catui'^vs  and  ^lender  iii^urcs, 
ilic  l)acian>  with  unkempt  liair  and  heard,  and  powe)-- 
fnl,  licaxy  tVanu^<,  'riic  ^arfopliao'iis  is  now  oxhihilcd 
in  thr   Mum'o   Na/U)nal('  allc  Ternie. 


I  niii>t  now  dls(  us>  a  (picstion  strictlv  conniM'tcHl 
with  the  history  and  t'ate  of  the  Canipa^iia.  that  ot* 
the  suninier  villa>  of  the  wealthy  and  the  i'ashionahle. 
There  cannot  he  anv  donht  that  thc^  suniiv  sl()i)e  of  Tus- 
culunn  Alha,  I'ihur.  and  Pra'neste  did  oWvv  adinirahle 
sites  for  the  ercM'tion  of  villas  and  cottages;  hut  it  is 
(Mjually  certain  that,  owin^  to  thc^r  proximity  to  Home 
and  to  their  small  heiuht  above  \hc  sea,  tlu\se  sites  did 
not  i»"ive  tlu*  careworn  citizens  sufficient  ehanire  of  air 
to  recuperat(\  and  uatluM' fresh  strcMiotli  for  future  labors. 
Whv.  tluMi,  do  Roman  villas  and  summer  residences 
crowd  in  such  numbers  on  the  verv  bounchirv  line  of 
the  Campai^na,  in  which  tlie  o'erms  of  malaria  were 
alwavs  lurkinir,  wIumi  their  ow  ners  —  masters  of  the 
Komaii  world  —  could  choose  more  attractive  and 
healthier  sites  on  the  Campanian  and  Tyrrlienian  coast, 
on  the  Itivierji,  on  the  Italian  or  Swiss  lakes,  on  the 
Alps,  and  amono'  the  waterini^-plaees  of  Savoy,  of  the 
Pvren(H\s,  and  of  the  Rhine  ? 

Tlu^  answer  is  easilv  <>iven.  Travellinij:  in  ancient 
times  was  so  uncomfortable  and  so  dam^^erons,  from 
want  of  mail  servic(\  of  ])ostal  and  telegraphic  arran^fc- 


:m)    \\AM)i:in\(.>  IN    riiK  komax  (  ampa(;na 

iiHMits,   niid   of  hotel   .'iccoinniodatioii,   from    hriu'nndaixr 
and  tVoni  the  >t(H^|)iu'»  ol"  nioiiiitain  roads,  that  private^ 


laimho,  no  ma 


tt(M-  1 


tl 


low  wcaltlix  and  now  nmcn  im 


I  I 


1 


ImumI 


with  the  >|)ii-it  of  the  tonrist,  shrank  from  niKh'i-takiiiiX 
\i)\\ir  and  techOn.N  jonrne\s  nnhvss  imi)elhMl  h\  (hit\.  or 
on  an  ofheial  nns>ion.     No  eom|)ai"i>on,  thei'efoi'e,  of  the 


1.1 


nona  hie  can  ix 


(  > 


umiiier  I'ohhaiee  of  the  wcalthx  and  fa.>l 
tal)hsh(Ml  l)et\\(HMi  anei(Mit  and  modiMMi  time>;  an( 


i  I  <lo 

not  think  that  the  Roman>  in  i^xMiei-al.  nnh'>^  thev  wi^vc 
millionaii"e>.  di^hate*!,  at  the  retnrn  of  the  hot  ^rax.n, 
whether  the\  wonhl  ui\'e  prelV^XMiet^  to  a  Bi'ili>h,  (lalhe, 
fierman.  or  Helvetic  w  aterino'-])lae(\  IxH'anse  of  the  dis- 
tance  and    har(l>liii)   of   tra\el.     I  xmI    ;i 


>    w  ( 


>>,  w  ('  na  r( 


11 


through  the  Al[)>  m  a  traiix-ontinental  e\|)rc 
reali/e  what  it  meant  for  a  Hoiiian  family  to  croN>  from 
("lax'cnna  ((  diia\(Mina )  to  tlic  ("nria  Uha'tornm  (('oire) 
1)\  the  Septimer  and  Spln^cn  |)a>>e>,  or  from  Aiiun>ta 
Pra'toria  ;  Ao>ta  )  to  (  )cto<lnrnN  .  Mnrtiu'iix  i  1)\    the  (jireat 


St.  H 


erna  r< 


I.     I 


mention    the-^e   two    |)a>>e>,  not    oecansi 


t    1 


tlie\    were    the    principal  and   the  nio>t    po|)ii!ar  lino  of 


eommnm'cation    Ix^t  w  immi 


Ital 


K 


1      tl 


le    norniern    nro- 


viiice>  of  the  empire,  l»nt  hecaiix*  the\  ar(*  personally 
and  a  rclia'(>loi:'icall\  Ketter  known  to  me.  Hnt  what  is 
known  ahont  them  nia\  he  (MpialK  applied  to  the  Mons 
M.-itrona  iMonti^-eiHwre  u  to  th<'  ( 'remoniN  Jiinnm  (('ra- 
ni out  •  ,  to  the  Mon>  Adiila  (St.  (  lot  hard  ),  or  to  the  many 
pa.>^e>  of  the  l{lnetian  and  ("arnian  Alps.  In  the  Ko- 
manscli  district,  for  instance,  the  |)opnlation  not  only 
.^pi'ak.^  the  lanuaiai^'c  of  which  the  lirst    elements    w  (M'e 


>owii  amonu"  them  when   l)rnsns  the  >(Miior  crossed   tor 
the  {ir>t  time  the  Maloia  and  the  l^ni'-adine,  hnt   I'etains 


the  names    that  were  ^ixcMi    to  I'oads,  peaks,  and  |)ass( 
1>\  the  fir^t  Roman  con(jii(M'ors ;  snch  as  the  'M)a<l  road 


mala  via 


M 


iloia 


tl 


w 


intiw  road  "  (hilxM'nina,  licv- 


TllE    I.AM)   OF   SAITRX  31 

nina),  the  ''wliite  road''  (Alhula),  tlie  "lii^ii  village'' 
(Viciis  Sopranus),  the  ''head  of  tlie  hike"  (Sumnnis 
lacus,  Samohico),  the  "mills"  (Molins),  tlie  pass  of  Jul 
(Jiilier),  the  pass  ol*  Se])tiuiius  (Se})tiiner),  and  so  foi'th. 
lint  for  the  study  of  a  typical  Roman  transalpine  road 
th(*  Jugnm  INeninnm  or  (xreat  St.  Bernard  stands  fore- 
most on  aceonnt  of  the  excavations  and  researches  made 


!it  it 


s  various  s 


tat 


I 


'1 


ions,  nosDices,  anc 


1  ref 


niies  h\ 


1 


romis. 


de  Lo^es,  Auher,  Castelfranco,  von  Dnlm,  de  la  lilan- 


}-> 


cherc  ,  de  Sanley.  Desjardins,  and  Ferrero,  from  who.^e 
writiniis  I  have  collectcMl  the  following'  information.' 


''  I  ■* 


Idle  ancient  road,  on  Jeavino- Aosta  l)\  tlii*  north  ^at 


iciniim 


followed  the  line  of  the  modern  one  to  Kndr 
(Ktronhles  or  St.  J  vein  \  ),  and  thence  ascended  the  Italian 
slope  of  the  |)a>s  in  /ii^zau's  of  >traioiit  stri^cho  of  two 
or  three  hnndred  feet  each.  It  was  not  protected  from 
avalanches  or  snow■(lrift.^,  hut  was  linc^d  at  short  intervals 


w 


ith  "case  cantonien^  or  he!|)-stations,  one  of  which 
has  hecMi  found  at  the  ('antine  de  r\)ntintes,  two  kilo- 
metres helow  the  snnimit  on  the  Italian  side,  another  at 


Le  r'ond  de  la  (Omlx^  on  the  Swiss  sid 


e 


A 


mile 


lerre 


t-OlK 

Ih. 


marked   XXI\'  is  still  extant  at    Honro-  St.    I 
mileaw  heini"-  reckoned  from  Aosta  to  Marti<qi\.  wher 
th(^  Alpine  road  fell  into  the  one  leadinn-  from  liri<'a  t 
Viviseus   (\\w(w  ).    On  lUNirino-  the  summit  of  the  pas.' 
the  road  is  entirelv  cut  out  of  the  live  rock,  w  ith  a  mini 


( > 


(';iri()    PF'oiiii^.    Ij     im: i'-liiih  'It   Aosfn.  'I'lirin.    IS(r2;   {\v   I 


<)'''('>^, 


h  is[< 


in !  I  III    SI 


ir  li    Mo/il  SI.   n>ni,inL   I7S!):   Auher.  /. 


II    r<!i 


In     J' A 


I  )Si  I 


V 


<(ll 


;iris. 


1S(>();   (  a^tclfraiKN*.  Xofi^n'ihiil 


/  sen  ri .  ;i 


S!)j 


).   * .) ;  \ 


on  1  )ulin.  Ml  nione 


\CC(I( 


I.  ,//■  I 


on  no. 


a.    IS!)].  \()1.  \li,  |).  ;5S(i;  de    la   lilanclirn 


Ml  h 


ni'/rs   I 


le 


F l-]c(>l(   Fnuivaisi   dr  llonii 


nouNcllc    .scric,  vol.   m, 


a.  ISS 


/ .  \  (»l.  \ 


U:.l 


c  >aii 


lev./ 


\i  riii   itr< 


■hml. 


).  l.U:    I)( 


( 


oiardiii^.   (i(!N/r   roiiKinic.   vol.  i.  p.    < 


0; 


1- 


CITcTO. 
■(11. 


Xot'rJc  dnil'  sni  ■/,    IHS;;    l!)(d;  ( 'orpus  In,script.   Ltii..  vol.  \-,  p. 


2    waxi)i:rl\(,s  IX  tiii:  romax  (  ampa(;xa 


Tin:    LAXl)    OF   SATURN 


33 


inuiii  width  of  elcviMi  (rci  six  in('lu\s.    TIk^  Roman  hospice 

(  M(Ufsii)  ui  Sinn  III ()  P(i 


nnnn  stood  n  (juai'tci-  ot  a  nine  to 


tht^  >onth  of   the    present  on(\  and  comprised    a    t(Mnple 
to    the  ^(xl   of  the   monntain,   a    hospice    for   traveN(M-s, 


(vs  and   watcM-ino-troni'hs,  and  storcdionses  for  fnc^l 


^tahl^ 

md  provisions, 


The  location  of  th(*  t(Mnph^  of  JnpitiM"  INeninns  (from 


the   (  eltic   /hn    or   h 


en 


nmnn't"),  facinu'   almo>t   (hie 


ri( 


)rth,   answers    precisely    to    the    precept    of    Mtrnvin; 


The 


ij;itt'  hv  wnid! 


M'    I  ,1---   ro;i  I    1. 


•ft  Ao^t 


(iv 


r<  );m 


w 


1 


lien   ;!   hnn~:f'  nt    t  ill'  ""ni 


I 


r,-ii<ofl  mi  ;i  1)11 


! 


hi 


1 


pl.M'c  it  ^(1  that   tr.ixejler^  nia\   see  Ihrir  inia<''e.>  an 


d 


)<i\    iioinai''* 


to  tl 


I 


i( 


!o     Ol 


H'll 
1 


i     I 


n  "'oin 


)\ 


Mjsplcc     \\ 


hkcwisc   I  unit    of  >toi 


le 


with    an    ehihoi'ate    sx^tcin    ot    [i\i)ocairst 


f   1: 


IIK 


i      11 


ICS     lo! 


tl 


le  <li>trihidion  o*    heat  thronjih   the  irncst-room 


c 


Tl 


K' 


roo 


f,  made  of  tiles  from  the  linu^kilns  of  the  \'al  d"  Aosta, 
had  projecting'  eaves  in  the  old  Swiss  style. 

From  the  stmh  of  the  tiftv  votive  l)rass  tai)lets,  of  the 
hve  hnndriMl  Gaulish  coins, of  the  seven  hundred  Uoman 
nuMlals,  of  the  marks  and  stamps  of  votive  pott(My  and 
utensils  discovered  in  the  excavations,  and  (^xhihited 
now  in  the  museum  of  the  wortliv  followers  of  St.  Her- 
nard  de  Menthon,  arclneologists  have  been  led  to  adopt 
the  following'  conclusions. 

Idle  pass  was  hut  litth^  used  in  prcdiistoric  aii^es,  only 
a  few  ohjiH'ts  of  the  au'c  of  bronze  havmo"  been  found  at 
Lvddes  in  the  \  al  (V  KntrcMuont,  and  none  on  the  sum- 

« 

mit.  The  i>r(*at  mass  of  votive  oU'eriiui's  must  be  assigned 
to  the  Gaulish  tribesmen  who  first  established  a  perma- 
ent  line  of  communication  across  the  Al|)s  at  the  time 


n 


w  lien 


ir(|uinius    l^ 


riscus    was 


k 


llli»'     o 


f    R 


ome 


11 


lis 


primitive  path,  full  of  untold  perils,  was  transformed 
into  a  re^ailar  post  road  soon  after  the  foundation  of 
Auii'usta  Pnetoria,  and  the  coiKjuest  of  the  \  al  d'  Aosta, 
iiiliabit(Ml  by  the  Sala.s.-^i, about -23  li.  c.  When  the  Roman 
roadmakers  Hrst  emerged  on  the ''plan  de  Joux^'at  the 


lop  o 


f  til 


le  pa>>, 


1 


tli(w  t'ouiid  it  alreadv  sacred  to  tlu'  awe- 


inspii'inu"  u'od  of  the  mountain 


A 


sma 


I 
II     1 


jumaclc  ol    ro^ 


k,  emei"i:inii^   fi'om    tlie   border  ol    a 


)a^n!     o' 


kabi, 


w 


ter.     had     Ixmmi     rouii'lilv 


!are< 


<     ( 


( i 


Jcp-.  on  w  inch  th(^  \\('ar\-  fra\-ell(M/ 


\\  () 


I, '( 


ihl  la\'  hi^  ntlrriHi^'.  a    liutlon.or  an  au^ra 


t 


.irink 


I  H'lK  1 


< »    « » (  )  !  H  ( 


!  «  i 


s    ( •  h  a  p  h 


:i    w 


.11 


>a  \\i 


ife  1 
1 


rom  ills 


1] 


:i   r^lL^  a 


)!"  a  com  or 


two.     l*cdd!er>and  workmen 


Were  >ati>tied  with  the  production  of  half  a  coin:  and  \ve 
have  also  tlic  toin  Imiu'  instance  of  a  Helvetian  who  left, 
as  a  token  of  li-ratilnde  tor  a  sat'e  iounuw,  his  own  razor, 
of  a  make  peculiar  to  tlie  savages  dwc^lling  in  tlu^  Rhme- 


:in( 


i      WAXDKRINCS    IN     rilK    ROMAN    ('AMI\V(iXA 


Tin:   LAM)   OF   SATURN 


'^5 


V\iv  fift\-()(i<l    Ixomaii  tablets  alrcidx-  (]| 


scovcriMi  coll- 


1 


tain  no  illustrious  nam 


cs,  onl\'  those  ot'  pctt\   olliccM's  on 


their  wav  to  join  the  tVontiiM'  h^i^'ions,  of  clerks  t'ollowin 


(r 


in 


the   t 


rani  ot  provnicial  nia^-isti'at(\s,  or  of  Swiss  or 
Italian  tra(l(\snien.  A  tablet  found  in  1S{)^2  (Miahles  ns  to 
r(M*on>ti-uct  tluvNciMu*  of  a  Helvetian  slave-dealer  i^IIcl- 
rcfius   iiKiiKjo)  ans\\(M"in 


( t' 


to     tl 


le  naino  o 


f  T; 


irassonnns 


(he  nni>t  ha\-e  come  from  the  Jui'a,  where  such  a  name 
was  popular),  who,  before  attempting-  the  perilous  joui'- 
ne\\  |)ronn>es  the  i^'ods  an  acknow  l(N|niuent  of  their 
help,    should    he    succeed    in    leading'    his   sL'ixes    safelv 


tl 


icross  tne  snow  \    harruM 


As  reu'ard>  the  Montu'cnex  re,  the  mo>t  popular  trans- 
alpine I'oute  in  cla>>ic  times,  a  comparison  betwtuMi  tli(^ 
old  and  the  pre>ent  timc-tabhvs  pro\('>  that  thi'  mail- 
coach  >er\ice  between  Itah  and  (lallia  Nai-bonensis,  via 


the  valleys  of   the  Dora    and   the    Durai 
callv    the  >ame,  and  di\ide(l    into    tl 


ice,   wa>   practi- 


le  >a  me  nunil)er   o 


.f 


relax  > 


IIMI 


\  I 


( ) 


>usa 
Kxill 


() 


U  I  x 


e>ai 


( 


:\ront 


H 


I'lan 


>S( 


Enil 


M 


iana .    ( 

'S  .   .   . 

.  .  .  . » 

ine 

^'(Miev]'(^  .  .  . 
Con 

.  . . .( 
1 

-Kom / 

•un / 

i  IK  j  11  si  (I   Tdurinonnn 

)cvl II  III 


s' 


I  ( 


I  IIS  I 


() 


'^11  III  III  I  fas  I  tdl  ici  ( 'li  ri 
\(l  Mdiiis 


t(  sivoncin 


\(l  MutroiKT  rcrfl 
IrK/dNhiun 


crm 


iOIIK! 


umiin 


But   if  the  I'oad   was  the  same,   the  difiiculties  of  the 
lonrnev   for  ordinar\    travelh^vs  were  infinitelv    iireater. 


service  was  a 


C()nsidei-in<^"  that  the  use  of  the  ofhcial  mail 

privilege  ^^'raiited  by  the  head  of  the  state  to  compara- 


o 


le 


tivcK'  few.  In  this  respcM't  th(^  Koman  postal  ori^aniza- 
tion  did  not  dilfer  from  the  one  adopted  in  F(M'>ia, 
which  enabled  th(^  I'ulers  of  that  immcMise  kinn'dom  t 
hold  tlu^  reins  of  ^'overnment  we'll  in  hand.  Ilerodotu 
(l(\scribes  tlu^  roval  road  which  ran  from  Sardis,  on  tl 
Lvdian  coast,  to  Susa,  a  distance  of  ?().>  miles.  Jt  was 
divided  into  111  sections  or  horse-runs  by  a  corrospond- 
inu'  number  of  haltiui>-  places,  at  an  averai^e  distance  of 
seven  miles  fi*om  each  other.  There  wer(^  i!;ui(l(d)ooks 
and  time-tables  for  the  convenieiu*e  of  traveller's,  w  ith  a 
description  of  the  kind's  road  and  its  cai*avansari(\s,  one 
c()mj)()se(l  bv  Baeto.  another  bv  Amvntas.    'Tlu^  title  of 

I  4  at 


tl 


lese 


;iiicient  Bi'adshaw 


nmch  more  instructive  than 


the  Roman  liiiicraria  was  o[  ^raOfjiOL.  the  ''post-re- 
lays.'' A  traveller  proceeding-  at  leisure^  and  with  his  ow  n 
means  of  locomotion,  at  the  rate  of  thii'tv  miles  a  dav, 
could  c()V(M"  the  distance  between  the  /Kwan  S(\a  and  the 
capital  in  about  twcnty-hve  days;  but  the  kiiio-\s  mes- 
senu'crs,  r(davin^-  one  another  at  stated  intervals,  would 
travel  four  times  as  fast,  and  brin^-  a  (lis])atch  from  the 
t^n)V(M-nor  of  Lydia  to  the  ])alace  in  six  or  seven  da  vs. 

In  Rome,  also,  tlie  rii>-ht  of  makini*-  nse  of  the  mail 
s(M'vice  was  i^ranted  p(M"sonally  by  the  Empcn'or  and 
occasionallv  bv  the  consul,  bv  the  ])i'efect  of  the  Pra'to- 
rians,  or  by  tlu^  ^-ovtM'iior  of  a  province.  The  warrants 
or  (liplonuifd  for  this  purpose^  were  drafted  in  the  imperial 
cabinet  by  an  ofHciM"  (/  di jiloiudiihus,  and  there-  thev  re- 
eeiv(Ml  the  Emperor's  own  seal  and  sioiiature.  Accordinu: 
to  Suetonius,  the  warrants  of  Au^'ustus  bore  the  impres- 
sion of  a  sphinx.  I'lie  tendency  of  his  successors  was  to 
restrict  thc^  privileu'i^  to  as  few  persons  as  ])()ssil)le,  and 


eacii  provincial  i^-overnor  was 


held 


resoonsi 


"I 


ble  f 


or  any 


|)artiality  show  n  in  dispensing-  this  favor.    At  all  (wents, 
the  p(M-mits  became  null  and  void  after  a  HxcmI  datc\  or 


^M    wam)i:rin(,s  in  tiik  homan  (  ampa(;\a 

on   []\c  (lentil  of  tlir  rinprror  wliosc^  scijl  nnd  .si<'iiature 


ri 


w  ^i\]]\c  rule^  nuiNt  li.-ive  Ixhmi  foil 


owed  ill  coimcction 


\\itli  tlit^  iiKiritiint*  post,  tlu^  cciitr.-il  oflicc  for  which  \\;i 


it    the  harhor  of   ( )>ti 


11 


\c   in.'ii 


1)0,'I  t 


tl 


lis  scr\ic-e  [/imws  nu/a',  mi  res  inhcllnri 


S     (Mtl|)IO\(Ml     111 

(V)   wvw  so  well 


shaped,  so  well  inaniKMl,  and  could  carr\   so  niiich  can- 
that    iinj)(M*ial    incssen^^ers    and    dispatches    could 


vas. 


Pont  St.  Martin.  (.)n»'  of  tJ 


IC     li'  '■[! 


:in  hri.j^'.'-,  in  the  \'al  li'  Aosta 


reach  Alc\;indri;i  in  ch'xcn  da\-,  llic  S[rait>  of  (iihraltar 


ill   .>e\eii 


th 


•trait 


>^        (   ) 


f   M 


c-^^lll.l      III      ll\l 


tl 


le    coa> 


t    of 


<^ 


( ) 


p<iin   in   tour,  the   coa^t  of   rro\-ence    ill   three,  tl 

f  \i 


le  CO 


1st 


1- 


rica  ill  two, 
1 


veil  le^>  acccs^iMc  to  the  oi'dinar\'  puiilic  wer(^  tlic 
opportunitie>  of  corr<v>pondin<;'  In  leller  or  l»\  tclc^'raph. 
Here.  al^o.  we  find  the  ti-ansniission  of  niaiU  l>\  post  to  be 
an  inip«'nai  pri\ile^'e  uTantecl  to  few,  while  pri\ate  per- 
>on>  w<'re  ohli^'cd  to  tni^t  tlM'ir  correspondence  to  their 
own    letter-cai-riers,  named   hihillnrii ,  or  to  wait  for  the 


'^ 


Tin:    lAM)   OF  SATLUX 


37 


cliaiHH*  of  a  friend  or  an  ac(juaintanc(^  undertakini:  a 
joiirnev  in  the  direction  in  which  the  letter  was  to  he 
sent.     In  the  second  centurv  of  the  enipir(\  private  coin- 


I 


)aiiies   w( 


re  oriranized  for  the  transmission  of  letters 
[doni!;  tlie  i^^rc^at  trunk  roads.  1  suppose  that  the  ofhcials 
of  the  cursiiH  piihlicus^  or  postmastiM's,  must  hav(^  had  a 
share  in  the  hnsiiuvss:  and  considcM'ini;'  that  at  (\'icli  naui- 
sio,  or  post-halt,  thei'c  was  a  cah-stand  for  local  trathc 
on  the  branch  roads,  it  was  easv  for  the  letter  to  reach 
its  (l(\stinatioii,  evcMi  in  out-of-the-way  ])laces,  in  a  com- 
paratively short  tiiiK^ 


Tel 


ei2Taphin<^  seems 


tol 


lave  oeeu  reserved  tor  iniiitarv 


If. 


lit; 


piirpos(\s.  Such  a  sim])!(\  obvious,  and  riNidy  means  o 
notifvina"  fri(Mids  that  danu'cr  is  inuKMidini'"  or  that  relic 
is  coming'  must  have  1)(\mi  hit  upon  in  tlu^  (^irlicv-^t  stai^-es 
of  civilization  of  the  human  race:  but  tlu^  lir^t  writt<Mi 
statenuMit  occurs  in  the  maunific(Mit  simih^  of  tlie  Iliad 
(18,  -iO.S-'^M- ),  wlicre  the  '*  bi'iii^iit  sIuhmi  from  Achilles' 
lic^ad  "  flashinu'  '"np  to  tlii*  upper  air"  is  conipare^l  to 
"beacon  fiiHvs  bla/iii::  forth  from  a  be!(\'!n'U(M'e<|  island- 
The  Jew.s  maiiitained  a  reu'ular    line  of   signal 


1 


loine 


station  <     ])etweeii     Jciai^al 


em 


;nid     Hab\lonia.    to     mi- 


lOi 


(•( 


t 


e   ,"!    >  pea  I 


I  :('('     O 


le  new    moon,  as  (ies< 


I. 


M  M 


1 


in  the  Talnnid.  iinlil  the  Samantan>  lighted  ((unter 
mock-tires,  w  lien  ttn^  communication  had  to  be  sent  bv 
mess(M!Li'er.  WV  lia\e  absolute  e\"idence  that  the  ancients 
could  teleu'raph  not  onh  the  simpUvst  kind  of  mt'.'ll!- 
i^'cnee  b\  a  p]'(\irraiu:ed  cod(\  but  woimIs  and  scaitiMices 
as  well.  Foi'  instance,  while  the  FaccMhemonian  lle(^t  of 
liftv-three  men-of-war  was  h  inii'  otf  tlu*  soutluM-n  end  of 
tlie  island  of  Corcvra  in  4^27  n.  r.,  a  telc^Tam  to  the  ad- 

'  'IV.-iiislatot  1)V  Harchiv  flS7S\  p.  l.")l.  I  hnvo  dcv'wod  my  informa- 
tion from  Auuustiis  ('.  Mcrrianrs  cxccllcnl  papxT.  TrliU/ra p// 1 mj  (inionij  the 
Auci(  nls^  |)ul)lishc(!  !)y  the  Archiuolugical  Iiislituto  of  Aiiierica.  1871). 


.ks     \vani)i:hi\(.s  in    iin:  uoman  (  ampacna 


n^ 


Tin:    I.AM)   OF   SATLRX 


39 


II 


*i 


imr;il  from  (  n  mc  I  .< mi (•;!>,  Inrt  \  -li\ c  imlc^  (listen {.  w  .-i  rued 
liim  tliiit  .ill  AlluMiiaii  fleet  ot*  ^ixix  trii'cmo  w.i^  ^.iiliiiu; 
U|)   tlir   ('O.-i^t. 

I'lic  Ix'^t  tt'!('i:T;i{)li  s\">[(Mn,  iiiV(Mit('(l  1)\  (  "lof^xiMiiis 
nnd  1  )(Mii()clitiH  .'iiid  |)('rt"(M't(M|  1>\  I  lie  liiNtorinn  PoUhiiis, 
>|»('I1(mI  out  tin  woinN  one  \)\  one,  hiil  it>  workiiiu'  w.'is  a 
little  complicated  and  it>  >|)liere  of  action  n^tricted  to 
a  distance  of  ten  nnles.  (  )|)ei'a  tor  a!id  receixcr.  in  this 
ca>se.  were  each  proxided  wiih  a  l)oar(l  containini!'  the 
letters  ot"  the  al|)hal)et  \\\  li\'e  linc-v.   — 

A  B  (  I)  !•: 

F  (.  II  1  K 

L  M  \  ()  V 

(^  \l  >  1  \ 

X  Y  Z 

and  with  a  dioptra  or  ^teno^cope.  to  di>tin^Miish  the  I'i^ht 
and  the  left  ot*  the  operating'  station.  (  )ne,  two.  hxc 
torclie>  rai>e(l  on  the  left,  a  Hiiiit  Hashed  oi-  a  Ha u' raised 
one,  two.  li\-e  times  on  the  same  side.  indicate(l  the  nnm- 
l)er  ot  the  Ime:  the  same  si^iis  >hown  on  the  ri^lit  in- 
dieateil  the  number  ot*  tlM'leltei-  in  each  hne.  Snppo.se 
the  wor<l  HDM  V  was  to  l)e  tch'^ra  plied  :  the  opei'ator 
would  send  lir>t  i*onr  flashes  on  the  let*t.  two  on  the  ri^lit  ; 
then  three  on  the  h'lt.  four  on  the  rii^lit,  and  so  forth. 

The  want  of  hotel  accommodation  made  it  almost  im- 
pos>il)l('  for  families  and  indixHiiials  who  did  not  heloni^ 
to  the  official  world  to  tra\'el  abroad.  Thex  conid  avail 
tliems('l\('>  oiih  of  i^iioMc  wa\side  hosteli'ies,  siich  as 
the  on</  de.seril>e(|  hv  Horace  i^'*  Satii'es,""  i,  ."> ),  w  liei'e  he 
<nves  an  aecoiint  of  his  jonrne\'  fi-om  Rome  to  Hi'imdii- 
siiim.  Hnilt  t*or  speculation,  \-er\  likeh  1»\  the  local 
postmasters,  they  wore  eitliei'  let  to  a  landlord  or  niaii- 
a<j"ed  1)\-  slaves.     Where  the  traffic  was  irriNitest,  for  in- 


stance  on  the  A|)pian  ^^ay.  there  wore  sexoral  inns  in 
tlie  sauK^  nei^hhorhood.  Ti'cs  TalxM'na',  "the  'I'lirec* 
'I'averns,*'  was  the  name  <4i\on  to  the  station  at  the 
thirtv-second  milestone,  whei-e  tlu^  meeting"  of  Paul  and 
the  conxoi'ts  from  Kome  took  place  inthe\oai'  (il.as 
descrihed  in  Acts  xwiii,  I.).  The  next  one,  at  the  fortv- 
iirst  milestone  (Forum  Appii),  is  descrihed  })\  Horace^ 
as  "dill'ertiim  cauponihus/'  swarmin^Li'  with  hostelries, 
as  W(M'(^  fli(^Tal)erme  C'aHlicia^  and  the  (audi  Cau])onre, 
farther  aJon^  the  same  highroad.  Hie  spi'iahtiv  \  ir- 
oilian  co/Jd  (hostess^  shows  us  in  a  vei'v  modei'n  fashion 
the  competition  hetwcHMi  I'ival  estahlishments,  and  the 
adxortiser's  art  m  full  op(M*ation.  I  siippos(*  the  compe- 
tition must  have  heen  startcMl  1)\-  pi-'de  ratlici"  than  hv 
a  spirit  of  u'ain,  hecause  tlu^  di rcr.sDrid  wcm'c  exti'eniely 
cheaj).  Folyhius  sa\s  (ii,  l.V)  that  in  (isalpine  (lau! 
th(M'(^  were  no  items  in  tlu*  hill,  hut  a  sinule  charu'c  of 
half  an  as  (ahout  two  c(Mits).  He  sp(\'iks,  of  coui'se.  of 
the  late  Repuhlican  period.  For  th(^  earl\  Empire  w  (^ 
have  a  standard  r(M*oi'd  in  the  W(^ll-known  I'clicf  of  Iser- 
nia,^  which  I'cpiHvsents  a  hostess  i-eckoninii'  w  itli  a  partinii; 
iruest.  'Idle  dialoiiue  hetwoen  them  is  i>iven  verhatim. 
and  the  chai'^nvs  ai'c:  for  hread  and  a  pint  of  wine  one  as 
(h)ur  c(Mits),  t*or  meat  two  asses,  h)r  the  nmle's  pi*ov- 
end(M'  two  asses,  and  (Mii'lit  asses  for  anotluM'  item  for 
which  wo  r(^fer  the  curious  to  the  insci-iption  itself. 
TIk^V  wor(^  noisv,  riotous  d(Mis,  lit  onh'  for  tlu^  lowivst 
class  of  mnh^teei's,  and  for  piMidlers  and  lahorcM's.  wIhmh^ 
sc(Mies  of  altiM'cation  and  hlows  occui'ihmI  piM'haps  as 
()ft(Mi  as  [hex  do  at  the  ])r(\s(Mit  dav  in  a  suhurhan  osft  rid. 
In  a  wine  shop  discov(M'(Ml  at  Pompeii  in  1S77  there 
ar(^  four  such  scenes  painteil  on  a  hand  of  [)lastei'. 
above   tlu^   podium   or   wainscotiuii;  of   the  front  room. 

^   Mi)iiiinseii,  I/Lscr.  XcdpoL,  n.  .IdTS. 


40    wam)i:rin(;s  ix  thk  romax  c  ampa(;xa 

'I'lie  first  on  tlio  Irft  represents  ;i  younu:  in.-ni  kissiiin:  a 


woman,  o 


utr 


li>'(H)US 


Iv  (I 


II. 


I'essed   \n  xcilow    Liarnien 


sa\s:    nolo:   cn.m    .M\iri\i 


ts.    SI 
I    don't     want    to    I 


)e 


SXM 


I 


'■()  to  \(iur 


Mvrt 


•  '  r  1  > 


I'l 


I 


ic  second  DaiH'i  rcurc- 


I 


.s('nt>  tln'  >,'iin('  liirl  talkiiiij'  lo  M\  I'l.ilis.  TIicn  liotli  point 
their  tini:"er>  at  a  tlni'd  female,  hrm^in^  in  a  ^I'eat  wine 
jar   and    a    ul«'>>   «'nd    mnmMini^-    the    words:    (^\  i    \  \  i;r 

ni  HI-:  I       an  inxltation    to   hihn- 


s\  MAi- 


cx  i:  am:  \  i:\i 


Ions  enstomer>.     The  third  x-ene  ]"e|)resent>  t  wo  i^a  mhlers 
seated,  with    a   hoai'd   on    their   kn<M^s,  on    which   s(W(M-al 


A//, 


nuicuh  are  >een,  dr^poxMJ  m  r<)W>  ot  dittci'ent  ('oU)r.- 
yellow,  Mack,  and  white.  (  )n('  i>  in>t  throwing"  tluMlic* 
and  >ay>:  i:xsi,  "1   won.**      The  other  an>woi'>.  pomtm 


to  the  dice.    Nox    Tin 


i)\  \s  !:s'r 


tl 


*  *  r  I  1 


irc( 


II 


ic   men   arc   lii'litmi'-  m   the   foni'th   scene:  oik 


on  score  t  wo,  not 


u\^,  "I   did   not   throw    t\vo.   Knt   tln'cc,  and    I    lia\'e  tir 


L^•im(^"  :  the  othei'  answei' 


on 


I 


ia\o  won 


At 


this   moment    the   landloi'd   appears,   and,    pnshin^'   hoth 
drnnkards  into   the    street,  s;i\>.  rris    fokas   .    inxAiis, 


( 


lO   o 


nt  t 


o  (Miarre 


Anotl 


lei"  sonrce  ot   annoyance  and   (Won   ot    persona 


^f 


(hmu'ci"  to  tra\'ellei"s  la\    m  the  nnscttled   state  of   pnhlie 

«  4  I 


.(■(•Ill'ilV 


Tl 


lere    wore    rcLiiilar    a.ssociatioirs    ot    ontlaws 


and  banditti  sconrini:'  the  ( "ampauna.  the  (inmnan  drs- 
trict,  the  Pontine  mar.she-s,  and  the  Maremma.  Idie 
cro^-^in^-  of  tli<'  t'orcst  near  C^nnia',  called  the  Silva  (ial- 
linaria.   and   of   the   Sil\a    Alsietma    on    the    \  la    (assia. 


was  r'on>,!( 


lered 


o  danii'cron^  that   pnxate  tra\eller.s  wore 
l^ll^tMl    to    place    tli<'ms('|\('N    under    the    pi'otection    ol 


xMice    oa  u  c> 


[V 


or   i) 


f    t 


le    e>^c«> 


V\ 


iccomoa  n\  I! 


( I"     ( r 


oNoi'n 


nient    official^.     \\\i'\\    the    ^ImmI    joiirncx    fron 


K 


ome    to 


vw 


)\\v  wa>  a 


\  o  f  1  I  i» 


> ) 


I 


). 


t   til 
ill. 


IN 


^;i  i  t 


1 


\o    !"el;if<'( 


|(e.\      ;!      hr!"'an< 


nif.    Iieid    (    t'lit 


if 


I  -1 


I II 


i 


1  !1 


cjl  \ 


A 


H 


n  c  1  e  n  t 


)V 


1  !    I    'v       ■  i    1 


!i-oni  lor  iwi;  \  c 


-,  ^cuur- 


TIIE    LAND    OF   SA  11  RX 


41 


inu'  it  from  sea  to  sea,  at  the  head  of  six  Imndred  i' 
(M-s,  and  how  a  schoolmaster,  Jnlins  Timothens,  I 


onow- 


lavmir 


<•■( ) 


ne  for  a  walk  on  the  Via  Campana,  was  attacked  hv 


hin-liwavmen    and    mnnkMH^l    with    seven   of    I 


ns   vonnir 


pni 


)11S 


\()  wondcM-,  thtm,  that  the  majority  of  citizens  should 


have  felt  satislied  with  the  possivssion  of  a  summer  pi, 


ice 


withm  (^asy  distanci^  from  the  capital,  a  distance^  which 
thev  could  covei'  in  an  ama/ini>"lv  short  tim(\  ])\  vt^t^<^^^^ 


eason 


o 


f  tl 


le  s 


wiftn< 


Af 


ess  ot  their  Alrican  p()ni(\s,  tht^  lightness  of 


tlua'r  pony-carts  {hirofcr.  hiwcchii).  and  the  excc^lU^U'e 
of  tlu^  suhurhan  roads.  We  must  renuMnlxM'  that  up 
to  the  time  of  Pius  IX  the  Roman  nn'ddU^  classes  were 
satislied  with  a  country  house  on  the  ATonti  I^trioli,  or 
on  the  Monte  Mario,  and  looked  witl 


]  envv  a 


t  tl 


\v  Drivi- 


l(*i:ed 


1  tl 


ones  a  hie  to  sp(Mid  the  sumnuM'  on  the  Tusculaii 


IiO'-t<   H'\'    HI 


tli«>    II 


\  or  nan  Cninpan-na 


42      \VAM)i:iii\(..-    IN    nil:    KOMAN    (  AMTA^.W 


LilK 


f  f- 


1    .1 


U  I  (  ■    I  < 


\ 


1 1 ! !  1  n  1 . 


il 


rniMitTit    irit ':!]!>   (U   rrnv( 


MMM1    ])T'()n 


( i     1 » I ;  i  \ 


( » 


11^ 


til 
1 


t '-!  !(  UK  U  <  '< 


I 


f(>! 


II        W  n  1  i  h  I 


)]'<  >!  iil  t  i|  \ 


M'f  'X  ;i  i 


H '    ( •  n  >  t  <  >  I ! !    <  1 ;  I  ( r  >«    ,•  i  f 


(\'i  --i 


( ) 


I  1  I  !  I 


r    ( ) 


I 


U\ 


(Icmilfd    tn    ll\r    for    lV»m-    iNolltll^   of    (lie    Vcni"    llpoll    tlicl!' 


iN.  on  ;i<'coiiiit  ol   tlic  .■ll)«^('n(■^  ot   flirir  pnti'oii 


til  tiii^  \\  ritt'>  to  Mnr('t'ilii>  .-i  I  the-  a  |)))roacli  ol  >UiiiiiH"r 


ri 


('  ( 


tv 


I  l!'<\'l( 


Iv    ,1 


(*N('rH'» 


rt^ 


soinc     llMVO     O-^C'lIXM 


1  f 


I 


ririic^tc;   >onU'    to    the    cool    tol'(V^t>    ol     l)l.'ill.'l,  o 


I 


tlicix    t 


o 


( ) 


Al- 


KlUIll 


Til 
■1 


)iii-.  <-in< 


ri 


iix-iiiiim 


W 


icl'c   ll,-|  \('  \()ll  ii'lN  en 


\<)iir>{'lt   a   ciKiiiu'c    troiii    citx    lil( 


to    the  wcalttix 


M 


ll'C(Mlll>      11111 


t      1 


«   «  '^   I   ^ 


»('     IIIKHM 


lis    (plot ion    |) 

.t(  )0(  I 


It 


III      till 


sense:     "Which   of   \<>iii-   nian\   coiintr\    >cat>    ha\('   xou 
chosen  to  ai\'c  \()ii  shelter  for  the  time  heini^"  .' "  hecaiise. 


l.h'  f 


IS   a   rule,   [)atrician>  and   iinancier>  could   ranii)le  troin 
^eacoa^t  to  nioiintain>,  from  a  w  atei'inu-place  to  a  >hoot- 


in<''-lodL:(\  \\  ithont  leaxini:-  their  own  domain 


IIk  (^ 


11111- 


iceron 


tihi,  for  instance,  owned  a  iiiauiiiiictMit  estate  at  the  >i\th 
imh'ston(M)f  the  Appian  \\a\  and  another  at  the  toiir- 
teenth  imdestone  of  the  road  to  'rnx'iihim  dhe  \  iha 
MoiKh'aa'one  i ;  the  poet  l'da\iii>  (laiidianiis  had  one  at 
Alarino,  one  at  Ai'ih^a;  Ijiciilhi>,  (»ne  in  the  phiin,  one 
on  the  hihs,  one  on  the  >ea  ;*' h'  prince  (h's  oi'atenrs    .    .    . 

ivant  (''t(''  ('h'\t'"  aiix  phis  hautes  diixmtes 
(h'  hi  l{epiil)h<jiie,  hatit,  oil  ae<jiiit,  un  >i  urand  nomhre 
(l(Mnaisons  de  (  \-nn[)aLnK\  (jiTon  en  conipte  jiis(|ii'a  dix- 
iieiif"  '^Chaiipx  !.  ('entroniiis  had  no  ri\al>  foi'cxtraxa- 
oance  a>  a  hiiihh'i"  of  vilL'is.  The  >ame  spii'it  prevalhMl 
in  Koine  at  th<'  time  of  the  Ueiia  l>sa  nee.  and  th"  names 
of  ('ar<hiiaU  Ah's^andro  Farncsc.  (iio\anni  Hicci  di 
Moiitepidciano.    and    Scipione    Hor^hcsc    will     he    con- 

l)\    artists  and    historians  with    the  crea- 


ne( 


•ted.    f 


orexcr 


tion   of  "formal"   or    "terrace"    uardens,    the    tvpe  ot* 


nil      I   \\!)    OF    sAlld^X 


43 


la  iJpilx  con 


linL'"  h.aclx  ill! 


(  ! 


■or 


W 


(i! 


I 


» 1 


ce 


M 


nlonio    Horiihe>e   (hc<i   m    l.Sh(),  lh(/  fainiU    estate 


com  I  >ris( 


I   hftccn  o]'  twenty  villas,  of  ^^■llich  tlwrc  wi^vp 


[  Frascati  and  three  helwccn  An/.io  and  Nettnno, 


]-(^o\'n-( 


1>^   tl 


i(^  (vst  nna  I  ion    m    w  Inch   the   \  arh  ni^  ( 


i  s- 


tricts  of  the  (anipai^iia  were  held,  the  tei'ritorv  ot  Tiis- 
ciiliim  from  Ho\ilhe  i  Le  l"^rattocc!iie )  to  Lahicnm  fLa 
('olonna)  takes  the  phice  of  honoi'.  It  is  the  mo.st  coii- 
<'(\sted  section  of  Latiniii.  niimlx'rini:'  ahoiit  ten  villas  to 
the  s(jiiare  mile.  'ril)iir  comes  in  the  scM-ond  place,  with 
it.s   mau'nilicent   ari'a\    of  snmmer   i'i\si(lenc(\s  (\xtendinii: 


from  the  foot  of  the  Lncretilis  l)v   Mai'cellina  to  ,Kfnhe 
and    Gerieomio.    and     far    awa\     into     the    monntains 


tow  ar( 


K 


Is     \' 


ii'ia    aiK 


I 


;ix!i 


la.     1 


ra'n(\ste 


tl 


ic 


;e.stivce 


omanornm  (leiicne     o 


lei 


f    II 


orace  —  sliared  with  Tihiir 
the  favor  of  the  lashionahU^  r//V///e/e.  IxM'ause  the  for- 
ests which  clothe(l  its  hills  and  (hiles,  the  al)nndanc(M)f 
springs  and  I'onntains.  and  its  loeation  on  the  watershed 
hetwcen  the  land  of  the  \()lseians  and  tlie  land  of  the 


Lat 


ms   ma( 


l(^  it 


■111     K 


leal 


snmmei*  r(\si(i(Mic(\  esptM'ian\ 


II 


after  Tiherins  happcMied  to  rtM-ovei'  fi'om  a  moi'tal  illness 
\\liile  I'csidini^'  in  the  imperial  villa,  the  laiins  of  which 
ar(^  still  to  l)e  seen  near  tlu^  suhiirhan  chnrch  of  the 
Madonna  dell*  Acjnila . 

Aiimistiis  "  was  (Miiialh'  I'ond  of  sheltering  himst^lf  from 
the  cares  of  state  and  from  oilicial  lite  in  the  Hay  of 
^saples  or  on  one  of  the  ('ampanian  islands.  ( )f  the- 
country'  seats  ni^ar  Uonu^  ]\c  loved  tlu^  \)C>t  Lainninm, 
P]"a'n(\ste,  and  Tihiir,  to  which  plac(vs  he  would  \)C  cai'- 


tl 


i-ied  III  a  lectica  m  the  cool  ol  the  evennii'',  and  so  '•-(Mith 


f  tl 


1 


tl 


that 


Id 


sometimes  lie  wonid  spend  two  niu'hts  m  co\'erinLr 


I  t 


U'ht: 


those  f(w\  miles."  Horace  manifests  his  partiality  in  the 
followini:-  oi'diM*:  the  Sahiiu^  monntain-farm.  the  friixi<l 
PraMieste,  tlu^  eas\-lvlni:  'I'ihnr,  tlu^  sea-watered    Haia?. 


44      \VAM)KUIN(;S    IN     rili:    1U)MAN    (  AMr\(.\\ 


Some   of   tlu'^r  cln^sic   vilhi-ccnt ro  ;iit   >till    m    i;iN<>r  — 
'l^ixMihini.    tni-   iii>t.iiict\    Antiiiiii.   .-iiul    'ril)iir.    ()tli('rs. 


..t.  -^  ^  ^■^■■*^**s^ 


•^  ^  *TK».  *■. 


JSi;»*»'*-^'  T"" 


{■>(•' 


'^J^.^-^f^-'J 


i.r'    ^■ 


..K^- 


PC^  f^"!^ 


A  jjjlimpse  ol  liic  Lake  ui  l>iacciuiiu 


M-;f    . 


>r   ^'n^li 


l(  )! 


( )f 


(  • 


i  i  K  t 


lia  \  c*    li^t'li    ti  1  M  »\  ! 


hrM'     !'; 


i  < 


ill! 


?  M  » 


t;\r* '}  j: 


•!    flinil^''""    M^^'   '^^• 


(  ■;  I  h  M  *  H 


1.1 


1  t  •     -^  M  i  I  H  ■  ^     (  ( 


\  I  '  M    \\  «  i't '   ■><(  ■!    ;f  I  >;i  rf    r  \*  'h  i  -!  \  ci  \ 


for  fin'  v>  i!H'-Lr«  >^^  ini:  iim  iii-«h-\  .  .i  im  1  I  lio.^c  ol  (  vnf  hi;i  n  n  i 


illi:   LAM)  OF  sAirux 


45 


were  (Milircly  ovi^-growii  with  lorcsls  sacred  to  Diana 
XiMiioroiisis. 

'V\\c  Hoiiiaiis  (lid  not  care  for  lakes.  Onlv  one  villa  is 
to  he  h)nnd  on  tlie  sliores  of  that  of  Hraeeiano,  on  the 
hohl  proniontoi'v  of  San  Liherato,  fi'oni  which  sncli  a 
coin|)rehensi\(^  vi(n\  of  the  lake  is  obtained.  It  l)elon<i;(Ml 
to  a  Mettia  IhMlonea,  and  it  teaches  ns  the  fact  that  the 
ancients  had  the  habit  of  jiivini''  nanu\s  to  their  conn- 
try  i*esi(lenc(\s,  jnst  as  we  do  now.  Mettia \s  was  called 
**  l*ansil\  ])on ''  IxM'anse  its  position  i-enn'nded  owner  and 
o'nests  of  the  celeb]-at(Ml  hill  betwiHMi  Naples  and  Pnteoli, 
from  which  a  similar  view  over  a  blue  sheet  of  water 
could  b(^  o])tained.  It  may  also  luive  received  that 
name  in  it^  literal  sense  of  TravaiKvTrop,  or  ''softener  of 
soi'i'ow." 

The  same  r(Mnark>  hold  u'ood  foi*  the  u'reat  lakes  of  tlic^ 
norlh,  \crbauus  iMau^iore),  Larius  (('omoi,  Henaciis 
((iarda).  Sebmus  (Ix'o).  etc.  The  ( i!"eco-( 'i^ltic  names 
of  >o  many  \illa^cs  like  Xesso,  Lu^rna.  Hi-ieimo.  1)(M-\io 
on  Lake  Lariii>.  ami  Anu'tM'a.  l>pi-a.  Suiia,  Le>a,  Intra 
on  Lake  \ci-baiiu^.  pi'oxc  that  tho^e  deli<4htful  shores 
v\  ei*e  mn  dcn^elv  Iiihab  fed  in  old  time^^  a<  tliev  are  now; 
but  il'  we  ('\('('pf  the  nnii'^  of  a  villa  at  SiM'mione  atti'tb- 
nfcvl  to  ('atulln<,  no  f^flnn'  (^xidcnrt^  e\i^{>^  to  --how    that 

r    Ibniiaii^    a  Pi  n'cria  tc!  i     a-     it    dc^crx'cd     tlie    iinilhem 

(:!i-\ .  t  Ih'\  IvUfW"  -n  liltir  a  ixait  if  I  hat 
[(■    L;:i\ri»i    (    uiiii)   a^   ifh'   larLj'^'^t    utaij''- 


\  ir-ii  d 


1        !     I   (    '  ■^  <    ■   j  '   j     !     It    '  *» 


mus)  of  all,  and   niii  (■«  ali   iioiice  oi   ilic   i\ai    Maiririore; 

and   fh«'    l,;ikt'  ni'    1  aio;aiio   (d-^-r^iu^)  is   in*!    noticed  by 
any  wnlcr  rniiua-  iliai.  tlie  sixLu  cciiLiirx   ai'tcr  i'lifi-t. 

A^  !'ri,>a  I'd -^  lir'idif  :!bo\('  flie  <oa-iev«'b  thc^  nTirioiif --;  'hfj 
ia»{  rarr  d^v  }  he  e\t  rt-mes  w  hu-h  w  «■  iiidnluc  in.  in  f  hc-^e 
(]:]Y<  of  <--;ihit^  raihva^'^,  fhr  altitude'  of  Uaur  ■>unnner 
lilaco  ran^'iUL!"  onl\    bcfweeii  one  and  [wo  tiioU-^and  l<u*t. 


W  \  \  I  ) 


\(^^    TX   1  ill      !M  )\\  W    <  AMlVXt.NA 


The   1 


'!  '( 


lii  '-Im'^    1- 


II 


re< 


'■  1 « i 


,  (1  ]  ]  1 :  n  1   \'  n  I : !  ^ 


t  h  T     ;i  I  !( 


1  ill   ui    liiC 


!  I  « 


)r*'^» 


r;i  Kill 


tUM  1 1   ;i  i i< 


1  ( 


I  '■  i 


!'('1IM  ' 


f  ! 


.J 


1  I 


A 


rcii  i;i  //* 


\ .  i  i  1 » 1 ' 


:t->.-^. 


'  r  n  t '  I'    ■ ! 


MJ[  \' 


Cfli 


,    ( 


).  )     1  ct 


I     .    thr      \ 


■]:!ll    (1 


]\  \  lie 


N'liiti 
thir^l 


■<  'i 


M  i\\      ".•lilt 


il;t 


I,' la 


::::  In 


< !    ;i 


trn!  »;!  !  tl  \     ( » 


tilt'  Ant  !>(  i;i  I 


F;  in  til 


.) 


o 


in 


t'( 


■L.    Thi-  la-t 


,>( )( 


trd 


i  1  )(■(■;  I 


\\  ! 


!i\ 


ir>t 


:irciia'()i( » 


\  car 


;ic('(  tUll 


(  ('  ni.'iii\" 


tn  t;il 


sail 


t.  1 


i^iciil   ('\('iir>i<Hi    in    (lie  ( ';i  n!]);iL:n;i ,  ni;i 
Alio  with  the  hite  (  "(Miinh'iK!;)  (orr  df  l\t>^-i 
t   of   ('(M'fain    lind^  wlnJi    a    !nc;il   nnllh  >n;i  mt  pca- 

li;i(l    iiiadi'    in    tla*    w  <  h  xll;!  nds 


ocatclli    i)\    nana. 


ea>t  nf  tlh'  villau'c 


W'r  !nii>t  not  >n|)|)n>(\  \\i)\\ 


I 


■\(M-.  tlnd  the  lich!  ot'  -nni- 


nicr  lu'^oi 


t  \\a-  al)-<>hit('l\  rtv-trictcd  lo  thr  hilU  d'  Latniin 


or 


to  the  Iki\>  and   r-hind-  ol'  (\-imi»nnia.     htrnria   ai 


i( 


I 


the  1^1-can  archi|u^lauo  wrvr  al>o  >()i 


ii^lit.  althon^h  in  a 


Mnn( )r  < ir^rec  < )n  a('<'(>nn 
the  uhnoxions  ( 


t  of  the  (h-e;id  of  tlic  Marcninia, 
■illnvia  of  which.  Ixn-ne  on  the  junu  ufc  or 


sea 


-wind,    from    time   to   tina 


reached    (»\-en    the    in 


hind 


hill    t 


(>\\  n 


Idle  Mi-eat  pnidiahty  which  we  mid-ltahai 


iVel  for  the  A|»ennino  Pi>toieM' 


:ind  it>  glorious  summer 


re>o 


rt>   wa^   iHK 


loiihtedlv  >hai-e(l   hv   the  ancients,   as   is 


•1 


shown  hv  the  >n]\-ival  of  >o  many  chi>sic  names,  sncli  a> 

Fumhis  (iahinianns),  (^iti-'hano    (F.  Cutih- 


( 


:  I  \"  1  n  a  n  a 


in 


!.),  Poll-  Petri,  PopiHo,  Vico-Pancelh)rnm,  (^te 


W 


e  mus 


t  nUo  henr  in  mind  that  the  patricians  wer 


e\ten>i\  (' 


h- 1  n  d 


o\\  ncr>,    ill 


Af 


ri< 


Ital 
1   ' 


■IS     W( 


■11 


;i>   in    northern 


nd   that   tliev  were  honiid   to  viMt   tlieir  estates 


t   tl 


tat< 


from   time  to   time  a.iid   watch   ov(M 


the  doinus  of  their 


;tewards.    In  the  h'ist  place,  we  hav(^  proof  that  in  cert 


m 


(•a>e> 


the  choice  of  n  conntrv  residence  was  determined 


])v  a   love  of  >[)ort.     Whv  Nlionld   tlu^  Domitian 


faini! 


for    in>tanee,    have    ])ni 


ha^tMl    the    two    lonelv    islands 


() 


f  Iirilinm  flsola  del  diirho)  and  Dianium  ((iianniitn), 


nil'    I  \X]>    ()V    -Vfl'PX 


47 


»i  I 


r  ( 


I  !  )l 


A 


ici'c    aih 


■en  i;i  vu 


i  I  ■ !  c    w 


n    ,  L 


1.1    l;i 
ii    hUii 


(  '( 


*  M    I   I  ;   !  M  ! 


lii M l: >   u 


f   Lii'i'aL 


j-> 


!    cover- 

jlenuoi' ." 


(  '«t(;i  n 


not    to    f 


)•  \ 


xnei'uncnl-    ni    < 


If 


\\-\ 


ol 


1      U  pn 


Iho^e  Ijaj'rcn  rock^,  a>  the  oroiherN  O.-wahl  and  Waiter 
Adami  of  Leuhorn  1iave  done  in  onr  own  time  witli 
>cant\  >iicc(v--v.  The  l)(niiitii  piirrlia>ed  the  i^lnnd-  tor 
\\\r    same    rea>on     thai     1i;in    iinhiccd    onr     Kiiii'"    \  ictor 


b 


nimaniK 


III    t 


o     < 


-«( 


(  ) 


■\    I  Monte   ( "n>t 


( ) 


( ) 


nnniher  of  yc^'ir.s,  \!/..  -port.    TJic  rocky  pmnachv-  with 
their    shrnl»her\     of    dwarf    nmo,    nnrtie,    laiircL    and 


urhntns  liax'e  been  frinii  immemorial  lime 


i 


>ro 


l)al)l 


since  the  first  wreck  of  a  Tyi'ian  or  Pluenician  vessel  — 
the  favorite  haunts  of  the  ^\ild  u'oat.  And  where  Kinix 
\'ictor  l^mmannel  ow  n>  })nt  a  linniMe  cottau(\  w  itii  poor 
shelter  for  a  small  vacht,  the  Domitii  had  raised  an 
immense  palac(\  the  description  of  which  as  u'iven  hy 
Onofrio  Bom",  I  )einpster,  ( linlii,  and  Pelleurini  fills  ns 
with  womh^*  at  the  power  and  lavishness  of  a  Komaii 
nobleman.  'Idie  study  of  the  marks  iinpi"(\ss(^d  on  ttie 
biiildiiiir    material-    excavated     in     1!)()()    at     (liaimnti'i 


P^ 


oves,  amonL*-  otluM*  ehronolonical  and  historical  dtdail 


that  (wer\'  brick  and  tile  nsed  in  the  structure^  (and 
there  must  ha\'e  been  hundrcMls  of  thousands)  was  im- 
ported b\-  sea  from  tlu^  harbor  of  Honu^ :  that  the  villa 
was  beiiun  under  the  Flavian  d\nastv  and  eomph^t(Ml 
about  the  time  of  Hadi'ian  (about  A.  i).  S()-P2()):  that 
the  brieks  and  tiles  W(a'e  madc^  in  the  Domitian  kilns 
of  the  \^itiean  district,  the  most    famous   and  extensive 

rid.    The    island    s'hmus    to    have    betMi 


kil 


n s    in 


tl 


u^    wo 


abandoned  at  the  timc^  of  (\)nstantim\  but,  like  its 
neiii'hbor,  the  Isola  del  (iiuiio.  it  was  chosiMi  as  a  tiMii- 
porarv  harbor  of  refui>"e  b\  inanv  Roman  refuu(H\s  at 
the  time  of  the  sack  of  Alarie  in  110,  as  d(\scrib(nl 
bv  Rutilius  Xuniatianus    (i,  Wl^y).    The  Tuseaii  fiefs  of 


4b       W 


ANni:uiN(>^  IN   riiK  homax  (  ampa^jna 


Arireiitario,   and     tlir    ndjoin 


wo    i> 


lands,    []\v    Alnnt(^ 


n 


( 


littu>),   haviiiu'    Ixhoiik^   crown    |)r()|)('rt\    in    tli(^    inniuu 


Marcnnna     (v  <>> 
tl 


mil 


Idl 


ivrn   l»v  ( liai-liMna-nc  to  the  nion 


Trcfontant'    in 

Ercole.  and  (  )rlK^trllo:  and  the  nuMnoiw 


ks  of  the 


SO.K     toi'ctluT     with     Ansidonia 


Port 


o 


( ) 


ha>  Ikhmi  prrx'rviMl  to  the  |)n>M>nt  .hiv  \\\  the  ixoon-ra |) 


t*  lhi.>  donation 
ihieal 


frescoes  pam 
abl»ev. 


ted  on  the  arched  entrance  to  that   aiieieiit 


ri  ^ 


Id 


le  era 


zr  for  a  thermal  cure  of  >oine 


kind  was  eliar- 


icteri>tie    ot    the    lioinan    |)eo| 


\l 


)i( 


IH 


1    the    faith    which 


<''S 


thcv   re])ose(l   in   tln^  liealin-   power-  ol    nnneral   s|>rin 
ha>    it>    lir-t    historical    excmplitira  ti(»n    in    the    cure    o 


tl 


Volc>n>  the  Sahiiie  at   the  >priims  of  Tarciitnin.  in   tlu 
( "ainpu- 


Mart 


iu>, 


latcd     l»\     \'alerin 


M 


ixinnis 


N 


car  e\'er\   niiiu 


ral  sonrce  of  the  (/ainpa 


o' 


\    ItaU.    of    noi-thwc-tern    ^Jirop)e.    an 


1^ 


iia,  of  Latinin, 
1    of    the    Hriti.sh 


Inlands,  tract's  have  l»een  diMM.xcrtM 


oriner   i^'cncra 


1  of  the  dwt'llini:'  ot 
f    the   local 


(h'lf \   Iroin  \\ 


tioiis,   and   of   their    worship   < 
lioin  the  niedicinal  virtue  of  llie  waters  wa 


thoiiL^iit   to  (Mnaiia 

[n   Im'   treated    for   nioiv  or   le--   iniau-inaiw    ai 


1)1 


\(\     Wdicre  now    uax    crowti-  a.s.-eniole 

linerits,   t1ir 


p^rehistoric   man.   the    Ivoinan    coii(| 


ii(iiici-or,    the   incdia'va 


kniuht   found  relict    ui  a^v-  -on 


)\ 


•1 


)e(Mi\   aiM 


1   (dl 


lea 


C  H  )  1 


fa  ill 


II    proportion    to   the  de|)t! 


IH 


1   tcnacitv  of  their 


I e    oil 


lest  thcrnia 


1  (>.taolis!inient   In    Italv  known   to 


Uie    W 


>    ( 


li>covere(l  not  h)]!!:-  auo  near  Hertinoro,  on  the 

U)V  its  inau-ncsia  waters, 
the  foothills  of 


^till  1 


\||OW  11 


\'ia   .lunilia.  a  tow  n 

When  the  lirst  Ku-'ancaus  .cttlcd  anionu- 


the    Apenuiucs    an 


lino-t    le\cl    w 


had  I 


)ei 


n  i'aiscd  on  pa 


th    tl 
I 


1    diM-ovcred    the    Hertinoro   s])rmir^ 
\    vallcN    w 


le   niar-n 


here    their    huts 
li>ades,  their  first  thouuiit  was  to 


11  IK    LAM)    ()1    SAT  11  IN 


4U 


isolate  and  I'aisc  thein  to  a  higher  l("vel,  .-o  a.s  to  make 
tliem  ready  for  hs(\  For  tliis  pur|)ose  tluw-  liollowed  oi]t 
the  trunk  of  a  tree.  >too(l  it  upi'ight,  and  forciMi  the  lower 
end  of  this  novel  tube  into  the  crack  in  the  rock  from 
which  tlu^  water  issmMJ,  thus  I'aising  its  level  hy  twehe 
fed.  llu^  soil  around  this  rude  arranu'cmcMit  has  hciai 
found  to  contain  man\  hundre(l  votive  otl'ei'ings,  mosth 
in  the  shai)(M)f  cla\  \  essels  moulded  1)V  hand  and  hakcMl 
in  an  open  fire,  llie  samc^  syst(un  seems  to  hav(^  been 
followed  by  the  preliistoric  (h'seoverers  of  the  waters  of 
St.  Moritz,  to  raise  tlum*  level  above  the  swamps  of  the 
upp(M*  end  of  the  lake,  wheri^  tlu^  Xeues  Stahlbad  now 
stands,  lln^v  first  built  an  outer  caisson  of  trunks  of 
fir    tiHuvs,    fastened    at 


tl 


i(^ 


joint 


s   or   corncM's 


tl 


m  me-  sanu^  wav 


that 


tl 


le  Swiss  ( 


hvell 


ers  m 


hii!:li  valhns  t'asten  the 
timlxM'  fram(\s  of  their 
huts,     b\-     means     of 


moi*trs(\s  and  wooden 


)eL''s, 


It 


wa>    proba- 


I 
bl 


tection   of   the  orilice 


V    meant    as   a    oi'o- 


ot    the  snrmir   a^amst 


'Flu-  })rt'lii>f<)ri("  vj)r!n<,'s  at  >t.  Moritz 


Islid 


snow 


es. 
11 


or    lee    or 


le    inner    caisson    was    ma( 


le  of  roughh  cut 
planks.  fast(Mied  in  tlu*  same  primitivi^  fashion,  as  the 
Use  of  nails  was  not  known  to  the  Kngadiuers  of  that 
remote  period.  lluMi  to  make  the  two  woodcMi  tub<\s 
water-tight,  and  capable  of  carrying  tln^  Itwel  of  the 
waters  to  the  pr{\s('ribed  mai-k  abovi^  that  of  tlu^  swamp, 
the  intei'N'ening  spaee  was  filled  with  eompr(\sS(Ml  clay. 


''I  ■* 


Jliis  siuii-ular  arrannement  dates   from  tlu^   bronze  aire 


W  WDllvLN* 


IN     I 


in;  \ii)M  \\  i\MV\i^\\ 


rih'  ^^•n-  a 


M  till 


t  i 


Al 


>;i 


nil      \\;is 


(  '  w  i  -  ( 


I ,i  \  •  > 


r     \\ 


\\  \\r\\ 


tilt'    \  r!i< 


1 


f 


U, 


f 


]:\\\ 


M-    \i\ru    <> 
•.•tiii';i!i    li 


f     t1 


ir 


l-M'     ()|       1  >!■(»!!/» 


I  I  It 


n 


iC 


ose 


1 


•  '  It 


uk\ 


in« 


( » 


t    of 


II 


rl « 


^( 


».  \\(^  liri' 


t  ■  -> 


n ; !  1 1  < 


\  (.'>>L 


to'TtluT    \ 


th   otlhT  more  t'l;ilMM-;i{r   p^ 


( )( 


t1int  nirr 


1 


i;i  \«'  n  IM'. 


:t<i\    (U^^cr 


IhmI 


11 


A 


ncicli 


I   U 


low       111      CHN'inil 


tl 


\r    \\i 


1  ..I"  til 


.diia' 


! 


net 


! 


)()il!nnrr 


s  ( 


OllH 


Mi 


1 


icnlH'lln.    Ill 


the  wiiv  Is.Vi.  tlH'  workiiH'ii  ( 


I 


\  rr  ( )\  ! >rn>>  all* 


I  h1 


\ cr  coin^  ()! 


f  tlic  t'oiirtli  ctMiturv  n 


line  ;k'1X)>>  a 


ftiM- 


( 1iri>t.  uiKicrncn 


th  which  hiv  in  chn^noh^uicnl  order  am 


1  ordi 


t    rvcr-iiirren 
1 


iim-   depth    >tnita    ot    imperial    com 


;iii( 


votive    silver  cup 


(fra  >'t   sujui 


ttii 


lii 


o 


tl 


t'    re| 
le  eai 


)nl)lican    >i 


Iver    I 


x'lmics,   () 


r  iv 


\w>\  kind  ot'  lioman  curren 


c\ 


li 


m 


1  |;,>tlv  of  >liapeh^»  fraoineiit^  ot  copper  ur.v  nau 


w 


hicl 


1  were  ii>e< 


1  ill  the  iir^t  market  tr;iii>action 


>,  a 


hout 


the  time  ot'  the  toUlidatioH  < 
;,  |;(\cr   (»}■   itmt    impUMn(-nt> 


>i'  Koi 


H 


1 


,o\\  O 


t  of  all  \va 


irrow 


lie;id>.  hatchets,  aii( 


1 


k 


m\e>   o 


ti'eivd   to   tlie  >acreo   -prm 


(  V 


\^\    the  half-savairo 


people    who 


H 


raeciaiio  m  me  ai: 


lir>t    >ettlcd    on    ttie    >liore^   ( 
tl 


i   the   lake   of 


e  of  ^tom 


IMiiiv    the     Naturalist    ^Ihav^    a     preference     lor     two 


n'r<  Hi 


pv     ot      s| 


rrm!^"' 


those   ivi\   i»v   the  imdcr-roiind    tin 


( > 


f   the    riiheMTcai 


tield 


IK 


I     tl 


!o>e 


huhhlinir  out  of  tlu 


foothilU    <»f    the     PvreiKM 


At     H; 


could  tind  help  in  -ulphur.  aim 


11,  >a 


\\[v    ailiiiLi"    humanity 
It,  nitric,  hituminous. 


or 


(i( 


I   w;iter>;   aUo   in   hot   vapor  l)atli>^  of  >ucli    po 


iwcr 


that  the\-  were  made  u 


>e  < » 


t'  for  heatinu'  and  cookinu'  pur- 


)() >»('>.   e>   ) 


I 

l^.M.l 


)('(  !aM\ 


t 


i( 


.<ina 


Po^idiana',  >o 


Ml 


frci^l 
hi 


111  a  11    o 


f   ( 


U( 


w 


the-m    populai 

at    Piiteoli 


ri 


lere    W( 


named   from 
ho   had    lir-t  mado 

1 


ea>.e 


re    special    cure.>    lor   eye    di^- 
h'  .-m.l   (.ai.ii,   for  womenV-  coniplaint>^  at 


nu< 


wouia 


tor    ua 


ll>t 


o  1 1( 


f    Stalna    and    'I'eaiium,    tor 


1>  and  .>ore>  al  the  A^me 


Alhula',  and  lor  nerves  a 


t 


\ 


* 


\\-     \ 


\\h    c  )i^'    -A  n  HV 


Ciif 


.s    )!  i  II 


e    rii 


11 


\  1  (.1 


le  ri\ «a*  (  « 


ea 


a 


M 


n 


't   •        \\    !  •]■{ 


oi  i  n  { 


;o  (^xcrih 


il'X 


)'  ! 


Va 


OlH 


1 


:e     1V<M 


51 


c 


aiiiLT^, 


lie    |)( 


)int    we    mn->t    near    m    mmd,   a>   e,^.s( 


iiti. 


1 1 


the 


11 
() 

hi.>t.or\  of  h\  dr(»t  laa'a  py  :  mineral  .^prini:>  wcie  far  more 
powci'ful  and  eHici<ait  In  Roman  times  than  they  are 
now.    Udie  decrease  m    power  can    he  measured   within 

iven  linn'ts  \)\  coniparm^  the  thin  niodta'n  depo>its 
ith    the   ancient,  which    have   encriistecl    or   altouelher 

■Iioked  pipes,  reservoii's,  and  even  hath-tul).^ 


(»' 


\\ 


Insciaptions  discovei'cd  m  w atiM'ino-places  beyond  the 
Alps  prove  that  they  must  have  het^i  held  in  threat 
favoi'  })V  the  lloman  u'eiierals,  oftieiM's,  judu'cs,  col- 
U'ctors,  and  civil  serviee  men  who  happi^ned  to  l)e 
stationed  in  transalpim^  provinces;  also  hy  the  local 
armv  contractors,  tradesmen,  and  landowners,  to  wdiom 
contact  with  tluar  coikjium'oi's  had  opened  the  ways  of 
li/ation.  At  all  eviMits,  the  waters  of  Baden-Baden 
Aurelia')    and    Wiesbaden    (Fonles    Alatthiaci) 


ClVl 


(A(jU 


wcrt^   a>   popular  m 


the   (ierman   territorv   as   llio>e  ol 


Hath  (Acjine  Soli>j  in  (ireat  JJritaimof  Bourl)oniiede>- 
Hains  (A.  Hormoni^'s,  Dax  (A.  Tarhellif-e'),  \'ichy 
(A.  ("ali(he).  Hauneres  de  Bigorre  i\"icus  A(jUen-is) 
in  (iauL  of  Aixdes-Bains  (A.  (iratiame)  in  Savoy. 
and  of  Ac(|ui  (A.  Statyella')  in  northern  Italy.  The-e 
famous  spas  were  not  infericu'  in  comfort  or  luxury  to 
lluMr  modern  representatix  (v^  :  a 
call\    tluw    wt'i'e  \astl\    <up(M'ior. 


rtisticalh"   and   av^tlicti- 


W 


len  W(" 


look  at  tlu^  shahhv  l»athdiouse  oi  the  A(|ua' 


Alhuhe  on  the  road  to  Tivoli.  rc^piHvsentmg'  what  Noung' 
Itah  has  been  able  to  accomplish  toward>  the  resur- 
rection of  tlu*  faniouN  spi-ings.  and  compai-e  it  with  the 


tliernne   built    b\    Agrippa   half  a   mile   to   the  iioi 
the   present   station,   at   a   place  called   the   Bagni   t 


th   of 
lelUi 


,v2     \v\m)i:kin(.-  in    iiii:  ho.man  (  ami'\(.\v 

Rrixiii;!.  A\r  Imvo  ronton  iiidctMl  to  dcphuv^  oin-  lack  nt 
iiit'aii.^  and  ta>t('.  Iiiia^iiic  a  tlicrnial  ota  hli^li  inciit 
surrouiifltMl  })\  ttii'cc  lak('S  (of  IIh'  I>()lr  Nafaiih,  the  (  o- 
lomit'llc.  and  ."^an  (  iiovanni  ■  <»t"  m\>tr!-M  mi^  depth  and  of 

tui'(  pa  »Wi'  hue.  with  <•()!(  »n  na«  h'^  <•!  \t'i"dc  anticu,  niarhle 
and  !n<i>ah-  il<H>f->.  !>a'«iii->  nt  :_;;ilt  l>!"nn/t'  o!"  j )!'(-( -a  ai^ 
Hiardh'.  -iaUie>,  hu>l.>,  garden^,  iDunlaUL^,  a  >hrni'-  (hMh- 
<-af<'(l    AlIUTT^    "^  \X("TT->--TMT-i.    annflira'     fo     Cy\>i-\i\     the 

itM  i  a  i:d   -duidi-d    i  A    tilt'  W  t  H).l   -ael'ed 


A  i  a  M! "  ^  >  w . , 


i  i a  p  -^  11  ri'i  > a  ;  i 


to   thf>  liea!fh-re<f(H'in<r  TlVTimhs. 

The  transformation  of  the  chissic  Campagna  into  the 
present  waste  began  with  the  first  barbarian  incursions. 
This  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  hmd  of  Saturn  is  too 
well  known  to  require  detailed  notice.  The  cutting  of 
the  aqueducts  and  the  abandonment  of  the  drainage  and 
road  system  were  among  the  chief  factors  in  this  change 
for  the  worse.  ^I  hiria,  which  had  been  kept  at  bay  for 
five  centuries  by  sheer  determination  and  the  ingenuity 
of  Tula n  farmers  and  villa-builders,  again  took  pos- 
session of  the  doomed  land,  and  the  few  survivors,  help- 
less in  their  desolation,  raised  their  hands  to  heaven,  as 
their  ancestors  had  doTie  in  the  early  days  of  Rome, 
and  built  a  chapel  to  '  Uur  J^ady  of  the  Fever,"  which 
became  one  of  the  most  j)opular  in  Rome.  And  yet, 
notwithstanding  these  and  other  ol)vious  reasons  which 
can  be  brought  forward  to  explain  the  desolation  of  the 
land,  there  are  many  points  in  its  history  which  remain 
obscure.  If  1  the  former  excavators  of  the  suburban 
villas  and  farms  been  able  or  willing  to  read  the  book 
of  the  past  with  an  eye  to  the  stratigraphy  of  ruins,  we 
should  now  have  plenty  of  material  and  ample  evidence 
at  hand  N^  <farf  on  our  investigntinn  f>f  the  truth;  had 


they  had  o 


ni  \  <  >iiv  aiiii,  lo 


irather  marketable  work 


ny-r:   I  Any  OF  THE  fever,   IX  THE  CinTTS  OF  ST.  PETEK'S 


I .  \  \ 


<  )P   ^ATT'RX 


oo 


III*  I     t  i\  )\C( 


^   *  I 


•<    <  !    I    1   J 


I   J   « 


?H)  f*nn 


it-ra  i  H>n  ^^ 


hnfi 


'\'or 


the 

hit 


!'*■!!;*•«  MOO'iCii 


t '  I  t 


^J 


H 


le  sen  r< 


W 


«.  *   K  I  i  <  » 


!  I    »   \  \ 


I    » 


I  -Nl    J- 


t'l\'     MO 


!  ! 


'.  » 


of   t  i  1 .' i  t    n !" 


((('    B 


I «      i « 


t  j 


( '     <  > 


! 


i « 


\ 


(^ 


imf  iin  M'nii! 


>r  of    I  l,'n|]-i;)n*,s  Tii  tiiii 


m  II  !i 


ullliouui!  o\cr\   iiicli  ui    llicir  .^urf< 


U'l' 


ii,-i.>  1 


JL-L'li  exiilurcn 


i 


OWlim-    111- 


(lin'iiiu-  tlio  l.'isf   four  IiuikIi'cmI  Ncnrs.  'i'lio  foil 

.st.'iiioc  >lio\\s  w  !i;i(   cm    be  gained  In  knowledge  of  \rd^[ 

events    hy    a    (liligeiit    inspcvtion    of  IIh'    arelia 

strata. 


( )i(  >"'H  'a 


The    villa    of    i).    \'oeonl!i>    Pollio,    on    tli 


e    roa( 


1    t 


< ) 


Mnnno,  at  a  place  called  II  Sasson(\\\a>  exea\"ate(i  at 
my  >ngu'e>tion  l»y  the  la>t  of  Roman  dilettanti,  lanui 
]^)ccanefa.  in  the  spring  of  1SS4.  Foianei-  exca  va  toi'^. 
o\ei'.seer>,  and  !-e|)ortei\-s  wonid  hav(^  deemed  it  >nlficient 


to  recoi'd    the   lindim-'  of  eio-hteen   >tatn 


e>   a 


nd    }>n>ts.  of 


innnmeral)le  eolunm>  and  eapitals,  l'rieze>.  mosaic  tlooi\^, 
insei'iptions.  altars,  lamps,  eoin<.  (^te.  To  n^,  the  \va\ 
the>e  ohjectv  were  lying,  the  (jnality  of  the  rnl)l)ish  \\i 
winch    tli<'\    were   ind)edded,    the   daf(\s   and   name>   i]i- 


S( 


i'iIxmI  on   hrlck^.  ti 


ic^,  anc 


I   wat 


er  |)ii)es 


P'l 


:ind  thi^  ehi-o- 


noloi'N   of  coniN  told  the  follow  In"'  tal^ 


( ) 


I  he  \  Ilia,  orlgmahy  of  modest  si/(^  and  solicr  decora- 
n,  had   heen   hnilt  oi'  pnrcha.sed   1)\"  a    mend)er  of  the 


'C!  »1 


\<H-om'an  family  in  the  Angn>tan  au'e.  It  wa^ 
and  doubled  m  extent.  In  the  time  of  Hadrian.  l)\ 
(^.  \  oconins  Pollio.  who  was  a  man  of  i^reat  eonsid- 
^'!"ation  and  an  extensixf  landowner  in  ('alal>ria.  and 
had  probably  made  In^  fortime  in   l^u'\  pt,  where  lie  had 


ne  oi 


'e\-«,M-n> 


l>ecome    a    wor>h!pj)e]'   <»f    l>|s.     In    the 
Ah'xandei'    tli(^    \illa    wa>    pnr<ha>e(|    or    inh.ei'ited    b\ 
l*rifernin>   Pa'to.   after   a    di>a>le]'  of   som.e    kind.  (Nai't 
(juake  or  water-pout   or  lir(\   b\-   winch   all   the  ^tatuarx 


tad   >utl'er(Ml   consid( 


bhe  dan!ai:(\     After   the   lii'-t    ra  a  i 


ui    the  barbai*ian.>  In  HO,  local  peasants  took 


>o.>.>e>.>. 


ion 


IN 


III"  1]'^^^^  w  «"\Mr\^:v  \ 


f 


1^      Mi 


\C 


of  the  villa,  as  res  uiillius.  and  ininn-^   !  fo  livr 
desrrfpd  h:\]^<  hv  filling  up  iiiiii  ii^Liiings,  windows  and 
doors,  w  ith  nuid  walls.    ( >iie  of  these  halls,  of  basilieal 
type,  was  then  tnrned  into  a  ehapel,  and  the  necessity 
of  preventing;-  the  apse  of  this  ehapel  from  falling  hav- 
ing arisen,  tlie  snpporting  buttresses  were  entirely  hnilt 
wi'th  pieces  of   statnary  imbedded  in  cement;  among 
them  were  a  Victory,  a  Silenus,  a  Fann,  a  Silvanns,  a 
Cnpid,  an  Eagle,  five  marble  candelalmi,  and  a    great 
nnmber  of  marl)le  heads,  arms,  and  legs.    Before  the 
collapse   of   the   roof   a   wanderer,    probably   a    Jewish 
hawker,  collected  in  one  of  the  rooms  all  the  i)late  glass 
from  windows  and  skylights,  some  of  the  sheets  being 
still  framed  in  grooves  of  gilt  metal.    Evidently  the  roof 
was  the  first  to  collapse,  not  in  consecjuence  of  fire  or 
accident  of  any  kind,  bnt  ont  of  sheer  decrepitnde  of  the 
trusses;  and  at  that  late  period  (the  fifth  century  after 
Christ)  some  of  the  statues  were  still  standing  on  their 
pedestals,  an  Apollo,  a  Hercules,  and  a  heroic  figure  in 
the  reception-room,  a  Paris  in  the  dining  hall,  a  Marsyas 
in  the  northern  garden,  etc.    When   these  statues  fell, 
there  were  already  three  feet  of  rubbish  collected  on  the 
marble  or  mosaic  floors.  The  telltale  strata  of  this  rub- 
bish not  having  been  disturbed  by  previous  excavators, 
from  the  day  the  roof  had   caved   in  to   the  spring  of 
1884,  we  were  able  to  gather  from  their  study  all  these 
interesting  details. 

One  of  the  most  irritating  problems  in  this  subject  of 
the  extinction  of  life  in  the  Campagna  is  that  concern-^ 
ing  the  fate  of  Ostia,  a  city  of  fifty  thousand  inhabitantsr 
a  city  of  wealthy  merchants  in  whose  hands  the  trade 
of  the  Mediterranean  was  conc(Mitrated.  Ostia  did  not 
die  a  sudden  death,  like  the  Vesuvian  cities;  it  was  not 
taken  bv  storm  and  destroved  atone  stroke  by  barbarian 


M 


THE  CITHAROKDE  APOLLO  FOUND  IN  THE  VILLA  OF  VOCONH^S 

POLLIO 


THE   LAND   OF   SATURN  59 

hosts,  like  Concoi'dia  Sagittaria;  it  was  not  l)urie(l  under 
its  own  pall  of  ruins  and  never  disturbed  in  its  rest; 
u.^tia  died  a  lingering  death,  by  starvation,  inanition, 
consiiiiiption,  decrepitude,  pillaged  at  leisure  by  foreign 
and  <i*'iiit>Lie  marauders,  open  to  all  f reasure-seekers, 
ill]']  n]\]Y  ,  \jH>..  ,!  U)  such  ravages  of  nature  as  came  from 

nn\-.  ill   Liif   libt'i;  and  iruiu  ilie  irrowth 
:ind   i  rnpv  oyer   !f>    fiinini;]^.    ^ncli    bciuo'  the 

i   ^  ^--i  i^f   n   (■ii\   iii  jjai-t    w  alls. 


i  '       1  M  '  ^'  j  *   M  1  i  ! 


Ih 


n  I    .^  1  i 


I'  n     >■ 


(  'ii  ^<'.    W  ('    Mil-ll  I      t. 


'     1  1  ^  !  \  (  ■     M  M  i  i  M 


>^^ ''1  I  »P<'<i    «>i    <'\rr^     !nn\;ihir    jixfiiri',    ||n|    fn   >]>o;ik  of   Wol'lxS 


i 


<) 


i 


'1  •*^>\ri'\^  i>\   ^  itliw.      Nnlhili^'  of  ih,'  kind   iia,-  h;.p- 


|)('nc«j.      >()ni('   tit    i!^    hnii.-^cs  and    |Md)l!<*    1  )!ii{di!]2'<   look 
as  it*    tlioy    had    droll    dovortod    d\    \Uriv    m  h;d  Md.i  id  -  ;i  nd 

i'U>h)(h;iil>     <)!ll\^     \U;^ii'!'d;!\  .     nud      Hm'I!-    \\o!-kN    of   ;ii-{      loi> 

i^d.'ict.     In    the    ('Xcax  adion-    i^l     dS.~)S    lod    d\-    \'ido,.n[j,    a 
hon>r  w  ;i^  discoxorco  Hi  Ihr  "  Sh'.-nhi  dcdlc  l*id(nn<\"  ^  in 
dir  l;i!';i!-ni!n  of  whiVli  ^onn^  liffx    la'on/r  ;ind  ^ilxci'  ^\:i\~ 
urfft'^   ol    donH'^d*'  !in(K  w  oi'o   k\in-'   pnrfU   on    {h<'   -(.'ps 
ot    the   altai',    [>ard\    on    thr    flooi".     In     dSaiJ    ^()h|    rnii:-, 
^■'■!ni('o>,   and   odiof'  (d>j(M-}^  of   xalnc   wcfc   fonnd    in    \\ir 
<^'<>l''nndaria    h'nniu  die    \d;i    Scxoriana.     M\    lii'^t    oxpri'i- 
<'!!(■('  in  (i-c;i^n!r-(fo\(-  a(  (  )-fi;i  d;d("N  from  Mnx'   I  k  Isid. 
1  Wii^  dicn   h-arnni^  from   ni\    friend   \'i^coidi         dia  k-i-t 
r(^pr(^<(a!h-divr'  of  a  nid.h;'  d\  !i;i-f\  of  ;rrcha'()lo^id|-        dir 
i:<'iid('  ;irt   ot   exca  \  a{  mu',  nnd    I    h;ipponrd   to   \)v  pM-j'^eid 
"^'^lit'n  Hie  o\('r>eer  dronuhf   th.r  d<hn^v  fh.-it  n  isvr-.il   lind 
w  .-1^  mnninen  t .     lie  h;id  ^a-w  .-i  dfon/e  hand  awd  u  mn  rdl.o 
lie;id    dron^h't    to    h'ulit    in    the   "saered    hehl    of   ('\!)o|e."" 
> >  e    iMi^lied     to    Ijio    >  »ot     in    fiint^    to    witne^^    the    re-vui- 
!'''<don  ot    the     di'on/e)   \  enn>  ("lotho  and    {h(^  (innrdlej 
At\N.  ot    which    (wo   rn,'is{efp](M-eN    j    ha\(^  i4i\"en   a    I'epro- 
dnetion  in   "New  Tales/'  pp.   KsD  and  IDl.     Idie^e  and 
<»tlier  tinds  of  va1na1)l(^^  in  oj»en   spaecvs,  like  the  snored 

^   Tlio  Siro'l  of   Bakcrifs. 


S-iJ' 


ou 


\\\\i)lAliS' 


IN    I'lli:    IJOM  \\    ( 


\Mr\cv  \ 


1  < '  <    « » 


a-iL' 


ii< 


">>!  !• 


He  1 


1    !   '    i 


1   111-  V 


!  •( 


'  t"  \  t 


1 ;  t  n 


\-t"  IK^Vrr   I  >rr-l] 


1 1  ■  I « 


)\\\\    iirt^-uUii 


It'd 


M  ) 


Anntl 


T'T  rr-n 


:ni 


for  t 


(  •    »  1  *  ■  -^  t 


lit  ( 1  (•  m i < 


lilt 


(  •!  i   (  > 


tli.-( 


l^m 


\\  hrrt'  nlic  t 


n  !r;i\( 


or  !iii !♦'"-  <  > 


11  t 


!<*  ro.'M 


() 


!';i'l  ir-l  ( 


>icun 


!IH 


I 


1 1  ^  ( •  i  1 1  n 


Hi  w  itlioiif   <'(»!innu    <•! 


"  H. 


Ir 


a 


i>  t<  >  in-  hniiH 


1  n,  iIh^  v(M'\   h»\c  w  h!< 


'  ( 


luuiiiiii  ])(>;i>;in 


l>  fell  aii«l  \\\  til*"  \\<'r>liij)  tlH\\    prn! 


( '  >  ^  ( '  ( 


1 


tt.\\;ir«N  tlu'ir  >acr(Ml  woo* 


!«.  iind  towni'd-  the  cln-t*'!--  oi 


tr 


t'< 


\\ 


hh-l 


1   oxer 


.hndowrd    tlir   coiiiilrv    -hni 


( '> 


11 


(•l'(  >^>r(  »;i( 


j..    TIk^v  kiirw   that    tlirii-  auriciilturn  i    |)i-«  »>|)»'r- 

tlir    Liitin 


nrovc^    that,  to  >av(" 


Itait 


OH 


the    protection    oi 


thian  from  the  t^vvvd  (»f    mi-crnpn- 


1 


latoi' 


w 


th  w  hnx'  doinLi'>  JuvtMinl 


til 


>> 


o 


li.-ivo  made  u-«  a('<jiiaiii 


tfd.  th('\    had   placed   them   m!<h 


)ro 


the  I 

"^atheniiu' 


tt'ctioii  of  tlu'  >\lvan  u'ods.     (  )ii 


( )(•;! 


imner^a  rv 


t   ei 


o>>i'oa< 


u  >i 


iniii 


tl 


ie^( 


imple    tillers  ot 


the   M)i!    would    deck   (»ak>   and    pine>    with    - 


l\  -co 


lore(| 


n 


hi 


»on 


n< 


I   hanu-  lamp-  upon   tla'ir  l.oiiuii"^.  and   pom 


Ijhjitioiiv    ovei-    tlieir    1 


tl 


•oo 


t<.     ()i 


('    who    atti 


.1^    m    our 


(I 


J  \ >^    to    er(»>' 


tl 


hi 


\r    wihKM'IK 


( ) 


f   Fiorano  nn   the  Appian 


iw  or  o 


f  ('a| 


)ol  naneo  o 


n  tlie  Nomeii 


tana,  iind>  it  dilH- 


It  to  believe  that  in  au'e-  -oik 


l.v  tl 


K'nC    V(M'V    '^O 


litiid 


e^ 


(•< ) 


iild  \\:\yr  n^^oinu 


UmI  with   the  jovfnl    mirth  of  the   pe;i- 


.-<a 


ntr\ 


H 


1  \('t  of  tho-e  me( 


■tiiiL!'-,  feNtivitie>,  and  u'an 


('.> 


wr  r)0<>0'^'^ 


)iae< 


reeor(l>  enui'!"'' 
Principal    anion-' 


ved  on  >tone  (li>eovt're( 


I  in  hoth 


I 

ln(jl(!    Iliisiicd  or   tar 


th<'^o   rreord^   arc 


n< 


ea 


leml. 


ir>.  o 


the    Mrm)- 
f  which    wc  have 


tw 


( >    e( 


litioi 


Is,  one  < 


hcd    (  'olof/diKi    hecaiise   it    wa 


>e( 


tl 


( ) 


'11  ahoiit  l.V")()  m  tlie  -•;! 

I 


rdeii  of  ( iiovanni  ( 'olocei 


{ir>t 
,  tl 


\c 


ther  l^dllrnsis  hooaiisr  on 


('  o 


f  the  Delhi  Valleeolleetor 


() 


f  ;int!(|iK\>  had  tound  the  .-tone 


(us(h1 


IS 


in  altar  in  a 


■hiirch  near  \hv  maus( 


l<Mim  of  AiiunstiLsj.    'idle  first  cal- 


endar is  ( 


livided  into  tour  cohinm 


ich  containinu"  thre« 


THE   1  A 


i  )     (J_ 


*^ 


Ai  lil\ 


61 


11  H  M  i  i 


eac 


li 


« ■   (I 


1 


KM'  into 


t  I  i  v^^ 


e  c 


ol 


t    t 


f  i 


(  -Ik 


)i)<i^  the  nioT]fh   of    \!:!\' 


Oil  Us  Oi    iuiu'   niuUiU.-) 


-^  mi  evniii],!^ 


I). 


\l\('   ()]     TIU 


n  uU  Hi'  o!   *  Ui  vs 


AT: 


(  '      i    N 


.\ 


<  a  u  i 


'Uiii  I 


o       < 


\  s 


.eui'th  o) 


J 

« ^ 

SIo'U    of  /( 

Protectin 


1  Ls 


o(  i!a< 


1 


XXXI 


the 


sevf 


!  i  t 


r\ 


cell   ;iii< 


I      !  I 


II      i  ! «  I 


i  na 


a 


la 


UoU  f- 


liic  Biiil 
A 


1' 


)(  )1  M  ) 


irmino'  opcrntioiis  .  w  ('(Mh'uL':  tlie  wheat   l\(^>\ 

shea  ri  111;' 

washing"  tli(^  \\-ool 
ta  mini''  of  heifei's 


hav  1 


la  r\ cstiui'' 


lu.sti-.-ition  of  the  lields 
^pc'fi.il  h.'a.>i.s  m  honor  of  Mercurx   and  Mora 

ll  we  coiisidcf  llie  ieiincily  of  co!m(r\-  folk  in  ch(M'jsii- 
uu'    (r.'iditional    pi'acti'ccs.    especially    if   coimecte<|    wit! 


uiati'i'ial    intcre.^t.s,    \ 


\  e    ( 


imiot    wonder   at    tlie    I'nct    tli.i! 


'■eU/,;i- 


fi'(N'-worship  should  ha\-e  lonu"  siir\iv(M|  the  twni 
tioii  of  the  land.  When  lliccliurcli  became  onmipotenf 
and  the  (  \-iTnpaii-na  for  tlu^ui'eatei- part  cliurch  j)ropta-t\ 
it-  hue  ol   conduct   sernis  to   haxc  Ihmmi   iuspii'Cil   b\    tla. 


>    » » 


A 


And    \"( 


lai!  over- 


licry  words  of  i)cii(eronom\    xii 
throw    tlieir    altars,    and    break    tluM'r    pillars,    and    har/f 

rds  w  hicli  occur  also  in  vii,  .">. 


W  (  I 


>\ 


a 


'I  licsc  w(M-e  (M-hoed  1!  the  h)iirth  and  fifth  centuries  I 
Prudcntius.  Pauh'nus  of  \ola,  and  Auu'Ustine.  In  tl 
I  licodosinn  code,  t riM'-worshi p  is  considered  almost  a> 
«j  crime  ol  stnte.  A  country  priest  ^'uilty  of  leniciKw 
fowai'ds  the  ollcndcrs  was  punishe(l  with  h)rtv  da\s' 
lastiiii;-  on   bi'cad  and   water.'    The  lirst  thought  of  St. 


Miirnt  ,  I'iiind.  Ldt.,  Ivi,  S!)l. 


,,,     ^^AM>^,Hl^>-  iv  Tin    i;mm\\  .  vmi'.u.na 


Arli-T     a  ill  uiirici  siiccisu  bipen 


.•|\<'S, 


rt  ■^ 


1 


■('»■•- 


^l.ll,^     1i()\\-f^V< 


!  I  I   i  Hi 

1  ; "  i       '  I  ' 


eh 


f  •{  )  i  n  1  >« 


t     '! 


!       * 


5    its    1 1  M 


i;Ml       l.ikrii       -SH'Il 
1  i  r!(  M!  I  H  1  M  1  L!'     <  1 1  ^h'i* 


■(MM 


Ml. 


!  <  !    I 


I     N 


.-,ai".'i  .>tili'.'ii 


M'l    il     '•^'■' 

Til.--.-  wrrc  t1ie>ui..>UUitiuu  <)l  ■-!.  -i!-i -''-"=  "  ,'  ' 
t,.  .,„  Sl.e  pa-mn  svlvaii  -ods  (Silvanu>.  .^,.,11...  Di.ui.i); 
H;;,nulti,,licatio./of  ohunhes  l.earino-  Hu-ir  names,  on 
the  i-'sof  forest-elad  niounlains  wi.ere  pa-an  e,..,.  es 
had  stood;  and  the  substitution  of  shrines  saered  lo  lie 
Viroin  Marv  for  the  old  altars  ut  the  crossnigs  «t  tlie 

rouiitrv  lanes.  ,      _, 

Traces  of  this  evolution  still  abound  in  the  Campapna, 
and  the  name  icona  or  iconctta,  still  f^Hven  to  country 
sh    nes  bv  the  peasants  of  Montieelli.  T.voh,  Subuuo, 
and  Xettuno,  proves  that  it  must  have  bee>i  ae<on.- 
plished  in  the  sixth  century,  when  Byzant.ne  Greek  ha<l 
become  the  lau,n.a,e  mostly  in  favor  ..th  ^lu-rf '-"• 
If  mv  reader  will  refer  to  the  map  of  Rome  published  In 
Bufalini  in  1.5.51,  which  contains  also  a  strip  ot  the  land 
outside  the  walls,  he  will  be  surprise.l  at  the  j,n-eat  nuni- 
ber  of  these  suburban  chapels,  of  which  some  were  le 
standing  in  the  davs  of  my  youth.    Those  that  are  to  be 
se  u  in  the  Campagna  have,  alas,  so  little  connection 
vith  trees,  shade,  an.l  rest  that  when  1  touched  the  same 
le  ct  in  >'  New  Tales,"  p.  11  U  -as  obliged  to  borrow 
rillustration  of  an  iconetta  from  a  land  Irom  w Inch 
trees  have  not  been   banished  -  the  Riviera  hy  ban. 
AT.nd.erita.    Tli.   n,,.  I,,  -e  repnniii.o.i  .^  u.  .,e  seen  on 


A  WAYSIDE  SHRINK  (ICONETTA)  NEAR  SUBIACO 


>    {  ) 


Vl^HS 


65 


^t 


r  it! 


('■-»* 


^ac 


■f  i 


»cco,  nl>r>v( 


1   ii 


a  ) 


CS  O 


f 


i      ^ 


I'liu^UK   niMi 


Art 

\()k('(I  !( )-( I.I 


\i 


!"*  >  \\  f 


•  n  -,  h 


I 


'  '■     I  (  U  )  >    i  > 


'<  >r.'{( it 


\ 


!         ( 


id 


(  i 


\K\i 


M 


J<     III- 


\    n\    >l 


ciU:! 


*'|MH-r<  1>,  In  <ln\  T'  a  w  n  \   w  nl\-t'S, 


jii>t  a^  (lir  t\iii\   ^elUcr-  on   the  Paiatii 
F.iiiii  flir   Ln|»(*rriN  for  llir  ^aiiic  r(\a><»: 


I   I 


'!('  u.">('<i  (()  ni\nk( 


Tl 


t'  iM'asa 


lit 


() 


1    I 


tNJfa    a    >i-iia    ih'ar 


1 


nrriirc 


hoKl 


in   \(iici',-il  Kill   ^111 


(Kik.    liclic\ci|     Id    h.'ivc    i;TO\\'n    onf    df    the    -.hill'    cl'    ( 
I  .1 


It 


f)h'ss('(l  Jonnniia,  jiist  as  fhc  conu'lia  n  tree'  near  the  >top-, 
ol  (  ;i<-lii>  on  the  Pal  itinc  \\a>.  ('on>!(l(MHMl  to  liav(^  i^iNnvn 
out  ol   I  lie  >|)('a !'  of  Roinnhis. 


ri 


ir  ^•r^at  nn  nil  kt  of  .Nlifnics  drdicatcd  to  the  Ma.loi 


of  t  lie   (  )a  k.    Madonna    of  the    I 


iniH 


M 


I  <  1  o  n  n  a    o : 


Puh',  whirh  a  IT  to  be  fouiid  in  Koine  It^ch'  and  ni  c^iif  I'a 
\\ii\\\  iwr  actual  witnrNS(\>  to  the  viivlv  (  'hii'^tiani/a  t  ion  o 


tl 


le  ian( 


1 


Anofliei-  cliaracteriNtic  of  t  lie  la  in  h  which  cannot  t'ail  to 
inijircvx  th(/  \\a\  farer.  i\  the  u rca t  innnlxa'  of  towers  and 


tortilie(l  t*ar!nhou>('->,  witne 


sses  ot    an   au'c  of  uni'cst  ami 


in>ec-urit\  in  winch  llie  iioldinu'  of  |)r-o[)ert\   in  the  ( 
pa^na  depended  nio!(^  o!i  ln'ute  force  tl 


lan  on  h("^re<lita!'\ 


rights.  l\\entv-one  farni>  are  >till  named  ea>telli,  or 
ca>t(>llacci.  or  cast iuiioui,  fron!  tlicii-  ha tt!eniente<i  walls, 
and   h)!'ty-one  an^    nanictl   torri:  the  most    pci-h'ct   si 


>eci- 


nic:!^  ol  the  lu'sl  elasv  1  lein^  t he  (  "asfell i  dei  (  'aetani  and 
(ha'  Sa\('lli  on  the  Appian  Way.  tlit^  ('astelh  Arcioni^  on 
the  road  to  I'ixoli,  the  Hoi'L^hctto  on  the  \'ia  Latir 
file  ('astel   di    Le\a   (ii    the   \'ia   Satricair 


ii 


I.     Some   of   1 1 


towers  .still  reach  a  ^i^reat   lua^ht.  like  the  Torre  l-'i^calo 
fa   reprodiictiou  of  wlileh  i>  iii\-en  in  "  Aina'tad    Home." 


On  f 


1    CM'   CN Oil! 


)f  f 


ion  «)T  Troc-wrtr^fiip.  aiKi  <>ti  Uh 


li 


.] 


fa  to  of  \] 


o  ■>a(*r«'(  1  \\i  M  K 


111   r(.i! 


I '  ■  a  n  ( 


th(-  ( 


in  >,lL5!i;i  .  Ci  Hi-U 


,ir 


<■(!()(' 


Ivu •<•[■« ■tie  ■> 


il:i;i    i-.v.i. 


y.h  ilir  del  (a 


ii  a<'i:ii  ai'x'fK    HI 


null.  Arck.  C 


oauiUii 


I 


1;>'»7,  i 


Inc.    1 


66 


W    \  \  i  )}  .11  1  ,N  -  "^      i    ^ 


I'M! 


I  i 


%  y   %    » 


V  i/  \Mv\f:w 


p.  277)  and  the  T  ui  -  <^^istellacria  west    •!*  Hie  lake  of 

,fln«r-.  Ilk-  Uir   i  ni  re  ^api(•liza  aiul  llit'   I'orrac- 


Tnnm^  '-  nt  !lr!■ 
I 


I    i  ir     I  i  H  !^!     [iiliui'«  ■•- 


ri  t!      H 


iit '    <  n     ! 


i  i  i  V 


» i  1  i  i  (  i 


s  !i(' 


i »     ( 


<  1 


) 


Tm 


!       I 


i!'in 


'riir->.-   r.i^tflhicci   mi'l    torn 

n  ■  1 !  i  --j  (  >r\    t  M    t  I  M  •  (    .'1  t  M  1  »;i  L:  M  •' 


( 


,,»!)(•■-     hi     ft  '^[i  M't  ■     it     11)    ii  IC 

1  !l(  irr(M'^,   llu* 


i  hi  •    \\  1  !i  h  !■   -<':i  -'Ml. 
__    h  »   <  >i  i  r    !'( 'i  t  »i  i » ■(  t  it  111 

;in.»tlifr  jM)int  of  intt'ff^t  in.  ! 
t!ir  ;ithM!i|)t  m;i<!f  1»\  ••rrh'i 
alhl   ].!-n-|)t'!'if\    ;ifh'i'  tlh'  rt  li-r.it  (if  ilir  l.f-t    |. 

T.:ni-<»}.af«|-  of  AiM!il|'li.  m  7.")."),  ;i!mI  t'hr  >arariii-  iroiii 
Afrir.i  ill  sMh  'llirir  jihih  \\;f-^  h.  riv;i!.'  ;t  rin-  .if  fi  .rfifi^^d 
Viil;i-v^  ;'}  ;ih  ii\vv:ii:r  <ii^hiii-<-  ui  i\\ri\f  niil(-  Iri.m  Hk^ 
xx;,lU  nf  Ihr  cifx  .  \\  NK-li.  \vhi'<'  f-'niiinL!'  nn  iiihvfi.  Im^o 
(•;iiM|,  jroiinH  it-  wuiiiJ  aii-U'T  ;it  \\ir  ^.iinr  hmr  ;i-  -* 
ni;in\  .  .-nhv-  ^f  ■•dl*  )n!/;<ti< 'ii .  Thf^^r  ('C]]U'r<  \vriv  r;Mh-.i 
do//N^-  rulta\  cila!  h.r  a  rrrhn-i  nniihuT  ,,t  x,,.;.  :mi- 
^,.,.,.,,1  tJH-ii'  ynirpn^c^  w(^]!  (M).)i!L:!i.     Wh.'ii,  after  iiir  m- 

s  |.fi     I  \nu-   !,.■')  I  \'  h.h'^-niinri!  hi 
i.tr    t  — the  Leonine  eitv  or   bai-ii 


r*  la*  I  '  >1   t  i  a 


f  ■  j ' 


i  i 


oi  h.  lis  —  the  eolonrstsof  the  (/o/////.v  r////a' were  ealled 
iipfin  to  fnko  n  -hare  in  tlie  work.  Two  inseriptions  now 
attixed  to  the  areh  wliieh  spans  the  Via  AnoeHea  eoni- 
memorate  the  event.  One  says,  ^Mn  the  time  of  onr 
Lord  the  Pope  Leo  IV  tlie  :Miiitia  Saltisina  [a  colony  on 
the  road  to  Ardea,  fifteen  niiU\s  from  tlie  oate]  bnilt  these 
two  towers  and  the  wall  Ix^ween  thenr';  the  other,  ^^  In 
the  time  of  onr  Lord  the  Pope  Leo  W  the  Mihtia  (^a- 
praeornm  [a  colony  fonnded  In  Hadrian  1  near  the  rnms 
of  Veii,  on  the  site  of  the  present  farm  of  Santa  Cornelia] 
huilt  thi-  hiwer  and  the  wall  which  connects  it  with  the 
u^-,\:^     n-tJ!    Saltisinnm    and    Capraconnn    Tnn>l    have 

■  ■-.    -1  la  i  \  ft  ii< »  li'ace 


Mil 


h  i!  1  >  a  I  a  1    i  i!  *  '-^  I  it'i'uu--'  (.  « sa  1 1 1 


!  a\ 


THE    LAM)    OF    <vni]\  (j7 

t  fH    tlni:i  of  the  Campagna  is  not  rir  Ii  !!or  varied,  but 
maii\    ii-lrictsclaima  specialtv  of  their  (  ami.    Violets  are 

h''rhi-!i!;iti\  nhinni^m?  -a  n;Miri;ifi'<  v;]].,  ni](]  hi  f|,g 
^^^^*^^\\^\lh\-  "!'  \  an  :nu\  i  M||;f{i:i  :  hlur  ;iiai  DUfnia  atiain- 
<''"'-^  '^i  ^ha  fifiafii'orhoud  of  (ha  Aoiaa  AHmla':  joiirpnlw 
nn  IIm^  ri-li!-!i;i!h!  .J-ia  of  tii,.  mad  fo  (  ).fi;i  uruv  flie 
l''5"'^i^^"'^-''  '*!"  '!"'»rra  (ii  \'alia;  aValanianv  m  tlia  fami.a-v 
o!  Aii)a:  and  narri^^-*  of  --raal  IVa-'i'a  na(^  m  Iha  ('ninj.j 
(!   Aiiiiihah',  alHa.a  l{(<aaa  di  Papa.    Priiiiru.>,c.^  iluurh^h  in 


One  of  the  watch-towers  of  the  Caetani  on  the  Appian  Way 

only  two  plaars, — near  the  Poiifa  laino  above  Gallicano 
and  at  a  certain  bend  of  the  vallev  of  iha  Cremera. 
These  h^-ij^,  iln^  existence  of  w]]ia]i  wn<  foianai'lv  kiio^An 


a\\ 


a . !  \  ■- 


'xen,  ak^s,  f 


OH  !h  I     all  i 


I  i  f      i 


!«'■     \'ai:a  !  u  u  ih 


lkn\  vV  ^viiai'^  o!    i; 


^'Hia,    ill    a}h>->a    p'lhi    hihow     «  h '^f  !'l  a -hnTl 


'f  n* 


1  a  iiiiilnla  t  i* 


''■i    .M  !  i  i  n  n  i.M  M  a  a       faaa>-f-.   :iUi»    olh'T    arfhnn    --I  >a< -in  H  ia-^  : 
aaiu,    a.N    Hi   ctliauih     luana-   iha    Axciilna' 


w  a 


now  n   n  >?• 


68 

it- 

fn 


W  \\1)M:1.\u-    lA     iilL    iU).MA.\    v  .VM  i'A^  .  \-V 


' 


it.       /    . 

.1 


S"  ) 


I'lL' 


-i/ii  i 


XUciii     Inll-    \\(>r''    ^;UMi    -n'*-    nf 


(    !  \    I  ■  ^      i 


fn 


pnip- 


\ 


I  •  ( 


r       ! 


(  M    I 


V- 


Kf  i*  >  v\  i  i    i nr    i  I  n ',  r 

nrik^,  nnd  SIm'  "^.ihiiH'  |i;!U  foi'  Hi'  !'  Ii^'trhes.  '1  U<' 
t  XjUisitc  <ii-t!!(  U  •)!  tht  <  Miipa^na,  Iroin  an  An^lo- 
Saxoii  poiul  of  aiJjHeciatioii,  where  magnificent  oak.^ 
and  elms,  fresh  green  meadows,  hixnriant  cattle,  rimnino; 
l)rooks,  and  a  variety  of  wild  flowers  unite  to  give  the 
hindscape  a  parklike  aspect,  are  tlie  valley  of  the  Arrone 
neai  1>  )ccea  and  the  valley  of  the  llivus  Albanus  near 
Decimo.* 

When  Alessandro  Sebastiani,  the  author  of  the 
"  Viaggio  a  Tivoli,"  crossed  the  Monte  Gennaro  by  the 
Vena-scritta  and  theScarpellata,  in  the  summer  of  1825, 
he  was  able  to  make  up  a  list  of  ninety-nine  varieties  of 
[)lants  growing  there,  among  which  were  Atropa  l)ella- 
donna,  Digitalis  lutea,  Gentiana  cruciata,  Polygala,  Ve- 
ratrum,  and  Mercurialis.  The  same  specialist  in  his 
"  Flone  Romanic  Prodromus"  enumerates  two  hundred 
and  sixty  plants  growing  in  the  joints  of  the  stones  of 
the  Coliseum. 

The  fauna,  I  am  sorrv  to  confess,  can  be  studied  onlv 
in  the  zooloirical  museum  connected  with  the  Universitv 
ol  liome.  The  ludicrous  criminal  clemency  of  Italian 
game  laws,  the  negligence  of  the  autlioritles  in  exacting 

^  Decimo  stands,  as  its  name  implies,  at  the  tenth  milestone  of  the  road 
to  Lavinium  (Pratica  di  mare),  a  cjiiarter  of  a  mile  l)eyond  the  ^ate  of  Kin^ij 
Victor  Emmanuel's  shootin^]^  farm  of  Castel  Porziano.  Hoecea  can  be 
reached  in  an  hour  by  motor,  leaving  by  the  Porta  Cavallef]jeri  and  follow- 
ing first  the  Aurelia  Nova  for  two  miles,  and  then  the  Cornelia  (Strada  di 
Boccea)  for  ten.  Boccea  (fundus  Buxeti,  Buxetum)  has  been  lately  made 
known  by  Signor  Leopoldo  Silli,  the  author  of  Boccea  e  le  sue  inemorie, 
published  in  1907. 


I 


'A 


O 

"1 


r. 

'A 


THE   LAND   OF  SATl  iiX 


71 


\  alley  of  the  liivus  Albanus  near  Deciiiio.    (^From  a  photograph  by  A.  >'ocliieri) 

obedience  even  to  them,  the  cheapness  of  a  shooting 
licens(\  which  can  be  purchased  by  the  poorest  peasants, 
have  destroyed  animal  Hfe  in  the  Campno-n;},  except  in 

til.     V^r.:,\   i)vr<nvyes  of   Castcl    PMizinno.     X.iliincr  is   left 

f'^  ^''' "^  *^  f  'irds  of  passage  at  guru  MU:.uiis  of  the 
}^"'if"'  ^'i^t!   i-\(^n  tlh-n   it  i^  n   iiinfff^'  of  r-iriinLT^^'  niid  «le- 

wiiuL  x'ciii-  !o  !.('  fioin-i-l!!n_;'  ^imI  wiiirh  rfMi^litufc'-  iho 
<>!i'y  rr;!i  !!;l!i^v^  {},(.  fxphii'ri"  li;is  {n  iac<'  I  iuwa  t  la  \'^  arr 
the  >Ir'|.|i«'!'H\  vlu-;^.    Tiir  *-liur<-li  of  the  Divinu  A 


lis  ►i'«' 


nt  Cn-frl  Ji  !.('\a!.  nw  (hr  X'la  Sat ricaiia.  hrar^  Ir-iiiiionx- 
tn  lh!>  >[al('  nf  iiiiii-..  It  appear.^  llial  in  the  xcar  17  1-0 
n  !!!i-^i()ii:ii;\  prit^^f.  Imviiiir  lost  lii^  way  in  tliaf  iitiuJi- 
fHM-|ioo(L  -|)hM|  liir  roof  of  a  limine  wlicii  lie  wa^  aliiiu-t 
^^P*''*^  i'!  lioilv  aihl  !ii  nd.  At  tiit^  same  time  a  nnrnl.er  of 
^''^'  f«n-ni  do^^  -pra  lu'  iipofi  liiin.  t(\!rin^  lii>  coat  to 
piec-e^  whilo  he  was  appraliii^'  m  ln>  diNtrcss  [o  a  liuuro 


\\ 


(  ) 


f    \ 


\\ 


\ 


I  •  I 


\    i  i 


i  i- 


\  1 


t      \ 


MPAGNA 


M 


>'\ 


u-d 


i  >: 


w 


t    1   i         •      < 


.f         I    ) 


TL 


fi 


f  t 


■( » 1  i 


cvr( 


esca } H 


;!<    a 


1  i  i       '-    :   I 


an* 


i    t  n  ,^   T^rf^xi 


( •    1 ! '  M  : . ! 


i  i 


I* 


r 

issioi 


t  1 


A  a. "5 


niiracMiM>us 


1 


I  i 


!   h  ti 


(  H  it 


n  i   I  i 


w  ;i 


-    1  »r!( 


^^^r<  '\\' 


i  )    n :u  I 


V   r\L)«"l"b'i 


ices 


(•\, 


n  1 1  M* 


nu.( 


!  I      ) 


\vnui«  1 


COl 


I iti  »r« '  ( M i  u  !  < 


I  r  (  •  I  ;  ( '  -^ 


'!! 


i       ^1 


l'.^ 


A 


I     (  •  (  »  U  *  i  !  1  "">  H  M  1     !  '-  '     i  M  1 


t  i  1  n  W  ft 


1  [i)  ( nmlt'  til*'  lullrtw 


!  It  "1 1  m 


11"    \\  t  )!"( 


iliaii   li" 

ell  a  l>!<a' 


I  1  t  f    i  !  -  f  il  . 

1     Ih'l:    fn    1 


)t' 


•  li  1 


\ 


ft  •   !  1  I  >;i 


l<l 


(,fik 


«  '    > 


ii'hflt'  111 


tlir    -  Mt.ntlilv    Uf\ 


!  .  -•  \\ 


i!M) 


'11m'( 


i 1 i! 1 'a  u 


]\:i    1  X  )^^t  '^>i'.> 


r  la  ■-« 


1 1 !  a  1 1 1  '  1 1 .  w  1 1 !  <  ■  N 


has  1 


HTll    *  »' 


ttcii  a!i<i  (M!tiiii^i;i 


laaiU  tlt'-fi-ii* 


t  M 


1.    Tl 


IV    t'lMl- 


(1    r\( 


bv    thr    plain    an 


tt^    \ari«-t\    <»1 
1    it^    1m  Mint 


(ii'in    aiM 


(  '<  »!i  t 


Y  prt'^eii 


\p<] 


ir\    •>!    < 


li^l.int    nionntaii 


tou-ftlhT  w 


th  the  rlianu'in-  «'!!' 


(1^  < 


>     w  i-a 


\\\rv  an*l  <(\*i^n!i 


oi 


1    >> 


icli 


I'onnt 


Iworlv 


W  t  )]1 


1.1 


( I 


irlii-tl  ■>  t 


i'nrni^!! 


ample  >ul)jrrt>  inr  a* 


tiiral    l»rant\ 


solemn  [onrhiK 


],j^;,.,li,.H.     Bill  tlioiiiiini-nrt'ul  h 

i-.th    mlianc*'' 

'  ■    li  liv 


ii> 


1    l.\     tlia    -tl-aliU' 


It 


(>     a    -^f^ 


r    \\  n  1 ' 


nan   >rcni> 


1 


lavr 


iiHi^t    iiUrrix    l<>r>a 


1. 


i  \  I  n  u 


!H 


!  n   t  >  n  1  \ 


1 


int'iiH  ua* 


( 1 ;    a 


■  \()V\( 


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)\    ri)otiC'>>  w  a 


U.  iiionltlfnni: 


11 n  ^  <> 


\al     tnWf]-- 

^nh^lrnct nrc."-   "1 
citic-    nnIh'-c   riani(^ 


fr;man. 'i!t<    n\    iniprrial    a.|nr( 


f  nitMlia*- 
lu<U.    (lrra\"<! 


c  I    I    I  '      ' 


« •  i  f  a  ! 


n,l       llir       n;v;|<^-^!-M\N 


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.tmixirl''"   () 


t'    1  u » n  1  ♦ 


1 


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nr.l  I  >\   \N  aiHH 


t    w 


11 


( »\a 


ftiat    rfllin-    -war* 


1 


can  >« 


•tftl     Willi     ^1 


tl 


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l't>r  t 


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Man 


t-at 


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i   the   rii^th 


w  ncrt 


thf  inn 


( I 


nt 


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1.  n\   thf  ^ahiiif  fhain   1  r.  n 


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r.M-t''  roum 


j    I,,  11,,.    \ii,;hi  hilU   -Icaui   un.ha-   tl 


('   >( ) 


It 


1 1  i  a  n 


k\    with    thf   intlfM'fiifr  t. 


\    nil  (»l):ik  .-tn.!   where 


the   1 !  n  a  _ia  n  a 


tuMi,   a 


ttuiifd   to   the   huma 


n   a>s()(iatinn   < 


f 


1  p 


Fat:e  -i9-2. 


THE   LAND   OF  SATUHX  73 

the  landscape,  recalls  with  ea^^er  interest  some  of  the 

nn  liifiif-      n     iiic    ni,  fweliiiu^    MiccessioTi    of    historical 

evcnf>^  t!i;i{  havf  ]>-,■!!  iran^ncf^M!  hfiv.  If.  hesides  heinir 
keenlv  aiivf  h»  ^ii  \n-  ^fdiiiarj,  :>uuree^  of  alfr.sflMML  !  he 
xi^itof  (-Hi  liHil  \H-Un\  Uit^  ^ili'fafe.  he  inav  <>"aih  a  \;i-t 
increasc^  i.^  hi-  nii  av-.{  In  \\i^^  uftanid  in  lindiit-  fh.Tf 
inlelhuiole  iiif  [nnfi;i|^  n\  prf  hi^!<  M'ic  <('cuv<.  and  h-arinn"' 
from  Ihem  in  uhat  d.iw  .{rp.  the  |)hith)rm  ua>  frained 
uii  wlm-h  Rome  ro.^c  and  lloiirished  and  h'H." 


rii  \n  i:ii   u 


Tl  !  !,     LAMJ     Ui      ilUlv  \(    1. 

■*  (!i;it    Tihii!-.    tlii-    ;iliri(Mit    <(V't    ni     ih.^   Ai- 


-;i  \ 


Oliit'      ti 


H •!  h'T    <  >1     n !\    t  M< 


'  t  ■      \\   !  M 


.■xiuiil^ttMl  })\  \v:\yr]-  ovrr  hiinl  ;mh1  MSI  ;ii!.l  m\  Hi'' 
labui-.-^  nf  \\;ir.  1  -ii.'iil  >t'''k  «■'  pl.'i*'''  '»'  '"''^t/'  An<l  ^i-'^w 
he  it-k-^  In-  iVh-ihI  Imi-'-h-  Ari^ni-,  "'D^  \«)!i  kuDW  a 
Is.pj.u-!'   ;iiMl    iiHMv    hrnnhlul    ]^:lrr    Hinii    'rii'Ur'    wliriv 

tinn>    it.     }\i'in-\\     ,\\\Mi\-    ^^sl!!     ;i    <';irr-ili-    cl'itltct.      It     IS 

^p.,.ji  Tihii!-,  ,1.'\\-}V.1  TilHir.  Til.nr  n(-'V<M-  nri.i.  l.-i-nivlv 
'IViHir.  l.i-r.vx  'rUHir/ril^ur  -l<.|Mim  to  tin'  -u\i.  Il<-  Ind- 
hi.  iVirii.l  \';irii>  pl;int  nIim'-  in  fk''  nmi^t  ^hI  mI'  hi.  own 
pnfriniMiiN  thriv:  p!-;iy.  tli.-it  uhm  the  ^;iimI>  <'t'  )ii»  htr 
run  .inu   lit'  riinv  .-ii.l  {\\rvr  In.  (hi\.,  wliciv  tli-'  lu-;MllniiLr 

AniU     Iriij).    ..V(>r     th.'     in-ill'     «.!'     tlh-     |>!Vcl|)!cr.    wlici-r     tlli' 

,,ljv,'  ^'r.->v(-<  r'M>f  tlifir  ^Ii.mI'-.  wImT''  tin'  (HtIi;!  r.U  .-i  re 
.;,fiir;if<-<l    Willi    -liiftifiL!'    -t!-c;!m-/'    Tlir    li*'V.     Dr.    W  . 

Turku. 'IK     tVniU      Ulio..'     -    ll(M-;icr  "         1      ImVC     holToWtMl 

thr..-  !i!h-,  .juutr>  in  lii>  }iir!i  til.'  Inllowini:  V(M-<(^^  \rnin 
;,    jMHun    writtrn.   -ny-   ti-aaili.Hi,    ni    nnc   nmlit    l)\    U.  < '. 

-ruri!    Ml'    Mii-.lnli'U   Collr-r,  f<  .f   \hr  \  u  W  .  1 1 -n  t  ( "    |.ri/.'   nf 
'    Horan.    1..    ii»v.   W    Tu.k'A.-l!.    M      V,    in    BeH's  Mhiiaturc  Series. 


THE   LAM)    ui    lluUACE  75 

"The  dark  pine  waves  on  Tibur's  classic  steep; 
From  rock  to  rock  the  headlong  waters  leap, 
Tossint,'  their  foam  on  high,  till  leaf  and  flower 
(j litter  like  emeralds  in  the  sparkling  shower. 
T.ovelv  —  but  lovelier  from  the  charms  that  glow 
Wuric   Latium  spreads  hov  purple  vales  below; 
The  olive,  smiling  om  tht    ^  i!ni\   hi!!. 
The  golden  orchju. I  ;i!i(i  Ihe  ductih    till. 
The  spring  ck'ar-hii hi (iiii^r  \i^  i[^  rnrk\   fuLuit, 
The  moss-grown  cavf.  the  Xnind'^  fnblcd  limmt. 
And,  far  fis  eye  can  str:i!!L  \..i!  ^\'.ii\,r.x\   .iouie. 
The  glory  of  the  earth,  et. n;  n    U.^me." 

'!<»    {Im'^c    !i(il»!r    niies,    Writlt'li    1)\"    mir    wjio    IkhI    ]\r\rv 

^*'«'n    li\<>!i,   1   n^l•^!  :nl<i  ;!  ( piotn  t  i<  )n  tVoin  nnotliur  pncf. 

Dflille,  who,  !!;!\  inLiX'cii   it  ;\\  the  Ix'^'inninu'  of  tlic  hi>t 

cenlury,  a(l(i!\'^.M\>  the  j'ollow  ini;'  word.,  to  the  i'ixhm',  over 

\\lio-«o   l;ill>  o->cilla  r.   tlu'   rninhow,   tlh^   in\>{ic  sion   of 

prncr,  the  Miiibol  of  iiiv  rc.-^ti*uliies."s  of  the  old  Ari:"a'aii 
colony :  — 

Toi  'l'>nt  le  nom  chauf*'-  pnr  un  liiimhlc  afFraiH'M 

\  i'-ti!  hi-,i .('! .  Lfraee  a  lui.  le  Inn  a-  .pril  a  f'ranclii  I 
ii;i  tjUi  \  1^  ,^ur  U'>  l)orii.>  k'>  .  ipi sFt'^vcur'  ilii  i Minnie 
Frr<T.  i-^  iji'ifia  lalrr  <]u  ^Minnicil  a   ton  nudc; 

I  inailr    ■-MUj   Ji'iT    !'■-■    ijclicc^    (lu    r.rur. 

S<a|ih,'!i  Jt'daigncr  les  fascctax  ila   lictcur. 

Cesar  finir  son  triDniplic  ;iu  f. »inl  ck-  tcs  rctraites, 

ATrr-riic  v  nitMiilic-T  i]v  la  iriMiff  an  jx'rtes, 

Brat  1--  [•i-\(a    .a-  (aaaM'  cf   (  a{<a!  la   \<a'ta: 

I  *:ni-   N-^  i-taa -aiai  If  Xfux.    f-'aaixfa   ijUc  inc  sl!--ta: 

M  .a 'p' »rlr>-iii  ik'>  >uii>  ik'  la  l\ro  dlluraecr" 

riio  texts  i)f  all  the  |)rai>e>  l.)e.">to\\ed  oil  Tihur  1)\' 
ancient  ])nr\>  were  eiioTaved  in  tlie  seventeenili  centnrv 
on  the  hntcl>  of  dooi'>  and  windows  of  tlie  P;da//o  ( 'c>i 
( nowMassinn  ),  nca :'  the  Tortp  S;intacroc(\  at  the  >n^ixt*s- 
tion    of   ('ai'dmn!    Hernardnio   Spaila,  \\  ho,  >nrrounded. 


w  A\i>i  ni\' '^  ^^    '' 


i;i)\i-VN    '  AM1'\^  .\A 


III 


i  r\ 


,     M; 


:P'  ■<m!;!  ^, 


h\     I  !  1!  ■    h  '.i ' 


fi.  t  ilf 


of  ci\('}]   -innnuT.   niih 


liirii   ui    iflU' 


i"  his  ail* •, 


r,  ,\  c^    .  »!'  Ti^  HIIMMI^  "  Ul    ' 


dralii    Ni     H»til. 


1^ 


!0 


I     1    i  ' 


,, ,,,]-!„-,- Hn-  M.MUjior.  tin   MIC  aiul  the  reimiins  of 
ti„    NiUasOf  Tassius,  Brutus.    II  -race,  and    .\l:^"enas, 
the  fir-^t  ^^vo  ou  the  Carciano  road,  near  and  under  the 
casino  of  the  Irish  Colle<re.  the  third  at   Le  Ferriere, 
above  the  Cascatelle  or  smaller  waterfalls,  the  fourth 
at  Sant'  Antonio,  on  the  road  to  (^uintiliolo.   There  is 
no  evidence  to  justifv  such  statements,  l.ut  so  far  as  the 
presence  and  social  intercourse  of  those  Ki-«>t  men  at 
Tibur  are  concerned,  tradition  is  ri-ht.    We  know  from 
Cicero'  that  Marcus   Junius   the  elder   had  left  to  his 
son    Ca-sar's  murderer,  an  estate  at  Privernum,  one  at 
\lba.  and  one  at  Tibur,  which,  however,  the  heir  was 
compelled  to  sell  under  stress  of  circumstances.    The 
residence  on  these  hills  of  his  fellow-conspirator.   Cams 
Cassius  Lont;inus,is  also  a  probability,  if  not  a  certainty, 
considerino-  that  he  had  married  Junia  Tertia  or  Ter- 
tulla    the  half-sister  of  Brutus,  and  that  as  a  member  o 
the  same  extreme  political  party  he  must  have  followed 
his  kinsman   to  Tibur,  to  hatch   the  plot  against  the 
dictator  in  the  privacy  and  seclusion  of  their  adjoining 

^'  Horace  was  the  son  of  a  former  slave  of  the  Horatian 
familv,  an  honest  and  thrifty  fellow,  who  had  been 
grantVd  freedom,  and,  having  acquired  a  sufficient  com- 

'  De  Oratore.  ii.  .'w.  _         ,       ,.,      , 

^  Local   tcpofirapher.  lay  great  stress   on   the   mentu.n  of  a     fiuutu. 

Ca.sianu.s  |lar,n  of  the  Cassian  fa.nily]  outside  the  gate  to  Uon.e     winch 

occurs  in  a  docun.ent  of  A.  D.  04.5,  also  on  the  nanie  of  the  roa.l  leading  to  .t. 

taking  Carciano  as  a  corruption  of  ( "assiano.  The  evidence  is  not  conclusive. 


THE  SMALL   W  .VTEKFALLS 


THE   LAND   OF  HORACE 


79 


petency  in  his  native  town  of  Venosa,  nursed  but  one 
aml)ition,  —  that  his  free  born  son  should  have  a  higher 
career  in  life.  In  this  he  did  not  differ  from  the  Italian 
|na.>aiil  of  the  present  day,  whu  puit.iic:>  himself  to 
I  Mxih'Mi  that  the  firstborn  of  fin  fninilx  may  enter 
i\(  rsity  and  become  a  jjiuit^^iuiial  m  n,  >.u  ihe 
I  Inrnrf^lressed  tlie  lad  ni  a  -tvlr- a^nx  r  iih^-lnf'nn 


!  1  r 


<    M  1 


i!i    h  I  r,   ;i  11'  i. 


1    '  1 1    -^r  I  H  1  i  1 1  _;    I  i  Jl 


f 


In   1  IW   \  lllaO'e  SCMt  i 


M   1 


r;ir!'i('(!    Willi    |(>    luMiir.    \\h«T''    il(^   ('(Mil^l    hr   rilufafoH    \\\\\i 

^<»ii.'^  < >i  l\iiiL:li[--  :\m\  --i'ha l< jTn.  "'  1  wk-c  m  in^  nh!  .-io'e 
llni"a(t'  aihaii-^  r;  lla-i'  *  li>|)a  rau'in^ly  to  Iik  ^fh.  m  )1-(|;i  \-< 
in  HoiJM';  ln'  \\;iN  tan-hl.  In-  ^a\>.  nul  of  a  Laliii  {r;in-~ 
hihni!    irijiii   lluiia.i',   aial    hi^   tna-^tcr.  a     I'chrrd    ^nhiifr. 

()!'iHl!ii-^    b\     la-niii  ,    wa^    foiMl    of   tin*    rod Vs   the 

\<aiii;;"  MnL:li^!iiiiaii,  on  ira\iiiu'  folk';''c\  U'<>c>  lu  Oxiuril 
or  (\'iTiihrhli^'(\  so  \ho  yoiniu'  lioiiiaii  wont  foi'fli  fo 
Atli('ii>:  aiai  tlu'i-c  wc  tiial  Horace  at  ahoiit  niiicfccii 
year-,  ol  a^o.  lean  m^  (icrck  and  attchiiniu'  tho  sclainl< 
oM  Ih'  |>|iil(  >>>!>[  )iirr- :  .  .  .  aial  tlicrc  an  iidliMaKMMailci'cil 
iiilo  ln>  iih. '  ulia-|;  I h •![)('(  I  }n  niniild  lii>  clia  ra* •!<•!*,  'out 
nearly  wi'acksil  In--  lorlunos.  Hnitn>,  innncdi.-i  f?"|\  n\\i'r 
iiL\^'dv\  nnii'dcr,  \\:\-.  a(  Allirn-.  rcNidnn;.  a^  w  c  >lMHi|d 
saw  in  In-  (.Id  nni\'o!->ity,  and  drawiiiLr  to  InnHrll'  flie 
i).i--.ionalo  iidinnra  Ihmi  ol'  ii>  n!o>t  })rilliant  nndcrurad- 
n;!tn<:  ainon^'  wliom  worr  f1io  vonn^'^^r  Cincn'o  and 
llor.-icn/''  \\  h.^n  l>!'iitn-  (jnitliMl  Atlicn^.  al'tn-  a  time, 
t<»  take  ronnnaiid  of  liir-  a!an\  raiM'd  au'ani^t  Atitonv, 
1m'  oarricM!  Ibaaoi  in  \u^  r()nij)any,  with  iho  r.ink  of 
nnlitarx"   trihtnua 

in  ihi>  capaoitx  ho  toi)k  his  sliaro  in  tlio  di^a^trons 
roul  at  PhilippK  w  Inch  folktufd  on  Hrntn>k>  doath,  and 
rofnrnod  to  Hona  hiiinklod  and  with  oHppofl  winijfs. 
lb>   fathoj"   l)onig  doad,   and   hi>   ])ro|)orty   ha\ing   In'on 

*    Alirii^nl  froTii  TnckxNcli*^   Ilorare. 


^ 


80     w  A\hr.i:i\*  ■-  1 


\ 


nir  i^'A!  w  < ■  \ M 1'  \'  .\  \ 


I   I    ! 


;n  i\  ti'^;  I  \'. 


\t )  man   i>  <  'X  rr  iai*  1  v'li   u  i 


t  • 


irif    l.\ 


<'  :    lie 


rk     iioihc     iVoiii     rolilh'i^M-iirs    Slicii     a-     \anii-     aia 


,M     I 


v\Ta »    int]"n(lncr<l    tlir    ri-in,:    t-ard    h»    Ma'crna^. 

Ma'ciMia-'-    {•atroiiaur   nl'   cnn- 

I  a '111   naali   w  a  ^  <  iu''  1« »  j  »•  >1m;\    a> 

()  iiaaina  t  "H  ai.    I  !ini<<"'H 

'   'i!rrar\    (  I'itha   ha-o- 


\\  t'i  t   a 


) 


i   (Mm 

.j     .;     .,     I     ,     M 


llilirr*!    1 


I     '111 


1m!< 


1 1 


1 


\  iri'ir^  '*  Va*- 


l()i»ues/'  fla     •  i  )<les"  in  1 1 


t  a*- 


Tortrait  head  of  Horace  in  a  me- 
dalliou  of  the  third  t-eutury 


ace's  "  l%!Hn!r>,." — he  uuiiiii 
not  only  gatluM'  roiinl  his 
board  the  men  whom  \\t  know 
to  have  l)een  liis  eipials,  l)ut 
he  saw  also  and  utihzed  for  himself  and  for  his  master 
the  social  inHuence  which  a  risinjr  ,)()|)ular  poet  mifrht 
wield.  To  Horace,  then,  now  twenty-seven  years  old, 
these  imposino;  doors  were  opened.  The  first  interview 
was  unsatisfactory,  the  young  poet  heing  tonj^ue-tied 
a.id  tammerincr,  Uie  crreat  man  reserved  and  haun;hty; 
ihcy  part^vl  mutually  dissatisfied.  Nine  months  later, 
however.  M  ecenas  sent  for  him  again,  received  him 
formallv  among  his  friends,  and  about  three  years  later 
presented  him  with  a  country  house  and  farm  amongst 
Iht  -,  bine  hills,  a  few  miles  [o  Ma'  ea>f  <  f  TJbnr  tn 
Mln.-li  th-  !va<ii'r  and   1  ^^^i  -ad^*'  a   }>k-a^aiil  jhi^rnnaire 


i\\U:    L:nur>*'   *'l    tnia- 


\\\ 


if  if    --1 1 1 )]  M >-a   t fin 


♦     f 


M'    ih  m:  \< 'E 


81 


fr!a|a!>hif>   nl     ?h«     !  HN!*b'"r\aal    ]-\-]'i^f    w:]^    ^ni]if]'\f   \\Y    fhe 

a!'«'a!  ill  Ihe  iand  ha'  hs-^  own  -ak«':  \\\c\  wore  civil  to 
IniM  !iiM--ll\  Mi  Mm  h«'|H-  in  --rr'inna  da"  « *r«  i  a  .s  1 1*  a]  f>f  ;\ 
jMHaia  d\  !'a'a!i>  nl  wha'li  Maar  lania'N  \\(Miai  j»a--  \>i 
jMf^haaU.  Ala!  Haar  \\i-^la-->  wta'r  cxajfaidx  (•«aMiili<"d 
w  i  Hi,  tor  nra  rl  \  ad  t  la^  i  sw  nor-,  i  il  \  alia  >  a  I  Td  a  i  f  a  |  sj  m-:-  r 
to  adxaidaia-  ill  oav  uv  niurt'  nl  lla-  j)oct  ^  I  \  i"U->,,  w  n  i - 
fan,  1  >u|)|Hr>(a  a^  an  acknow  lad^niaid  nl'  daa!"  ni'acinas 
ho^i)iUil]i^\ .     i>nlhii>,   Aiitnniii>,   (  kii>uriiiu.>,    Munaliu-, 


!0> 


The  [Kuislyle  of  the  Teini)Ie  of  Hercules,  where  Au<^u.stus  adiiiiiiistered  justice 

Vnrus,   Gallus,    and    liiii    a    few  gay   ladies   have  thus 
gamed    immortality  in  exchange  f  «:    civilities  shown  to 

liiv  ^nn  ui  an  I'X-slave  of  \  eiiusa. 

Tla'^r     fliaa'     WiaT'   flir    i  Ha-vraia 'a'v   v.dio-r   .'(--cmblv  at 

\  igustan 
:  inmself. 


a)U!'    niaaS^j    it    Lia;    ai^-i 


iia    rr^Mrf    ;a    i 


i  I 


'^ir<\    TIh'"^' woi'f'  ]oin"d  af  tinu^^  i 


la  1  la-  Ian  i !  ua"< 


S-2      W  \\!>1  i:!\'^^    TV   T\\\'    nriMW    i    \\ir\<.\\ 


Ii;i!i  [)('('!!  >iii;^<'^tt't  i  h\  llh-  c.Mni  I  >li  \ -<H 'Ui  I! .  Anh»nnis 
.Mu^a.  >!i(1o!!ni-.  frnin  wImhh  \\<'  L^;itli<'r  f!h'-<'  p.-irth-ii- 
lar-.  ;j(i(|-  tlinf  i\\r  Kin|HT..r,  whilr  ntn  irr^(  h  iiu'  tht' 
trf<j  t  mt'iit  nt  'rii>ur,  \\<>ul<l  i  )((a>!(>ii;i  llv  ■>it  m  llu-  jK-n- 
>t\U'  of  the  tcmplt'  of  llt'iTiilr^  .-Hid  .■idmim-tcr  J!i>t!cr 
to  the  j>ea>a!i[!'\  .  i\>  [MM-pciiia  tc  the  incnioty  oj  tiM'-^r 
('\Tiit>  a  ^ocictx  wa--  foiaiuMl  amoiiir  tli<'  'I  Vi)!irt  iiuv^, 
calU'd  the  1 1 1  ri'ulmi'i'i  A  mj  nsinl,  s^  for  tlic  joint  \\or^lii|) 
of  the  (Uahed  eniperoi'  and  of  (he  '*>aido  j>!-ot«'}  foi'f  ol 
their  eit\.  'Idiis  soejftx  tlonn^hed  for  inanv  rent  ii!-i''s, 
and  lt'^  doini:'^  can  In-  followrd  with  the  help  ol  re<-o!'dN 
enu'rax  e(l  on  nia  rl»le,  (■«>ll<'<ttM!  1  >  v  r)('>^an  m  \'oliinie  \iv 
of  the  "  ( 'oi'jMi-  ln->or.   1  .a  t  ma  nnn." 

Auu'ii-tii-  diM  not  possess  a  I'oof  of  hi^  own  on  tlir 
hank,^  ^)\  thr  Aniu,  hut  pai'iook  <.>i  tho  lio-pitah{\  «»! 
Sonic  i»f  hi>  (■(  .nrt  ici-v  nnd  iVi<-n<!<.  TIer(\  aixam.  w  c  have 
lio  fN'uieniMj  t«'  proxr  iiiaf   h;-   ja-inif  nnni-fcr.   M:iM-rna-. 


twned    a    v*1]n,    (^xcri.t 


i  •;!  I    f  r;i'  n  i  i<  e 


M'  t  'A  « ■  \  1  T 


«M  Mi!  .l.'-^  t  !(•■  na  hir  .  m'  til.'  -}:(}. 


*  I .   I 


ci:-  !i  \\  !!  h  f  !m-  w  ■ '  tfiu  \  Maee. 


tinio      la   \iiia 


What    ha-    hcon   Cali'-d    -in*  •'    if  i  i  n  m  '  • ;  p  a'' 

(li  Mecenate,"  viz.,  the  o;io;anti('  sul  -  *  tinv.  ihove  the 
CascateUe  or  smaUer  waterfalls,  we  all  know  now  to 
have  formed  part  of  the  sanetuary  of  TTereiiles.    1>       I 

1h  iieve  tradition  to  u^  roirei  t  as  f;ir  as  the  existence  of  a 
\hla  of  Mtcnas  is  concerned,  aiai  i  aijnM^with  \1    erice 

\!(,^'rt       ill    ia'^niifv  inu    't     with     the    ^m--c;i  1  jrd    villa    ot 

4' 

l^jMifi].^  ti,,.  ^».,-raid  Ol!  th'^  (  hu'cianfi  mwA  oii  Ilic  \v(^vf<'rn 
slope  of  Mohh'  liJjM.h.  I  h''  MinniM-!^  a!i'l  \jiuc  oi  Ihe 
^vrtrk^   nf  a  rt    \\  ha-h    tin 


\all 


\  a  -h  h'. !    I  fi  if!  i    I!  nic    lo 


tiijir,   the   In-antx    of   it-   hM-atiMii.   the   \  M'W    it    eoniniands 
n^  far  a-  the  -o,-!.  and  a  certain  -nnilaritx   ol  con>trueliuli 
with  the  *•  Ilorti    Ma'ccnatiani '"   on   the   M-.inilinc.   favor 
'   l)t  vHli<  Tiburtitiii>  ijrtncipe  Awjuslu,  Pctri>,  'llu^rin,   I.sS,>. 


td^  f-:    l..\\  1)    (  )l'    U(  Hi,\('K 


83 


Albert '-    f  hcfH-v  ,       r 


eft-   art 


re<>   tci'raees.  no\' 


ia'^  l»-s 


h}  aneaad  olives,  the  hioiie>t  of  which  lie.>  l!).3  liielrc^ 
ah.uve  the  .^ea,  the  louot  171)  nieti-r^^.  (u'eat  wall-  of 
retienlaterl  inasoiirv  Mipport  the  esphiiiaih'.s.  (Uicc  laid 
end  m  -ar(haiN  with  hnintain>  and  hsji  pond.,  with  paths 
IiikmI   \)\  low  walls   of  (wcr^Teens  erossin;^' each  other  at 


The  middle  terrace  of  Ihe  vilhi  of  Mjecenas  on  the  Carciano  roaa.       From  a 

photo^'raph  by  Dr.  Thomas  Aslihy) 


right  ai^-h'..  and   \.  ilfi  prn-frail   hn^ts  of  la.fnh! 


i  heir  er<  s-sinirs   iii    Ih 


e  men  set 

^)^^'  ■"  'he  >sttape  (»!  heiana'.  The  ac- 
•'"hnf  i>\  !fi«-  <li-^.M)\  r-ne^  made  ifi  f  Iik  \  hhi  m  f  jir  fiine  of 
'  "^^  "^  ^  '^hd  Vui^  \  11  read-  like  a  rtnnance.  I  liave  in 
niv  hhrarv  a  ma  iinscript  \ohinic  of  the  corri'sptaidciice 
that  passfMl  In  the  vears  177^-1775  between  (.i!isrp|,c 
-Matthias,  the  owner  of  flu^  plae(\,  Donienico  de  An- 
U«'lis,  tlie  oxeavafor,  and  (iiovanni  Hattista  \iscontn 
the  Pope's  direeior  of  antl(iintit\s,  which  contain^  a  niass 


il 


i 


>i       WANDI  in\i.-    IN    nil.    IU)MA\    (AMPAi.XA 

<>1    III!  j  Hi  I  »1  I^Ih 'I  i     .lf{;ilU.        I    lie      Iim^cllMl     m|      ^ti({ll;ir\     W«*KS 

<  I  i^<'<  i\  (■!■('(  i    in   liic  niidiih'  }('rr;i('c.      I  lirrr  \\;i>  .-jii  AiMtllu 

(   itliarliLL'<lu>  »^urrt»uinlf<J  l»\   '^r\t'ii  -^ouL  dI'  nine     .Mu>c'>, 

n   li'irrliiH  l\-in^'  oil  n   jtnnf  lici''^  ^kiii.  i\    P,'ilhi>  A(Ih>]i<-u 

a    IIxl:*'!,-!.    ,'i    liuui't'    ot    llxpno^      SIccm)  .    a    ^mui*    (»l    a 

>!ltani>    and  a    Hacdia  nlc  hernia'  oi'    Anh>t  liene^.   Hias, 

Penaialer.     and     .I'.^ehine^.     and     headlcNN     hernia'     in- 

^erd»e(l    with    the   name--  of    PittaeiiN.   Sohni,   (  leohiihis, 

rhah'>,  Anaereon,  ('al»ria>,   PiNi>tratn>.    LxciirLTiiN.    Pin- 

dai'.    Areh!ta>.    Ilerniareii^.    and     I  )in^•eneN.     The    whoh' 

enheetHU!   w  a  >  |)nreha>ed   h\    Piii^  \'j   I'or  tlie  ^iini  ot'  hxc 

th()U>an!l  >(*U(h      -  one  twentieth  of  their  present  \ahie  — 

and   (^xhil>ite(l    in    the   SaL-i    (h'Me    Mii^e.    hnilt    e\|)^e>^Nlv 

troni  the  (h'^ii^-n^   of  Antonini    and    painteil    l)\    Kaphacl 

Menii:^.     The   l^-|eeh  le  lil'oii  |  >  alone  wa^   |)ll!-eha>e<|    l)Van 

ont>ider.  the  hanker  JenkniN.  f<»r  ^i\  iiiMhh'eil  ^(aah,  and 

re>ohl  to  an   l^n^liNh  eoIhM-lor  fo  ■  foiii"  thoiis.-ind. 

A  seeond  >eareh  nia<h'  1>\  l*iii>  \  I,  in  ITSH,  h'd  to  tla^ 
fuidiri^'  of  an  ei^'hth  Mii^e,  I  I'ania,  of  >onie  >tatn<v^  of 
K^'Vptian  >tyh'  ni  hL'iek  nia['l>h\  of  a  eroeo(hh'  in  toueh- 
^tuiic,  of  a  fraLi'niciil  tjf  a  fi'iczc  with  a  h'/.ard  and  a  froi;" 
r*roe] )in<X  or  h-apini;'  anion^"  aeanthii>  k\'i\('>,  and  of  two 
nnitih-ite<|  hernne  in^erike(l  with  the  nanie>  of  Phidias 
and  Hacehx  h(h'^.  A  h-i^t  hernia  of  Phito  eanie  to  hi^lit 
from  the  h>we^t   teiTaee  in   the  xcar   kS  M). 

There  are  three  ok>er\ation>  to  I  >e  ina(k'  apropos  of 
thi>  >[)h'ndid  >et  of  di>eo\('rie>.  (  )ne  refers  to  the  h/ard 
and  tlie  froi^-  x-iilptiired  on  the  frie/e  of  the  iiiKhHe  ter- 
race: the  >eeond  to  the  portrait  i^'aheiw  of  eminent  men; 
the  tliir<l  to  the  i:ronp  of  the  Mii^(\>. 

The  h/ar<l  craupo^'and  the  fro^-  ( /Sdrpa-s^os^  must  he 
(•()ii^i(h'red  a>  the  (h>^!ii><'(l  >ii^-natui'e>  of  Saurii>  and 
Batraehii>.  the  faxoriti'  arti^t>  of  Amj^irsfiis,  who  in- 
tru.^ted  to  them   the  (k'-^iu'iiinii",  earvnii'",  and  ('rc"ctin<:  of 


1111'     f  AM)    (  )|-     IK  )1L\(  !■: 


85 


the  tempk>  ol   .hnulrr  and  Jun..  in  the  portico  of  ()cf;i- 

via.     Ph'ny  say>  thai  a^  they  were  (kaiied  the  pn\iie-v  ..f 

Niunm^'  then-  work>  with  theii'  names,  they  hit  npon  the 

(k'vice  of  car\  in-'  .•  nionn'  the  fhitino>  of  th(^  cohimnv  their 

(/r///c//vr.v    /Hirla/il,s.    These    .^io-ns    appx'ar    ahso    in     the 

floral  (k'coratioii   of  tlicAra    Paci>,  an(»tlier   ?na-terpiece 

of  the  Anu'ii^tan   a;''e.     We 

must      therefore      coiisfdcM' 

their  presence  in  the  frie/e 

of  this  \illa  on  the  ( 'arciano 

road  as  an  additional  pi-oof 

that  it  dates  from  the  >ame 

perio(k  and  that   plan  and 

decorations     wci'c     proka- 

kly  intriistcil  k\   the  prime 

nn'nister    to     his     ma>ti'r\s 

kivorite  artists. 

As    i'eii'ar(U    the    portrait 
busts  of  eminent    men,  in- 
scrilxMl  with   their   names, 
it  is  true  that  tli(W   are  occask)nally  k)un(k  single  or  in 
couples,  on    the   sites   of   ok!    lioman   ,o-ardens;   kut    no- 
where in  such  numkers  and  in  such    distinct   icononra- 
phic  sets  as  at  'llkur.    The  first  of  tlu\se  portrait  i^alleries 
was  discovered    at    tlie  end    of    the    lifteentli   centur\     in 
Hadrian's  Nilla.    Some  of  the  hei'unr  perisluMJ  in  the  lime- 
kilns: nin(^  were  removed  to  a    rural  cha|)el  of  the  M'riiin 
on   the   road    to   Tivoli,    w  hcri^    they   wen^  descriked   kv 
Martin  Sied(M'  in  IMKl:  five  more  wcrt^  discoveiHMl  in  l.>.)() 
ky  (iiamkattista  Altoxiti.  son  of  Hindo  the  kankca-.  and 
sold  to  Pope  Julius  III.  to  ke  set  up  at  tlu^   crossinoN  (»f 
the  o-arden    paths    of  the  \'illa  diulia  out>i(le  tlu^  Porta 
del   Popolo.    ldi(^   second  set  was  k)nn<l  in  a  di>ti'ict  on 
the  right    kank   of   the  Anio,  called    ^m  Pesoni,"  anion*-- 


Mirrclla  Lanciani  del. 


'rjlLTIlKMif  (if  ;i   iVi<vc  \\\']\  til''  (txj.ti, 


bo       WAMH.iaMi-    i\     ilii.    iU)AlAN    (  AMi'At.AA 


li  }  >|  K> 


v>>r»l  it.>  lia\c'  iK-luiii^\'il  lit  the 


(  ';ilpuriin  Ti^oiH'^.  'Ilir  thi!'<I  i>  flir  one  frotn  ATrrcciu'iN's 
\i!l;i  at  ('ar<iaiu»,  now  rxhibitcd  in  the  Sala  (KIU;  Mu>e 
at  tilt'  \  at  let  1 1. 

In  H(  >!iit' tlua'c  w  (M'c  a  t  l('a>t  two  icoiio^rapliic  ^cts, — • 
i)]\v  111  tilt'  u~ar<ltai>  ot'  tin'  ^aiiic  >ta ttv^iiiaii  on  the  lvs(|!ii- 
lint'  [[\\v  Ilorti  Ma'ctMiiani),  and  one  m  llic  ( lai'dcUN  of 
Ca'>ar  on  tlif  .lanicnlnni.  1  lia\t'  niN^cIf  Ixu'n  in>trti- 
nu'ntal  In  rt'co\tM"inu'  ni;in\  litaana'  tVoni  hotli  plaoo, 
^ncli  ;i^  tht^  «>nt'  Ix^arin^  tlif  nanit.'  ot'  Anaci't'on  ,  ANAKPEQN 
AVPiKOC)  t'oiiiid  111  ISSI-  in  a  li;ill  t)|"  hasijic.-d  t\|M> 
HI  the  loXNtT  part  ot  tilt'  Ilorti  ("a'>ari>,  wlihli  had  <•>- 
<;!|H'd  di^coxtTN  1)\  toi'iiuT  t'\ploi'<'!'<,  ^ndi  a^  the  M;n"- 
<'lif^o  \itt(>ri  ;ind  tilt'  (";!rdin;il  AlfN^jndfo  I'\-i  riio^o  ni 
the  ^ixtt'onth  ooiitnrx  and  (  i  la  ml>;i  tt  i^ta  (iindi.  the  la^t 
m^pt'ctor  of  ;tnti<]nitu'^  nndor  l*n]->  l\.  m  Is,")}).  Tiif 
titidin^  ol  tilt'  lorn  Id'  i^  tliii^  do^cnhcd  }(\  Mann  mo 
\:H-ra:  '*!n  the  \nM-\;ird  of  tlio  Xrltofi.  itfi  Iho  nL:lit 
i>ank  <>1  tilt.'  .1  d>cr,  oUL-^idt'  anti  nt^'ar  Lhi'  I'tnia  P«Mto-r, 
TliniU"  >t;i  tn»"''>    ;ind   I  H  )rt]';i  it  lif'nd^  of  (•]]!  prrofv  ;ni,  i   | 


i!  i  !'  I  H  I  -« '  I  \      I  !  i 


(  >- 


w  '  t 


*    I 


M  > 


M    t  Iflf^     f  )t       (    }  H  -v. 


t    h<  '    -*  ■«  -I  i     a  i     f  lii  ■     \   r  1 


'O  [  tl  i  t  M'--      h  J  \  1  ■     '  H  't  'h      1  ou  I  H  1     I  i  ill  rt  ';m  t  M 

V  ^".    p:ii:M't'   ii,-:i  r   \\ii-    Pn  i;|  !,,'<  m;  :   Unl    t  h'-    f  h  -a    par!    oi'   Iha 
set  iia.>  ;•*'«[!  iniroliasod  foi*  iiii'  I  .^mf'^f^  nin^<Mnn." 
Tlic  till!  I   coiiM  it  ration  refers  to  the  tiiid  to^  of  IIh' 

-Mu^L'^,  Wii!'!!  ^iiu\\>  al  iHicc  f!i;'!  lli*-  Xiiin  i.n  fhr  (/ai- 
cunn)  rt>;id  [iiM^f  li:!\r  ]  .eh  ti:_-ff  j  h*  ;i  p;i !  ri<  ■!.:  n  <  a'  L:r«'at 
wt-aitn.  Alanj^  i/iLizon>  u  lax*  abk'  u>  iairclia^t'  u  >{.ihi''  or 
fwc)  for  tilt'*]'  ]|Mn>^r>N  Miid  L:',-!rd«'n^.  Wo  ^]\:i]]  ^r«'  Ml  fli{» 
ohaptt'f"  on  L;i  nrt'ntniii  Ih.w  tlio  ownt'i-  u\  "  (^utjtjii  Kk'- 
na'^  oottau't'  at  that  litth"  >t\'i<id(^  plaro  wa>  sati:>^fitMl 
\\itli  tilt'  possession  of  one.  a  markk'  (•t>p\  of  Mxi'on's 
ki'onzt'  l)iscoi)olus.  kilt  onl\    tlicffw    wIkj  liad  accnnin- 

^  Memor.,  ')ti. 


'kHi:    I  AX!)    OF    IIUKACE 


87 


!      ! 


^   '  •oUhl    1  !H  I  a  I 


*'  i^'  MM-  hi\!i vx  i a'  \ H 


O  I  i      )  > 


'^''    ""'~^''  "I'    ill'-    MllM-s.,,f    III,.    \i,,l,;,|, 

"I    III.'  •..■liil-H.I.-.ilr,!    I,^^    K,,,..  An,-,lu..  l.ui'uJ-  Ur    • 


p  h  ( •  I  i 


'J'he  l)u.sl  of  Aiiacreon  discovered  by  tlie  author  in  the  Gardens  of 

Ca?sar  in  1884 


ksiinnir  fki-  u  ik!  k<-; 


T\v 


\\t'^\ 


nn H '[•(_•([  i:«jn  or  cieveii 


of     \ 


!!  ^^''  '^d'l  h*  Ilir  f!i;in'('>  of  tla^  niiit^  -i^ttM--  lliose 
*'•"<>  '^^^d  .a'  fhr  hor-.r  Pr-n. ii^-  tlir  seroiak  nknul 
^'^'^^'\i\\-\^nu\  ifirhidni-  ApoNo.  Diaiai.  Xiokr,  h^uvW.'u 
sn!]K  and   dan-htr!'^.    uifh    tlirii'   tiitta'-^  and   -ox crni'sses 


88      \\\\l>ilM\n<   TX   111!     !:mm\\    (   \\ii'\«.\\ 

A\-r   !!i;i\    1h'   ^wvr    tli.'it    \^  « '    li;i\<'    1"'  <if.!l    Willi    tli«'  u^[;!h'  oi 
;in    f'!ii|,(T(>i'   nf    n\    :i     \\<'.-illli\    |  »:i  t  vi  ( 'Ui  I ! .      >Ui'\\    \\:\>  (Im" 

(■;i  vc    ;i  f    \\\]<   vilhi     o!!    [  )if    (    .M'cl.l  Ih  »     I'n.ni. 

I'lir  rrihlt'/\  < 'II-  ii»r  llii-  liniit;!!!}  uro'ip  «»}'  hh-ii  «>f  f1i*^ 
Anun-i.in  :i^r  wa-  Llit^  iuit.iu''  «'!  ^  xnlhi,!.  hm'^I.-m  .iit 
t!it'  n^ht  }.;ink  f'f  flic  !M\^«']'  <*ti  IIm^  (^li  ill  I  i!  m  h<  '  rn;i.L  in'-r 
aiiJ    under    the   sii^nrh;!!!    nioiKi-ls  r\    •'!    "^-M      \nhMno, 


/ 


TL 


nl  iianie  wn-  1 1-  -Ua  ,  her  ri<::lii 


of  Propertius,  whose  mistress  she  a].jH  -  t  »  have  been 
for  \ho  <|)aee  of  five  vears;  her  chief  eharaeteristie,  ner- 
vousness. Cvnthia  coukl  not  Hve  in  her  town  house  on 
the  EsquiHne  for  more  than  two  or  three  weeks  at  a 
time,  rushinj,^  in  her  restU\ssness  now  to  tlie  Arteniisium 
at  Xemi  for  the  cokl-water  cure,  now  to  Pneneste  to 
consult  the  oracle,  now  to  Tusculum  and  Lanuviuni  for 
a  chanire  of  air,  and  now  to  Baiiie  for  the  sake  of  its  hot 
s[)rings.  She  used  to  fly  from  place  to  place  m  an  esseda 
drawn  by  Gaulish  ponies,  followed  by  a  retinue  of  ser- 
vants and  dogs.  This  last  i)recaution  was  considered 
necessarv  because  of  the  insecuritv  of  the  roads.  Her 
lover  himself  mentions  the  danger  of  the  journey  from 
RometoTibur  in  ''Elegies,"  iii,  10.  Having  })een  once 
summoned  at  sunset  to  join  her  in  haste,  he  debates  with 
himself  which  is  the  lesser  evil  to  face,  —  the  wrath  of 
Cynthia  at  his  not  obeying  the  summons,  or  the  risk 
of  meeting  highwaymen,  who  at  that  time  infested  the 
neighborhood  of  the  sulphur  springs  (the  Aquae  Al- 
bulse).  Love  conquers  fear,  and  the  poet,  having  safely 
crossed  the  dangerous  district,  hails  the  familiar  outline 
of  Cynthia's  cottage  just  as  the  sun  rises  over  the  tem- 
ple-crowned top  of  the  iEfuhe  mountains. 

Cynthia  dearly  loved  her  Tiburtine  retreat,  facing  the 


/ 


i 


VIEW  FROM  THE  TERRACE  OF  CYNTHIA'S  VILLA  AT  SANT' 

ANTONIO 


THE   LASij    i>i'    iiulLVcE 


91 


W 


falls  of  the  Anio.    Perhap>.   ilu    :,ound  ui    the  rushing 

wnfrr<.  iHinio  fn  |  t  r  in  the  stillness  of  ^]u^  ni(rht  by  the 

niMinitiim   breeze,  soothed  licr  uurvc^  ana  luiknl   h.  r  to 

bicfp.     l*.<jiKij|\     rpnowTicvl    fiu'   -nicHisf    liiH-n^v,    l>.T-Miial 
afh-achi»ii-,;iiHl  ur^^lirwui-x  ni  Kh'  '^ra-ta-  Paiiadi-  aric^,"' 

bhc    IS    collilKfrrii     hy     p!'()j)(>iil!l-     fu    the     Al^a  1 11 1  >| )]( 1*  w     III 

thr   art    nt"   Niiitiiiiti,  aihi    fo   (  "oi-iniia    lur   litrr;ir\ —n-caii- 
plishiiit'iiLs.    Nu  uwv  ua/inu'  at  her  hliie  e}e>.  (»r  li-tciniiir 
to  her  words  of  w  .-Iconic,  could  escape  Iicj-  tax-iiin  ta  ai. 
EviMi  society  small-talk  would  bccuiiic  a  daiiitv  niUMrnl 
j)hrase  when   littered  hy  licr  lips,  and   would  call  forth 
j)retty  speeclies  in  return.    We  can  picture  in  imagina- 
tion the  ho>*t(\ss,  excjuisite  of  form  and  fc^atunv^,  with  the 
lissomeness  of  a  younu'  .U'ii'K  receivinii^  her  ^luvsts  on  the 
terraci^  overlookini--  the  precipic(\  where  howls  of  ro>es 
and  hunches  of  violet>  made  the  air  redolent   with  the 
scent  of  May.    Ilei-  next-door  nei^-hhors  wtM'c  (^uintilius 
Varus  on  onc^  side  and   the  poet   (/atullus  on   tlie  other; 
l)ut   her  chief  circle  of  ac(juaintances  end)race<|   evei-\ 
villa  owner  who  was  not   f(4tered  hv  matrimonial   ti(\s. 
\arus  was  not  tln^  n'ema-al  slain  in  the  forest  of  l\aito- 
l)nrii\  ^vith  tlu^  pick  of  tlu^  Roman  army,  hut  a  kinsman, 
a  literary  critic  whos(^  intimacy  with  Horace,  Viroil,  and 
Catullus    makes    us    believe    that    they   also   partook    of 
Cynthia's    hos[)itality,    whose    o-arden    o-ate    thev    were 
oblio-ed  to  pass  on  their  way  to  Quiiitiliolo.    Her  list  of 
visitors  nmst    have   im-ludiMl  also   MieccMias,  the  primc^ 
Humster;  Tibnllus,  who  us(m1  to  drive  over  from  PimIuui 
(Callicano);    (\)rnelins    (iallns,    the    concjUtM-or    of    the 
Soudan;   P.  Sulpicius  Quirinius,  tlu^  (.Governor  of  Svria 
at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  Saviour;  not  to  mention 
Catullus,    whose    villa    is    placed    hy    the    liish)rians   of 
'rivoli  on  the  site  of  Sant'  Anc^elo  di  Piavola.    Viro^il  and 
Horace  cannot   have  been   brilliant  companions.    One 


92      \VAM)KHIN(.S   IN    THE    ROMAN    (  AMPA(iNA 


The  lower  terrace  of  the  villa  of  Mieceiias.     (From  a  photo<,'rai)h  by 

Miss  Dora  Hulwer) 

sutiered  from  angina  pectoris,  the  other  from  eyes  "Hj)pi 
.^    !'  fl  lentes,"  so  that  Au^rnstus,  in   wliose  suite  they 

occa-h  n.ulv  ir.ivt  ii.   i,  used  to  say  that  he  was  followed 
l,v-iu]i<nnl  fears.     Hul  the  conver^nfintMni  iliat  garden 

t'Ti'ace   <-«'!'[;i  m!  ^    <}i'i    M<*f    l:ick    l)ri;i;ln  im---   .nh!    Hit.  !■(•--!. 


w  •  ■;  t  • 


I    )   !    I 


« •    :!('!■(  M  I  f  I  f 


IlijMl!-.    <i|     \\ii-    fiiWy)    I  }\     (  ^i  liri  I  i  1  11  '^, 


■  wnff. 


1:   !  .\    I  h  »i-;m'<'  in  l  >r;ii-P  nf  rHU^  of 


(-\|  >i*  >;  [-  ;  h   !  lit'  re^i'  >n  •  •!    Km 

iliv  ni;t  ii  htT^  ti !  M  1   -1  i  I  If! 

1 1  !-  ciii-ionN  to  ]!ntr>  th.it  f  liT'  >;r-;nit^'  ;H"r(.!ii!t<  w(^  pnsj^c^s^s 
r«'-[»«'<-tin^  tilt'  <-;ii-(M"r  «»!'  (i.illn-,  linii-fll'  ;i  pnrt  ot  no 
Tn*';in  u'CMiin^,  ;ir«'  to  !•<•  Ini!n<l  m  \iruil,  Proper!  mi>,  nnd 
(  )\  id.  .-ill  [);irt;ik<'r-  of  (  A  nt  Inn'^  lio^pit.-ilit  \  .  (  i;i  lln^  w  ;is 
of  ol)><-nr<'  .•iii(«'Ntr\  :  hut  tiritlmr  inodf^tx  of  l>iiili  nor 
po\('rt\  of  incanN  prcx  f ntctl  lii>  ciitci-inLi^-  tlm  court  cn-clcs 


j 


4 

1 


'IHi:    I.AXI)   OF    I1()UA(  E  !>; 

at  la>t  and  gaining  I'avor  with  the  Emperor.  In  the 
Kgyptian  campaign  against  Antonv  ]w  distiinnn.^hcd 
himself  at  the  comjuc^t  and  (k'fence  of  the  harl)or  of 
Para^oninm.  for  which  (^xph)its  he  was  rewarded  with 
tlie  fir.st  gov(M'nor>hip  of  the  coiKjuered  hind  of  the  Xilc. 
Hiln  great  stroke  of  fortune  and  this  great  proof  of 
ini|)erial  good  wil!  seem  to  liave  turned  his  ht^ad.  He 
talked  {on  ninrh  .nMl  {oo  loud  of  ium^clf  to  please  InA 
l"'neiael<ir:  ninl  ()\i,r  nccu>;es  hiin  of  ufSi'inir  fre;i- 
sonal»!e   «.p,'.'i  h.'.   iinHrr   Ifie   udlnence  of   drink.     TJieii 


o  J  h  ? 


Ill, 


n 


le   rflu'lhou^    eif 


<    'V  (    )| 


\\  cH  his  expedit  inn  airain- 
tl-nH*|M,!is  and  Thebes,  in  u  hirh  Ik-  unhilgtHl  m  acts  of 
waiilou  eruelty  and  robixiy.  XAierins  T.anni'"^,  forTTiprlv 
his  confidential  friend,  denounced  him  to  Augustus,  by 
whom  Gallus  was  forbidden  to  enter  the  imperial  pal- 
ace. Gallus  could  not  endure  the  disgrace,  and  killed 
himself  with  his  sword,  much  to  the  reirret  of  Aucrustus 
who  had  certainly  not  foreseen  such  a  denouement. 
That  Callus  ten  years  before,  at  least,  was  neither  a 
violent  nor  a  dishonest  man,  is  shown  by  the  wording  of 
the  dedication  of  Virgil's  tenth  eclogue  to  him.  It  is  true 
thai  (hi  apology  of  Gallus,  coiilauied  nt  flip  lailer  part 
of  Hii^  er]nn'iu\  was  changed  l^x  Vir-il.  in  obedience  to  an 

^^''perial   .■o»nt'i;(|n!.   iuhi   ike    lAiiile  nf   Aiishuu-:    kiif    fhi•^ 


i  ■!  r< -1 1  n  i-.f ; 


-'■'  '    \  )!" 


oV(^s  1e^^   tlio   n-iiilf  of  G:dlll<   tha 


i  I    i 


fh:.f 


t  f 


'  ■     !'e(  'Oi  h  ■!   !  lo}  j     n  I      ( i  i  v     <  i  i  r  f      \\  ;i  > 


)an! 


to   A 


n  i  r 


iiru 


I  I  i 


i  he  ^ite  of  (lie  \  i|l;i  ;i(  Tihur,  w  here  L\-eori-  and  (  ialhi^ 
pass,(v]  so  !uan\    h.-  ppv  -uinnaM's,  js  uot  kn(e^\-n. 

(^uii'iniu^,  w  ho.se  nanu'  has  b(H'n  made  kiniou< 
^l!'"<^iigh  the  Chi'isflnn  world  k)y  the  lin(\s  in  Luk(^  i\ 
C'and  it  came  to  j)ass  in  tho.«>e  davs  that  there  wi^d  out 
a  (hM'ree  from  (k'l^s.ir  Augustus,  that  all  tlii^  world  should 


94     \VA\i)i:iM\<.-  i\    rni:  homax  (  \Mr\(;\A 


1m'  tiixiMl.     Aihl   tliK  hixiiiii"  \\;i>  fiiv^l   iiuk 


](•   ul 


ICII 


Q 


niiiN  \\;i>  ^(»\(M-ii(>r  n\  >\ri;i"),  h.id  his  villa  (Mit>hl<'  lli 
lN)rta   Koinaiia,  oil  the  road  to  I'oiitc  Lucaii 


c 


o,  wiieri 


liiM'riptioii  ck'^cTihiiii:"  hi>  iiiihtary  and  poh'tical  career 
\\a>  (li>eo\-ere(l  in  17(5 1-.  laike  eont'us(\s  th<^  iini\e!-s;il 
eeii>us  {\\i'  iin  Hsunif/o  fof/ N.s  orhls  taken  1 ) \  -^^'"'pi'ii "^ 
eomiii.-iiid  ill  the  year  \f!)-^JS  h.  c,  with  th(^  spiM'ia]  eensns 
<>t*  Pah'>tiiie  taken  }>y  (^nirinins  in  a.  d.  .").  'Idii.N  t';inioiis 
ineniljer  ot*  the    I'ihurtine  eotei'ie  had   \)vvi\   married    to 


1^ 


n  n  i  1  a 


I 


I 


ehida,    wnoni 


he    d 


iNoreiMi     m 


tl 


le     \("a 


r     1 


Twcntx  \ear>  hitiM*  he  hroii^ht  another  aeeii>ation 
ai^ain^t  her.  and  thi>  re\'eni:-et*nl  eoiKhiet  ean>ed  ^reat 
di>atlVetion   anioni'-   hi.>  i'riend>.     lie  (h'ecl  in  a.   d.   2\. 


ri-« 


The  reach'!"  wlio  is  not  eonviM'sant  witli  aneit^nt  nian- 


nei's  and  eiiNtom>  nia\' 


1 


)e  eiirions 


to  1 


<  n  o  w    w 


hetl 


ler  in 


H 


onian 


la>l 


1)1 


tl 


iionahie  eirele>  mere  were  an\    soeia 


1   f 


lUK 


Li 


)ns  eorre>|)ondinii*  to  our  at'tei'iioon   iva  and  card  par- 


ti 


e>, 


Tl 


le  (|uei'\'  seems  almo-«t   \iili'ar  and   irrevercMit.  in 


\"ie\\  of  the  [)ro|)er  diii'iiity  ot'  an  areha'oloi^ieal  hook. 
Ilo\ve\<'r.  a>  I''or>\  th  ha^  alreadx  remai'ked,  '*  Wc  are  too 
apt  to  clothe  the  ancients  in  hnckram,  and  view  th(Mn, 
a>  it  woi'e.  tlirouo-h  a  ma <4"n i fy i n o- u'la ss,  so  that  tlie\  h)om 
hetore  n>  m  the  dim  distance  in  almost  colo>sal  propor- 
tions. But  we  torii'ct  that  they  wei'c  nuMi  verv  much  hk(^ 
our>elves.  and  accustomed  to  talk  and  act  like  ordinarx' 
mortals.  Pa>cal  >ay>,  with  a>  much  truth  a>  wit,  '  ( )n  ne 
>*imau*ine    d'ordinaire    INaton    et    Aristote    (jiTaNec    des 


i:']'ande>    rooes,    (^t    comme    des    person  na^e>    tou]ours 
;j;ra\'e>  et  ^(''rieux.    ("('taieiit  (riioiinetes  i^'cus.  (jui  riaient 


out  fait 


comme  les  autre>  avee  leur>  anii.>;  et  <|iiand  il 

leiir  loi>  et  leur>  traites  de  pohti(jue,  e'a  ('t(''  en  sc  jouaiit 


et  pour  >e  < 


1 


lixert 


ir 


It 


i>  curious  a 


nd  interest iuii'  t 


o 


^   W.  Fi)r">\t]i,  ITnrfrtisius,  r.oriiloii.  "Murr.iv.   JS^'),  p.  \iii. 


/ 


i 


' 


THE    J.AM>    ()!■     n()HA(  } 


95 


trace  the  >iii;ijant 


\\\ 


\   in  matters  of  evcry-d.-iy  pracfice  1 


M 


^'^'Ji   ancient   and    modiM'ii   times,   and   oftta 
tud 


1    We    sccni 


while    ^tlHl\i!!^•    the    cL'Is.MCs,    to    1 


>e   readmi!'   w 


liat 


have  happeiKMJ  yestenhiy.    Nothin.o-  tends  so  forcil,] 

this   to   make   i, 

ancients. 


mi'jii 


t 


\   as 


i>   realize   the   past  and    live    amon^•    tl 


M 


J     1 


First.  tli(Mi.  as  to  refresh  men  ts  a  tfashionahleoati 


lave  m  m\  co 


licet 


ion  an  unpuMished 


ieriii<i>,, 
f 


drawini*'  oi  a 


samovar  (lisco\-er(M 


I  not 


far    f 


rom 


I 


erracma,   so 


elepint  in   shape  and  so 
rich  in  matcM'ial,  that  t' 
t rom  l)elon<»in<>'  t 


ir 


o  a  com- 


mon 


t/i, 


>l 


(■rf//()j)()/nni/.'  it 
must  hav(*  come  straio-ht 
from  the  houdoir  of  a 
ladv  of  rank.    Hie  drink 


1 


1 


)r(wve(i    m    such    \(\ss(1s 


was   ca 


lied   r(fh/ 


(I   or   cd- 


l((l(U    and     consisted     of 


iNored   with 


hot  water   fl. 


pic(\s  OI"  aromatic  hei'hs 


lik« 


til 


eour  tilia  or  canionnh 


i  1 1  f  I 


isions. 


\V 


me  was  o 


f- 


ten    served    with    it,    hut 

separateh",  so  as  to  lea\'e        Ancit-nt  \(^>m'1  tm-  hoi  drink- 


io 


illh!    wvwr 


tl 


ic   <Miests   tlic  choicr  of 


•  TiacHia. 


Hit'     \1('\\ 


■"!!;   :i  li   !!ii 


lat 


niampuiatmo'    the    mix- 
ture to  suit  tluar  tast 


])iil»li>li('(i  draw 
the  author) 


111^'     111     I  UV     i  i(  iv-fv^l,  ,;,    ,,t 


e  or 


the  season.    The  heating-  a|)paratu 
and     the   vtvsscl    in    which    the   hot    wat 


s  was  naiiUMi  nciimn 


er   was 


// 


frpsd. 


I^)ett 


kept 


(lU- 


i!_l"er    says    on    this    suhject,    *'Jt    i,s    (juite 


ere(hl)le  that  the  aiicicaits  had  something-  to  matcl 


1  our 


A  coFiitiion  >li().)  wlkTc  lu)t  (lrliik> 


could  hv  ubtaiiied. 


!Mi       W  ANDKIM.VC^    IX     rili:    HOMAX    ('AMI'At.XA 

h\i  (M-  (•()(?( M'  v('r\- !(•(>»  "  ;  '  ;iihI  n'[ )]'()(] uc<\s  IVoni  []\c  "  ^\\\>v() 
l^)rl){)nicu/  ill,  (i.S,  thr  >1i.i[k'  of  [\n^  hron/c  >;mi()\ar  of 
Poinprii.  one  of  tlic  i]io>t  clc^-cint  >j)('ciin(Mi>  of  !(>  kind. 
Tlu'  oiH'  li(M-t'  iH^piTx'iitcd,  (li>cov(M-(M|  iKMi'  TtMi-aci  1  i.'i ,  is 
now,  I  }»('li('\('.  in  i\\v  possrs.sion  of  the  kin<''  of  Den- 
nuirk. 

We  know   w  Init  Ilor.'M(''>  sc.ih^  of  .1  |)|)r(M'i.'ition  wa>  on 
[\\v  >nl»jtMt  of  a   W('ll-fnrni>litMl  cclk'ir.    Tlic  clioiccst  of 

all  Italian  wines,  ac- 
(•()r(lin!4'  ^<>  '">  ta>t(\  was 
llic  ( 'a'cnhan,  from  llic 
[)<>|)la  r  -  iranicd  \  incs 
,ur(>\\n  in  tlic  swanips 
of  Ani\  cla'  in  (  'anipa- 
n  la  .  I  Ir;i(  1\  and  ^■('n('^- 
01  is  and  r('^('!"\«M!  foi- 
<i'r«'.-if  haiKjUfU.  il  I'c- 
( |i  iii'rd  a  l(  )]\'j;  ^c.'i  N(  MM  III:', 
llcIM  '('       f  he       r  \  1  trc-'^h  M  I 

"\sto!"t'(l  .s(ill  in  our 
l;t;i  I h  Uii'c'^  1  »m ■^.  n -■»-d 
in    (  )( jc-    ill,   -J7  ,   il  n<  i    i, 

I  I  \\';i-  Ix'A'Mnd  !li«' 
f !  M  ■ ;  I  h  ^ ,  ;  I  !  M  i  hi' 
<  'oi  1  Id  1  c'l  ->f  (in  if  <  Mil  \  ;i  I 
M  a"(  ■rn.'i  ■-  ^  f  ;i  1  (Ic  or  tin 
}  "o.-i  rd  hi>  u'a  lh\  .  N  cxf 
n.  urow  n    on    (lie  >oii  ( li- 


Tili:    LAXI)    OF    HOUAC  K 


97 


MM' 


Ancient  vessel  tor  hot  »lrink>  luund  near 
Terracina.     Sectional  view 


(•;i!n<'  !!m'  ^^)r■!nl;ln  and  l"';dfrni.-i  n 
crn  slojjo  ol  tia'  liilU  di\  idini:'  (anipania  from  Latinni 
—  ficrrr.  ronuli.  tirry  wiiio.  which  lir  r«'conim«'nd>  mi\- 
inu  with  tilt"  milder  l»raiid>  from  C  liio^  of  SiiiTcntiim, 
or  swt'ctcnini:  and  diiiitinu'  witli  liomw  from  Mount 
Hynu'ttns.    Idic  lowot  in  hi>  tvstiniatioii  wa.>  llir  Albaii, 


' 


which  he  u^scd  a>  ''vin  dc  tahlc."  'idic  Knijx'ror  him- 
self—  sn[)])osino'  he  had  honored  with  his  presence  the 
,nath(M'inn\s  at  ^Hhiir  -— wonld  have  checked  any  con- 
vivial m(M-riment  with  his  ahstemioiisness.  As  his  hio- 
uraphcM-  c(M-tilies,  he  would  have  accepted  from  his 
hostess  only  '\j  slice  of  bread  dipped  in  cold  water,  or 
a  slice  of  cticiiml)(M',  or  the  heart  of  a  lettuce,  or  an 
unripe  apple."  ^ 

Social  names  wvw  j)ursu(Ml  not  onlv  as  a  recreation 
hut  also  with  tlu^  hop(^  of  (rain.  Those  of  hazard  had 
])ecome  a  j)erm'cious  mania,  to  which  the  happiness 
and  fortuii(\s  of  manv  were  sacrihced.  In  other  and 
mor(^  innoctMit  u^ames  success  depended  on  th(^  skill  of 
the  players.  'Idn^  most  popular  and  danoxM'otis  was  the 
throwing  of  dice  id/ra).  Juvenal  savs  that  enormous 
sums  were  lost  in  this  kind  of  j)]ay.  It  was  considered 
more  or  les.s  illicit,  and  persons  who  allowed  namhlin"- 
in  their  hoirscs  could  not  lodo-e  le^al  complaints  cNcn  in 
ca.se  of  violence  and  robbery.  Hut  the  law  was  trans- 
ixres^cd  in  pri\;itc.  exiai  in  tlir  imperial  palace,  some 
(»t  the  empcfcH's  bemo'  passiuiialcl V  devoted  io  L'anie> 
<'i    ehanrr,    hke   ('hiidnis.   wlio  wrote  a    niaiund   «mi   tlit^ 

Here.  aL!'.*iiN.  -iippo-in^  Anu'Ustus  to  liave  b(Mai  a  vis- 
d<»r  at  (  yfifhin  «-  \  iii.-i.  we  know  whnt  line  of  conduct  he 
Would  ha\e  foHowed  if  challenu'e<l  to  take  a  -lia]-e  in 
social  tana's,  Sueloniiis  >;iys  that  he  \n'\cv  ma<h*  a  [)]-e- 
tence  to  dishkc  tho>c  of  chance;  on  the  contrinw.  he 
played  openly  and  simply  for  tlu^  pleasure  of  it,  to  the 
cud  of  his  lit'e,  not  only  at  the  law  ful  time  of  the  Satur- 
nalia, but  on  ev(U*y  feast  day.  1 1  is  correspondence  with 
Fiberius  abounds  in  interivstinti'  (h^tails,  especially  about 
the  making  of  a  pool  anions'  playi^rs  and  about  his  per- 

•    Suetonius,  Octar.,  77. 


ns     \VAM)i:in\(,<  IN    iHi:  roman  (  ampac.na 

son.'il  profit,  .'iiid  l()>M'..  Of  proiif.  IImmv  wciv  none,  l,e- 
cauic  ul  lii>  kmdne-x  ;nHl  -vnero-^iU  tow.irds  Ihc  ^'iu«>{s, 
ns  .lioun  hv  till.  lV;ii:ni(Mit  of  ;i  letter  to  liis  .'hMpted  son: 
**\\('  Ii.'mI  .1  ple.-i>.-int  iiHiNiiudtrus  [the  x-liool  holid.-i vs, 
Marcli  \\)~-l:)u  phivni-'  exerv  dav  and  inakinir  the  (H(V 
room  hot.  Tliv  brother  \\a>  h)ndlv  in  (h>>pan-.  althoniih 
hrs  lo.M's  were  not  hcavv.  1  h)>t  Tny>elt*  tweiitv  thon- 
>and  M'>t('re(\s[ss()()L  which  i-  not  cxaetlv  true,  hecanse, 
'i''<l   I    fi<»^  niadt'  i;'o()<l    th(^  h).ses    of  >onie  of  the  ^-ncsts. 


sjooo 


In    his 


I    >honld    lia\('    won    fifty    thonsand 
ohi    a-v    he    IxM-anie    fond    al>o   of    ph-i\inn-   a    sixvicvs   of 
ottcrv  w  ith  pri/es  consisting-  of  ohjects  of  vahie.  cnrios- 
itics,  siirprj.es.  etc..  whicli    lie  pro\  ided   himself.    Some- 
times he  ol)||n-ed  his  u'ncsts  to  hid  for  a  |)ictni-e  of  w  hicji 
only  the  hack  conid  he  seen:  sometimes  he  would  him- 
self wi-ite    tht^   lahels   to    he    drawn    l)\   the   uncMs,  which 
m>iir<'d  them  the  posxwsion  of   the  most  \aried  ohject.s, 
>uch    a>   "'rohcs,    silver,    i^old.    sponircs,    rar(-   coiirs   and 
mecl.'d-.  -ci-soi-s,  pictnres.  <  iirlin-'  iroir.,  hoe.  or  rakcs  of 
the  kind  nscd  \)\   hakers  In  sfirrin--  the  ashes  of  the  o\en, 
and   sheets  of  hair-cloth."    'Jdicse  lotteries   were  drawn 
especiallx   at  the  time  (»f  the  SatniMialia,  the  cla.si.-  e.-ir- 
m'val,  the    he^'innin-'  of    which    had    jnst    heen    fixed    h\ 
Anun.tns  ,it  the  stwenteenth  da\   of  l)ecend)er. 

It  ^^<'  ^i<l<l  h>  th(^s(^  pl(\asant  distract  loirs  ;i  ^.-ime  of  t(^n- 
m-.  we  h.-ive  exhansted,  I  !,(>lie\('.  the  snl)jecl  of  social 
.i^"'""«'"  iJi  IIh'  <kiy>  \\hen  ('xnthia's  tci-racc^  was  crowded 
with  xilla-hiiildcrs  of  the  An-Mistan  a-v.  Tennis  was 
^i'»t  [)layed  then  nnder  onr  own  I'lilcs,  noi-  with  the  lieh) 
ot  racket.;  it  was  nioi-c  a  nnhl  ux  innast ie  exer<-ise  than 
"|***i"h  '1  here  can  he  no  doiiht  that  tennis  phixers  in 
(.r(MCf^  and  lioine,  while  mdnl-im:  m  a  i:ame  of  halh 
^''"'  ^li  VI. w\  the  training  of  their  hodics  tor  health. 
vi--or.    .nid    -racc^   of   movement     ratlicr    than    anvthin"- 


' 


'illi:    \.\\\)    OF   1K)J{A(  i:  99 

el>e:  and  that  the  sig-ht  of  a  game  played  on  a   patrician 
<''*'^''^     (•V^//^/r/.v/cr///^/0     mnst     have    created     the    same 
charnnng  impression  on  bystanders  that  the  wandcrmo- 
Ldysses  felt   at   th(    sight  of  Xansleaa   playing  with   he"!^- 
att(Mi(hnit  maidens,  and  dancing  in  nieasnriMJ  time  while 
the  hall  wa>  to.vsed  from  one  to  another.     Withont  enter- 
ing into  particnlar.,  which  can  easily  he  gathered  from 
arclneological  manuals  and  dictionari(^s,  it  is  enonuh  tor 
my  pnrposc^  of  giving  a  finishing  tonch  to  the  scvnes  en- 
act(Ml  in  Cynthia's  n-anlen,  to  mention  these  f(wv  points.' 
Ordinary   halls  (/^/^/m,  ma(l(M)f  cloth,  were  stnlfed  with 
horse-hair,   wliih^  tlie  tennis   halls   (/W/exj   were  inflated 
Avith  air.     Light  glass  l»alls  canu^  into  fashion  at  the  end 
of  th(^  second  ((Mitiiry,  throngh  the  astonnding  perform- 
<nic(vs  of  L  r.sus  Togatns  in  the  tennis  conrts  of  the  J^aths 
of  Agrippa,  X(M-o,  Titns,  and  Trajan.    TIk^  name  was 
ph-iyed  with  soft  gloves,  and  was  hi'it  a  di>pla  "of  nrace, 
<Jgihty,    and    skill,    as    descrihed    in    Trsns's  'cel(d?rat(M| 
iMilogy.^'    The  (,iiart(^rs  or  lappets  of   tennis    halls  were 
often  colored,  and  great  care  was  taken  to  have  [\w  nnn- 
mrssuraun-  s(^ams  carefully  joincni  h)geth(M-.    Conrts  were 
[>.'ived  with  a  wooden  floor  upon  which  the  has(^  and  the 
""■<l^il<^  h'nes  were   marked  when    ihv  .sphan>inarlnn  ^^,i<, 
|>I«\V(mI;  no  lines  being  netMh^l,  as  nearly  as  I  can  jiidire, 
^■«»i'    Hh'    fr'KJ^w    or    triangnlar    game.    Men    of    all    aiJ(^s 
<'onld  indulge  in  tennis  "  without  loss  of  dignitv.''  Amrns- 
tiis  took  exercisi^  with  hard  and  soft  balls  un'til  hv  oTtwv 
too   old    tor   anything    but    the   litt(M'   or   a    gentle    walk. 
U'spasian  attribiitcNl  the  excellent  health  which  lie  en- 
joved  to  th(Maid  of  his  litV  to  his  daily  use  of  tlie.vy.Aam-- 
Inuuin,    The  well-known  line  of  Horace^  '  seems  fo  ivfer 
^   roinparc  Luigi   Tocco,  Rictrckc  suW  unfirhifa  ,!,i  ^^iunm  ,/.//,;   ,,.//,j, 


C()r]-,}is  Jnsrr,    /.,//., 


^■<''-  V!.  (i.-irl  ii,  n,  f)T;)7. 


SatireSy  i.  :>. 


100     \VAM)l-:iUN(,>    IN     llli:    ROMAN    (  AMrV(.NA 

to  ;i  x't^nc  actinillv  t'n.-ictrd  (»n  the  court  of  the  Tihiirtine 
lio^tt'^N.  MaM'(Mia>  ll;ivi!l^•  cxpi-oxMi  his  \vi>li  to  >lart  a 
uaiiic,  Horace  and  \  ir^il  decline  to  take  a  hand  in  it, 
one  on  the  ph'a  ol"  sore  eyes,  the  other  ot"  asthma.  Coin- 
nientinn-  on  this  passaii'e,  (lah'n,  the  pi'inee  ot*  th(^  med- 
ical xhool   at  th(^  time  of  the  Antonin(\s,  remarks  that 


Vestiges  of  one  of  the  reception  rooms  in  Cynthia's  villa.     (From  a  photograph  by 

n      Thomas  Ashhy) 


'\cessive  irvinii;!-! H 


t ] i(  )«sc  \\  iji !   I  n d  ■  i I :j'c  in 

"like    t  !i('    i.ita-   -  •!     1  hiUiei  ,    laliR-,    \v 

^^    !  i  ;  H  •      t  ho-vt  -      \\    !  li  1      j  )i  .  !  \'       n  id  !  C!(  si  I  --I  \ 


cull  M  ■ 


exercises  be- 


I 

i  K 


c\'e(  1 . 

> i  1  c h  < 1 1  u i c [ i( » n > . 


1     n.'iii 


escape 


It  would  ccrlainlx  aH'ord  i-rcat  n.-j  t  i^f.-id  i.  tii  to  the 
\i>itor  to  know,  hcxond  anv  shade  of  dotd^t.  that  tlu^ 
remain>  to  l»e  >een  un<h'r  the  chni'cli  and  tnona-^terx  of 
riant'  Antonio  ai'e  tho>e  of  (  '\  ntliia'>  \illa  ;  >o  that,  sittinij* 


Tin:    LAND    OF   JIOKAOE  mi 

on  the  o-anU-n  terrace  heh)\v  the  church,  —  as  I  have  so 
often  (h)ne  as  the  ^ue.st  of  the  late  owner,  John  riearle, 
Jvs(j.,  —  he  could  dmo>t  hear  aoain  th(«  conversation 
of  those  wise  men  and  feel  the  charms  of  their  oracious 
hostess.  Hut  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowh-dov  no 
such  identification  is  possible.  Local  anti(juari(\s,  in 
fact,  have  connected  Cviithia's  name,  not  with  Sant' 
Antonio,  but  with  anotlier  uToup  of  ruins  to  be  seen 
(not  w  ithout  difiiculty)  on  tlu^  left  of  the  lane  desccndinir 
from  (^uintiliolo  to  the  Ponte  dcIT  Accjuoria.  These 
ruins  wcm'c  excavated  for  the  first  tinu^  in  177S,  and 
aii-am  m  1S19.  Auion^-  the  maiiv  di.scovtM'ies,  one  w oidd 
have  proved  of  ab>orhin^•  intei-e>t  if  p!-oper  attention 
had  been  |)aid  to  it.  Tea,  the  Pope'>  coniiniv^a  I'io 
dcih^  antichita,  ch-^cribcs  it  as  follows:'  "A  h"fe-i/ed 
Icniale  draped  ^taf  i.;  in  a  sitting"  po^fnrc,  fcNciiihlinLi'  a 
^fus(-    of    -nod    workni;in-hip    and    pfcsr!-\;f hon. 

ui^    hcoii-   louiid    c!o>c    Lo    llie    l>odv. 


I'M 


n  UH  h*   !o 


lif-  on  rlie  shoii!d«MN  ])\ 


ficji  MS 


1  I M  •    fica  I 
and    \\  h  h  -ff    w  , 

<H    :i     MM-k.'L    1.    file  work    ol    :in    UihTiof    fi;!!Mi.    ,iiid    of  dil 
Ici'eiii    niai'die.     il    is    U  i  h  L  u! '  »f  t  m]  1  \-    a     hnrlf;ii!    lic-id   of  a 

portrait  statue."  I  have  done  my  best  to  find  where 
this  AaiiAc  was  removed  in  l>,i:>,  and  where  it  may  be 
nf  present,  but  without  result  IVo  sittino-  Fauns  in 
the  act  of  pourin(r  water  inio  a  iia^iu  oi  a  fountain,  dis- 
<  vcr.  i  if  Uiesamc  time,  wrre  purcha^d  for  the  Vatican 
^bi-^ciiin;  hi{}   no  (nention  is  made  in,  !hc  fi'cords  ol  llie 

it  a  poll  rail  ^la  t  lie  of  ( '\-ntina 


\      '  i  ; :  \  C     i  M  M 


trustees   of    ihe 
M  n-e.  wliich  UKi 
her>elf. 

The!-e  t^,  howc\<  !',  a  bn^t  in  flic  Bnri^bcsc  AriixMun 
which  recall-  her  nna^e  most  vixadh.  it  is  a  jjoi-lrait 
of  a  ladw  endowed  w  ith  the  same  divine  ijifts  i)i  nocdrv 

^  Varicfa.  p.  1(K>,  n.  xx. 


10-:    \^AM)i-ia^(lr^    LN    TIIK    UoMAN    CAMi'Ai.NA 

ciml    I()wliiU'>>,   aihi    n.niu'ii    Fcirui.ui    Must!.     1    wniidcr 

;i!!  nnidi  n|  her  hifiirr  cnrcd',  or  filter  >li('  li;ni  ""i\('ii 
«'\i(i('nt('  of  n  j)0(^tic;il  N|)int.  At  nil  ('\<iit>.  tli('  ])0(^t('<^, 
l»('Ni(|(>->  her  comuM'tioii  with  the  ;ii*i^tocr<*iti('  t\'iiiiil\  of 
the  IN'ti-oiiii,  nui^l  \\ii\c  i-ix'ii  to  ^'I'c.-it  f;iiiM\  foi'  the 
iiicmorKil  now  m  the  Hori^hrsc  Miixmimi  w;is  put  up,  not 
1)V  rrlciti\(VN,  l)iit  l)y  fi'iciKl.N  jiiid  a<lniii'('r>,  .'is  (wph-iiiuMl 
ill  the  ( I  reck  epitaph,  w  hieh  >a\  >  :  '*  lii  thi>  uTave,  ereete<l 
\)\  >nl;^cription  [oi'  >et  up  in  a  pnhh'e  phieej  lies  the  Ijlue- 
eyed  Mii.sa,  tlie  iiiu'htinuah^  sinhlenly  >tniek  (hinih.  .  .  . 
(  )h,  <lear  Mii>a,  nia\-  the  earth  he  lin-ht  to  tlieel  '  What 
evil  p()Wt'!'  has  taken  away  from  ns  oni'  ^iren  ?  Who 
lia-<  (lepn\"e(|  n>  of  onr  little  >ni^in^'  hird  r  In  one  niulit 
>he  }>reatlie(l  hei"  la>t  and  her  ImxK  was  di>s()l\(M|. 
Mu>a,  thoii  ai't  u'one!  Thnie  e\es  sparkle  no  inot-c;  tliv 
hp^  are  sealed  lore\'ei".  No  traee  is  left  of  tli\  l>eaut\  or 
of  thy  IcaTnirii:'/' 

Thi^  toiK-lnnu'  epitaph  uixc^  no  hioL'i'a  plural  defaiK: 
111  fact .  w  ('  ( lo  not  kfh  )\\  w  JMTt'  1 1  \\'a<  cxhn  incd.  w  lirl  hri' 
in  luniii-  or  m  (tnr  (i|  \]\c  Hor^ht'^c  ('^tatt--^.  W  lirn 
Mannh  \\r<>fr  hi-  dorfi  pi  h  mi  of  \\\t-  \  \\\n  Pninana  ((^v 
tla'  .hnuh'*'  n|  Hi.'ni.  Mm'  _:  r:i  \  r-^ti  me  -hH»(|  n--^  ;i  i^cdcv- 
tal    1(1    a    -tafn»-    <>i    C  ei'es    in    one   ol    the    a  \  f  a  i  n(.'.s ,    it    \\  a -^ 

a  !  { <  ■  !■      i  h  <  •     \  a  i  M  )|( '«  Ml  M  • 


tfa  n-f'Tft'd     to 


'a  ■-; ! H  >    <  >! 


:5poiia  Lion -,     [{}     liii     a     _;aj>     m     llir     •■nh'aiM  t-     h.;il 


i  nc 


oa -^k^ 't^^a ■-« ■  --f^it-  fit  d''e>-->niu'  fh''  iasir.  \'.  Iih'ii  \vc  no- 
tice 111  Musa's  porir.ui.  eaine  inf<*  la-haai  in  ihe  Liaie 
of  Trajan;  and  we  may  ar^rne  frr)T]i  f]]'<  drfall  that  she 

*  A  peaceful  French  adaptation  of  the  classic  sit  tihi  terra  Icris  was  writ- 
ten by  Alexandre  Dunitis  for  the  ^rave  of  Olpi  Wassiiiewna,  a  girl  of 
twenty  who  died  at  Derbent  in  Tartary  in  18.'33:  — 

O  terre  de  la  mort  iie  i)ese  pas  siir  elle: 
Elle  a  si  [tvu  |)ese  sur  eelle  des  vivants! 


TllL    LAMJ    OF    ll()l{A(  i:  io3 

nnist    Iiavr   fiouri.lRHl  ahont   a    eentnrv  aftr-r    the   d(M!h 
of  (  \  ntliia. 

* 

This  eharniiiiL:  iH'preseiitativc^  of  the  soca'etx  of  (he 
Ano-nstan  a^v  liad  intrnsted  the  safe  keepnio-  of  her 
own  orave  to  her  Iovcm-  Propcalins.  U  we  can  believe 
local  trach'tions.  the  <rrn\v  is  still  in  existenee;  it  is  n 
s(piare  massive  sfrnetnre,  hare  of  all  ornain(Mit<,  on 
tlie  left  border  of  the  path  dese(Midino-  from  (^nintiliolo 
to  th(^  river.  The  name  of  'Vsi^pojcro  di  (^in/ia"  may 
i)e  only  a  fanciful  cr(\ation  of  the  Renaissance^  antiepia- 
rians;  but   it  is  not    the  writer  of  this    book  who  will 


I'ctronia  Musa 


I'H     \\AXl)i:in.\^.>    IX     illl.    Ki)\l\\    i    \MVM,SA 


Tin:    I  AXI)    OF    IIORACI: 


105 


] 


(11^  11 


U-    il 


«•    ;i(.  ■*•!] 


i  < 


( i 


if   > 


f 


I'lIK 


111'!! 


I,  it   iil^  I 


uu     v\  cL 


If    !  1 H ' !  1 1  ( I 


■>.    1  ) 


1    t 


f  nn  -- 


U-'t!-l(Ml>    WOIllfh    -howrd     |  );i  li  l;i  1 1 1  \     \'nr    TlXoli    t'\('l 


11!      f 


tlj 


<•    n 


i( 


1.1 


r    .li^H's    ;iiH 


I 


II  t 


1 


\« 


'^;i  IK'f 


I 


I 


)S 


R'\  inn  I  HI  ;in  indiiciMtK'nl  tnr  "r.-Miip'-  w  it  li  their  hi'CNCiici 
tlir  ol.l  AruaMii  colonx  in  the  popiil.i  r  Ix-licl"  th.it  it 
climate    wa^   i^nod    jor   the   i-uiiiplexioi'.    Tibur    \\a.>    tin 


(HI 


Iv    |,1 


ce   known 


to  tl 


ic  ancients   where  i\-or\-   was  not 


(h>c()h)re(l   or  })lackene(|   l»\   a^'c;   in  tact,  ohi    i\or\   n^ed 
to   i)e  >tore<|    m    tlie   teinph'  ot"    IIer<-iHes    that    it    niii^ht 


regain    it^  orii^inal   uhitent 


■>>. 


Mart 


lal   intorin>   n>    that 


I 


I 


\'c()ri>,  wlio  wa>  a    ln'iuietie.  eieariMJ    hei 


NKin   woiHler- 


full 


y  hy  >[)en(hni^'  a   >ea>(Mi  at  the  w  atert'all>  ot'  th(>  Aiii 


o, 


(juitc  (hil'ereiit  were  tlie  rea>on>  w  hich  iinpelhMl  Mar- 
liMieritc  of  Austria  to  vi^it  Tlvoh  in  l.HO.  This  hand- 
sonu^  (laughter  of  the  Kniperor  Charles  W  popiihirK 
known  a>  Maik'ima  (V  Austria,  w  horn  tlie  assassination  of 
Diike  Ahvssaihh-o  (h''  Mcihci  had  h'ft  a  w  idow  at  an  earl\- 
aii'e,  had  eiit<'re(|  Koine  in  triumph  on  Xovc^mlx'r  !>,  l."):)S, 


;is  the  aifianee(|  w  if(M)f  I  )nk(*  (  )tta\io  1^ 


■irncse,  m^phew  ot 


the  reiu'iiini:-  Pope.  I  ha  ve  ah'cadx  (hvseril)ed  in'Miohh^i 
Days.  pp.  ]1.">  111),  how  her  name  is  eonnect<'(l  t*ore\'er 
with  siieh  historic  hiiihh'iiLis  as  the  l*aha//o  Ma(Lama, 
now  the  meetinii'-phice  of  the  Itah'an  Senate,  and  with 
Mich  masterpieces  (jf  ancient  and  coiitemp(n-ar\"  art  as 
the  "tazza  Farnese,"  now  in  the  \a  phvs  nnisenm.  and 
th(^  \  iha    Madania   on    the  slopes  of  the   Monti.'   Mari 


o 


In  the  lUML-iihorhood  of  Tixoh  her  n, 


\1UC   Is   s 


till 


po] 


i1 


)iiiar 


on  acconnt  of  her   connection    with    the   ancient    cit\'  of 
Kmpninm,'  the  "('a.striim  Sancti  An^'cli"  of  the  middle 


I  ua-  ahic  fo  ii|i'iitil'\    {lir  ^it<'  n\  (  a^tci   Madama  with  that  of  luiinu- 


] 


nm   111   thf  -[irin_: 


of  it-  ttTntiTx    will 


U     Hit' 


eh 


I' 
}»rc>«-tit  \rar.   alter  an    an-ha'<  tloi^nca  I    r\|>h)rati()ii 


.t.'.i  t: 


rrc 


ninth* 


X 


I 


'C'-CN.    \\ 


lli.i 


i   sfse    r'M-ei\(M|  a 


1 


I  now  r\    irom 


ti 


e   s '  s  f ,  i 


r    (  ( 


the  Mcdu'Ls  ailci'   tl 


e  mnrder  o 


f  A! 


e.ss 


:in(lr 


( > 


Aft 


i'V    I  fie 


conclnsion  of  tli(^  MiMmsh  wars,  in  w  liich  her 


>c(-on(i  nu.s- 


I  1 


loe,  had  led  the  imperial  aianies  t 


s  monntain  stroie'^- 


hand,  ( )tta\  lo   l^'ari 

victory,  sIk^  lived  in  seclusion  in   thi 

hold,  w  hich  retains  to  the  |)r(\sent  day  the  name  ol  Cartel 

Madama.    A   i)(\antifnl  and  charming;  place  it  is,  clean, 

healthw 


prosperous,  commandmo'  an  excjinsite  vi(W\ , 
especially  in  the  early  niontlis  of  the  year,  when  the  fore- 
o-ronnd  is  st(H^ped  in  a  lilnish  haze  from  the  hnddinir  of 


the  chestnut  groves,  whih^  tlu^  mountains  which  frame 
the  landscape  are  still  wi'apped  in  their  coat  of  snow. 
Marouerit(^'s  first  visit  took  |)lace  in  1540.  At  Tivoli  she 
was  oiven  hospitality  in  the  Town  House,  while  the  local 
nol)h\sse  tricMJ  to  make  her  stav  pleasant  with  huntim^ 
dancinn\  sports,  and  otIuM-  demonstrations  of  lo\altv; 
and  althoui'ii  her  own  suit 
lif 


c  was  woi 


thv  1 


KM"  station  in 


e,  —  a  (lauuiit(M-  of  an  emp(M"or  and  a  niece  of  a  pop(% 
—  still  the  'I'ihurtine  ladies,  the  Leonino.  the  Sehastiani, 
the  HuluaiMiii,  the  J.olli,  the  Tohaldi,  and  otluM's,  fullv 
held    their  own.    A    contemporary   chronicler  deserihes 


these  ladi 


(\s  as  (iressiuii"  and   movnu 


la   R 


omana 


wcarinii"  I'ohes  of  velvet,  satin,  hi'ocade,  damask,  and 
"ermisino,"  with  lUM-k,  wrists,  and  waisthands  studded 
with  ])earls.  Tluw  woi'c^  also  Spanish  rufHes,  hoods  of 
U'old-cloth,  pei'fumed  n-loves,  and  satin  slippers,  and  in- 
dulo'ed  freelv  in  roum^  and  other  cosmetics. 

As  iH^o-ards  tlu*  favor  which  Tivoli   found  with  ai*tists 
and  lit(M"arv  men  from   tln^  (^ai'lv  dawn  of  In 


imanism 


1 


aih  sorry  to  acknowledo^e  that  it  was  due  more  to  a  spirit 
of  self-presei'vation  than  to  admiration  of  ancient  r(^- 
cords  or  natural  l)eauti(\s.  Tlu^  hills  l)v  the  Anio  \)vh\u: 
considered  out  of  reach  of  the  plague,  which  periodically 
visited  Home  at  the  rate  of  tiMi  or  twelve^  times  in  a  c(MI- 


'A 


Iim;     \V\\l)i:!M.\i..-    IN     111!      noMAN    (AMPAl.NA 


tnrx,    it   liL'raiiic  (.•u>toin;i  I'v    for   |}ic    iViuhtfiUM  I   (^iiirifr^, 

nihl    In!'   nn'ri^'Il    !"rNhi(>!iU,    to    |;ikc    rci'll-c    m    Tixoh    ,i(    llh' 

iir>[  --iLin  of  .-i  n  r|  >hl«Mtiic.     1  li.i  \  r  i"cl;i  t<'(  I  ill  .1  hot  IhT  w  <»rlv  ' 
lun\  tlic  'ril>iirtiiies.  niinovcd  ;i|  tin's  (L-in£r<M'^>^i>  mnrk  of 


^^■^i" 

~  ** 


The  high  street  of  mediaeval  Tivoli 


preference,  and  more  tlian  ordinarily  frightened  at  tlie 
outbreak  of  ApiiL  !  VJ,',  nu  i  the  refugees  at  the  Ponte 
Lucano  and  chase  i  H  t  m  hack  t^  Ihe  stricken  city  witli 

spikes  iin«!  cuii^ris,  aiiiivi^L  :>iiuuL>  oi  ""DfaLli  lu  Liic 
Ti's^yiniis:  '     Tins  actiof!,   1i()\\  »'\  n-.  ]!!!!■-'   ^h^  (■<  ai-int^'r^"-*  i 

^   The  Golden  Days  of  the  Renaissaficr,  p.  S-2. 


IIIL    LAMJ    UF    ii()HA(  i: 


lu' 


[HM)[)1('  in  (liAtiTss  <in(v  the  tinic  when  r<»m:i.,  Hi-.m - 
ciohni.  fivniu  lV(Mn  llir  ])L-i-n('  in  the  .sninincr  of  1  FJ  K 
had  claimed  !t>  lio-j)ilality.  Ciriaco  d' Aiicona,  the  first 
archaM)l()oi(.;d  explorer,  in  ]V,]2:  Knea  Silvio  Pieeolu- 
nmii  (Pins  11),  the  hr^t  lc\Ti'ned  [()nri>t.  in  14(10:  Sixfus 
1\,  the  lirsl  pope  to  hrin^'  hack  into  f;ishion  the  iisc  ,,f 
Tivoli  a>  .•!  ^unmier  report,  in  14s^J:  Fm  (,io(ondo  d;i 
Vorona,  the  fir-f  .•n-h!tect-anti(j!iari.-in  to  stndv  ;ind  dt;,u 
Its  antKjric  ivn^-iihs:  AiiUiniu  (hi  San-allo  tlh'  xoini-vi', 
who  sketched  its  s!;ih!es  ;ind  frie/cs  in  Sepfcfni  >r!\  IMlD: 
Michehinuvlu  nnd   Dniia^leda   \'oUerr;i.  \\hoh;id    (rnn^~ 

i*'"'^ii*'<l    'n(o   ;i    -ninuHi'   sfiidJn  one  of  tlh'   li;dis  i.f   \\ir   ^n- 
r:i\\i^i\   \'ilki  di    >h-eenate,  stnnd  ;i{  Hi.'  !ie;id  of  flir  riidk-s 

^i^'    ^^f    iHouern    :irii>[:^,    p(H'U.  n  rrhjiMtlon-isU,   !n<fnrinns 
pli'h)-oj»h !•!'-.  wlio  followed  ''lassie  tt-itiifhur 


I  i\oh  all  ilirouirh  the  iifleen! 


n  regard  to 


i     .Mm 


^ixltM'hi \i  efMituries. 


T]vr.lK  in  fact,  must  be  considered  as  Hm    l)irthplace  of 
the  '^Corpus  InscriptionuniLatinaruiii.     ilie  greatest  lit- 
erary undertaking  of  modern   times,   having  been  for 
years  the  rendezvous  of  that  brilliant  company  of  foreign 
epigraphists  —  Metellus,    Pigghe,  Smet,     Morillon,  de 
Romieu  d'Arles,  Sismondi  —  who  collected  the  first  mate- 
rials for  such  a  work.    But  the  artist-archtwlocnst  of  the 
sixteenth  century  with  whom  the  name  of  Tivoli  is  most 
intimately  associated  is  the  designer  of  the  Villa  d'Este, 
the  excavator  of  Hadrian's  villa,   the  trusted  artistic 
adviser  of  Pope  Pius  IV,  Pirro  Ligorio,  who  has  left  us 
three  manuscript  books  on  the  city  and  territory  he 
loved:  the  first  dedicated  to  Cardinal  Ippolito  d'Este,  in 
wlujHi  he  had  found  his  own  Argecenas:    fhe  second  to 
Cai  !ni;d     \lessandro    I^    iiese:   (he   thli  1    h     the   Holy 

1  i'iliit\  .       I  !  H  •   \l\('V:i  r\    :m  -h  •>  if  \    .  li'   fhi^   ^d  f*  ed    '^^^^  it    ^'  v\  kf^s 


1] 


^      [M-iidlgioUS.      ft 


' '  •'  *i  Hi  ("'l  ( 


til, 


<lifi  h  ^n;!r\     :!nfl 


ms   \vA\i)i:in\*.-  in  'rm:  iu)Man  (  ampa(.na 

('\cl()])aMlia,  ('(>iu'('i\-(Nl  on  an  ab^ululcly  UKxlcrn  [)laii, 
an<l  illu>ti'atiMl  with  tliou-aiid-  <>f  pen-and-ink  drawinirs, 
nnnil)('r>  {w  t'ntv-two  foiio  voluinivs  which  are  now  [)re- 
servtMl  in  tht^  royal  archives  at  Turin.  Idien^  ai'e  h(vsi(h^>; 
eiu'ht  mure  vohinies  in  'i'nrin,  ten  in  Xaphvs,  one  in  the 
l^)dhn*an,  one  in  the  l^ihliothe.  pie  \ationah\  two  in  the 
\\*iti<'an  hi.i'ai'\  .  Idiere  i>  not  a  >!niil(M'\ca vation  nia(h'  in 
Konii^and  in  the  Cainpa-na  hcfwcen  1.3  i-O.  the  a  pproxi- 
iih-itc  d;ite  nf    hi-  ari'iv;il    tVoni   Niiph--.  nnd    |.1(»S.  \\\\cu 

hr  It'l't     Rninr    I'orfXrf   h)   },H.M/(.nir   \\\r  cnwvl    ;)  1 1 1  i«  1 1 1 :  i  I'i :  1  U   «»! 

I  )!ik(-  Aifon^o  II  (.]'  iM'iTnrn.  \hn\  h^  d^l  nnl  -c*-  will,  his 


1  •.  I  f 


if      «  1  t  '^(  'I'l  I   M  •  . 


1 


Inn 


;i  ffj 


it'    \\ 


if     1  H  >!'!  1 


M  )  -^  I  *  t  f  '    ;  i  1 


0\\  ii    '.'\  <-■"' 

to  s]H';d<   ti!*'  f  I'Mf  h  :    hf  wn^  a 

so  th;il  it  i-  ;dwavs  (hfli.'nU.  -. .! n. ■!  iine>  i  Mi }  h  ,..;  Mr,  f..  de- 

« 

cide  wlicliici  Li\<  (evidence,  when  uu.^uppui  Ud  l>\  inove 
trustworthy  witnesses,  rests  on  any  foundation  of  hnth. 
:Duuie  of  his  forgeries  are  so  clumsy  that  no  student  could 
be  deceived  bv  them;  others  are  so  sul)tle  and  ingenious 
that  men  of  such  high  standing  as  Ludovico  Muratori 
and  Carlo  Fea  have  accepted  them  as  genuine. 

I  have  mvself  found  so  much  useful  and  honest  infor- 
mation  in  Ligorio's  manuscript  volumes,  especially  in  the 
1>  dleian  (the  existence  of  which  among  the  Canonici 
set  of  manuscripts  1  first  discovered  in  1871  and  made 
public  in  the  following  year)  and  in  the  Parisian  of  the 
B.i)liothe(iue  Nationale,  that  I  cannot  bring  myself  to 
brand  him  with  the  stigma  with  which  Famiano  Nardini 
has  been  branded  by  1. cker,  'Miomo  natus  ad  confun- 
rlmd  1  n  nerturhanda  omnia."  At  all  events,  it  is  not 
at  I  IV  )li.  }  <•  to  face  with  the  Villa  i  1  -te,  Tdgorio's 
vttn  H'!:d<  Ml .  ''!■«■,!  t  hU! .  ihal  \\  e  c-aii  ai:M'U:^:^  hi:5  areh<eologi- 


)r_:fries. 


He  api^'nU  to  us  as  th*-  na.-t  genin!  nrH4 
;i  laUca  l)»'-i:'ardt'ni!iu-  to  tli<*  rerpiironKnit-  <»t'  hi-  <  t\\  [1  Innr  ; 


n\      til 


'nil-:  (  (>  \ T  oK  Al;M^  ni- 


11 


OF 


I  i  r 


n-K^TK  o\  TllK  !; A 

i'i't:i;  "!'!-!;!:  \<  }■; 


i  U.\i 


WiV 


llii:    LAM)    OF    HOiiACH 


1  II 


nil*!  i\]U  <peri;ilf\  shiiK^N  not  o!il\  jn  llii^  ril.nrtine 
residt'iHT  n!  (  nrdinnl  Ippolilo,  hut  rMjimlh  wrll  m  the 
(Icliciou.s  <'n>iii()  r»l'  Piu>  I  \'  in  the  X'aticnn  pn-dons.  in 
the  iKMiiicycIc  of  Belscdere,  iwnl  even  in  the  hv^x-r  work^ 
the  authorshij)  ot  which  \\iis  heen  traced  to  him. 


Cardinal  Ippolito  is  the  second  of  th(*  fa  mil  v  in   the 
o'lorions    dynasty    of    the    Kst(^    cai'ch'nals,    Ippohto    the 
ehh'r  (t  \:)2i)),  Lui^i   (t  l.>S()j,  AU^ssandro  rj-  k;^!-),  Ri- 
nahh)    tlie    ehh^r    if  1()7^2),    and    th(^    vonnucM"    Kinahh) 
{tl7,')7).    Born  (»f    Lucrezia    Hori^ia,    hi'other   to   Duke 
Ereoh'  11  of  FeiTara,  educated  at  th(^  court  of  Fi'ancis  1, 
ekM'ted   carih'nal    in    1.>.S!),  h(^  retuiMUMl  to  France  in  the 
fohowin^'  y(Nir,  carryino-  with  him  o-old  and  silver  plate 
by  Henvenuto  Cellini,  i-eproductions  of  ancient  statues, 
armor     hy    (iianpietro    Armaiuolo,    portraits,    ancient 
medals,  and  a  hunter  with  silver  liai'ness.    Ilis  ex(jui>ite 
taste  made  him  at  once  the  artistic  adviser  of  the  kin^'-; 
Sebastian  Serlio  d(\sio-ned  for  him  a  ])alace  at  Fontaim^- 
bleau,  while  the  marriage  between  the  Due  dc  (Juise  and 
Anna  (TEste,  his  niece,  raised  him  ahnost  to  a  roval  posi- 
tion.   IIowevcM',  he  was  oblioxMJ  to  fiv  fi'om  France  after 
the  nnirder  of  the  duke,  beinii'  himself  in  dan<>vr  of  death. 
The  reception  he  received  in  Rome  from  tlu^  austere  and 
inexorable  Pius  V  made  him  seek  peace  and  safety  where 
the  <^reat   Roman   statesmen  of  the  Au<rnstan   aire  had 
sou^'ht  and  found  it  before  him.    On  receiving*  the  com- 
mission, Liii'orio's  iirst  thouolit  was  to  lew  a  c()ntril)u- 
tion  on  Hadrian's  villa  and  on  that  of  Quintilins  Varus, 
takin<j^   from    both    places   buildinn^   materials,    marbles, 
eolunnis,  capitals,  pavements,  statues,  bas-reliefs,   and, 
above  all,  artistic  insj)irati()n  for  his  own  work.    He  even 
found  time  to  take  the  plan  of  both  places,  whicli,  com- 
pared with  the  clumsy  attempts  of  other  contemporary 


11-2  wam)i:rin(;>  in   ihk  roman  (  ami\V(.na 

arcliitccL^.  ulvtvs  liiin  [hv  U^adiiiu'  \)\iii'c  ninoiiu*  tlir  topo- 
f   [\\c  >i\trc'iith   ccnturv.'     'IMicx'   (lociinicnts 
\vv    the    notice    of    ('ai-dinal    Antonio 


o-i'aj)lier>  ( 
liavini:    conie    nm 


Barl 


)tM"ini     ]\\ 


nii>>ionr« 


Ui:)l,    his    architiM't,    Contini,  was    coni- 
1  to  \)V\\\i:  up  to  (late  the  phin  of  lla(h"ian's  viUa 


;ni(l  to  have  it   enuravcMl  on  a   copper  plate. 

How  the  \"\\\a  (flv^te  nnist  hav(^  h)ok(Nl  at  the  time  of 


Carclinal  l|)|)ohto  and  ot   hi>  mnni 


hat 


('  >u('C(vs>or 


1 


lUl 


it  i>  ea>ier  to  iniau" 


ine  than   to  de.^erihe.    The  inventor\ 


( > 


f  it>  coHection  ot  >tatu;ir\.  <ii>cover(M 


1  in   1S7!)  l)v  Her- 


tolotti    in    the  >tate   arch!\e>,  nanio  ciu' 


■i'dit\ -thi'ce  \\()\'\y 


of  Ntatii.-ii'\ 


t\\(Mit\-h\('  l>ii>ts,  sev(Mi  h^iircN  ot  aninia 


>t 


\'en    niarl>!e    ta/./.a>,    three    >;ireoph;ii:i.    and 


1 


t  1 


)lan  ot  ;ineient   l(oni(^  ui  luM   r( 


\ 


( ) 


!  1 1  e !  i  1 1  <  >  n  1  >  I  n ;  t « I  < 


ketel 

I 


Oi    l) 


1 


'ictur 


it  th 


\\-']  y 


\  < ) 


tn    t 

i;, 


iC    ^1 


( » 


I 


>h 


■t 


el    (  )i 


itx.jilo  ti;i  vhil:  i:\\< 


M  ■     (*(  »l  1  \« 


)  I ;  M 


»  ( 


'!  '         (    ) 


M 


(  >  I 


!  e  !  1 ;  I  e  I 


I  ilia    ('hi.-ir;i    at 


I  !'e!i;i  I  l_:t 


1  I 


>rove^   f  iiaf    hi-  ua  h*'f\    <■(  Miia  me*!    m 


It 


!'a  1 


i,;;l 


\ 


I    '  i 


\        I    I 


iiuiniiei'    aii'l    \ 


eia  )ieee 


i  n< 


to  -j 


)a  I  ( 


rnm    thr 


W  (  M'KS 


h 


o  i    a 


i  * 


rt 


IN     M 


!   '  1    t 


(  •(  •     <    > 


!  f  -.      ! '  n  -^  ?  !  1 


ll  .r    wa  tPV 


on*-^: 


iL. 


Li  *  »  u  i 


M  »     M 


it 


s  <  a'<  i  \  t 


(\sses. 


J 


>  M  a 


I 


la^'e   fuM^Ti 


) 


f )' 


ivfMi   tlie  plnce  of 


es. 


M  '  .>>  I 


«  a  a 


at  >n_    1 1  a 


1 


t     4     i       i      i     4     * 


u  creations  o 


f 


i  !  i' 


same 


^1 1 


,',  t 


1 


nTue!'<   a  no   eieja-avers   >i\ 


<  a  a ' 


as  a 

niatr 


I  \'  •ne 


a,  t '  I  ■  I 


>es 


taken    11 


1    *■<»[)[)( 


ceUoii    ( 


)[    iii^i'a\iii_ 


)\  i  i 


WW  II 


I  have  in  mv  collection  of  prints  an.  I     In  Winers  sever 


al  nna'ilisalM-il 


>iaii>  ij' 


i. 


i;iijri"..»,  arau 


Dan 


hment.  such  as  the  de^iirns  for  the  com- 


T 

tl 


,1f.ti<.n  <-,f  th(^  Tortile  di    1 


■l  --^l  •  !  1      «  •! 


t.a 


u>  i 


\  :    ! 


[' \  ( • ,    (I 


f 


f-       (  11  !  i 


rh>  ^r-  ( •! 


ri;,,i,i: 


>rt. 


t  t  i 


^ ;v« •  l<  ■  '  i    '  'i     I  '  i' 


Am-w^I 


M  ii  I  ir   III 


•  r! 


.n-l 


♦  '  1  ut'ii'i/i  '  i!   an 


trat.-.i  1 


work  on  tin'  finntific;! 


aar.iii 


1 
lihrarv,  lattluT  l>lirit 


)t ■  r<'i  'T'  H  liH •< 


ai- 


iia  iitiw- 


-1 .,  ill  !ii>  L'raat 


alace. 


THE    LAM)   OF    HORACE  11;] 

bv  tlie  name  of  'Specuhim  Homana^  ma<niificentia'/' 
there  is  a  donhh'  sheet,  ])rinted  in  1.>7,'5  hv  the  Freiieli 
artist  KtiiMinc  Dnperac,  at  the  I'lMjnest  of  the  Kmperor 
Maxinnlian.  J{(*>i(h\s  a  de(hcati()n  to  (^neen  (athei-ine 
MiMhci,  mother  of  diaries  IX,  tlu^  slieet  contains  an 
index  of  the  principal  fountains,  which  l)ore  the  names  of 
Thetis,  .Esculaj)ius,  Ily^eia,  Arc^tlursa,  Flora.   Pomona, 


T  ■  •     ' 


arnii 


ii  of  RfHiir  Mill]  it-  fi >!1!m](M'^,  111,'  frriiifivpiorr  t«»  Ins  relief  plan  of 


the  eitv 


in  a.t' 


4e 


t  •  \  J 


\ 


( a 


ah 


fa  I 


< '( 


>        V  !  I  ( 


I  :  1  • ! 


eeo    (»r 


Hi! 


e \\  i  !    *  I 


(  Ki  t  •!  ! 


t  a !' 


( * 


it  M 


ue  sfi^hies 


!  I  M  i  1 


fit     llLjll!' 


i  i  M  a  a ' 


i ) 


the    ii'a\-er 


(a    w  1 


ie\      o 


f      I 


one 


hail 


peo| 


Jed 


ea\'e^, 


Tott 


w  h  h 


*  M  ■  -> , 


le 


!  !  \'  f  M  - 


Ml^hed    a 


phaMiiiiN,  and  wnterfails.  LalVeri  lia>  al^o  pul 
plate  of  the  fountain  of  the  Sihyl.  hut  the  l)e>t  worlv  on 
this  cliarmino;  suhject  is  the  volume  printed  in  the  hr>t 
quarter  of  the  seventeenth  century  hy  l)e  Ho»i,  under 


lU    WAXOKRIXr.S    IN     I'lli:    HOMAX    (\\MrA(.NA 

tlir   title,  *•  I>e    fontanr   del    irinrdiiio    Ivstensc*    in    I'ivoli 
dist^triiati*  vl  inta^'liate  da  GianlVancexu  \  eiilurini/' 

Cardinal  Ippolito  died  in  l.')7\?,  and  was  sncceeded  in 
tlie  (>\\  n('r>ln[>  of  the  villa  and  \\\  tlu^  ^ovcrnorNhi})  of 
^Jlvoli  1)\  ln>  kni>inen  and  fellow  prinecrs  of  the  elnireh, 
Lini:!  and  Ale>^Nan<lro.  After  th(^  death  of  the  latter  in 
KrJI,  \ilia  and  |)alaee  were  despoiled  of  tlieir  \alnal)h" 
((Uifeiit^.  TIk^  aiithjiie  inarltle»  wci'e  |»artl\  ><>hl,  partly 
tr.'i  n^iefi'ed  to  Alodena  ;  a  few  found  \\\i-\v  wa\  nito  the 
iionian  ni!i-enni>«.  ^ndi  a>  the  l*a"o^  hendnii:  the  how, 
l*>\clie  tornienU'd  1>\  Ero-.  Ihe'  E>Le  l*aUa>,  the  ]-e>tne' 
saf\r.  .-nid  tli*'  old  wrfnian  hohhni^'  a  vn<e.  [iro^enfod  to 
t  lit-  (   ;m  .if*  M  iiir  M  n^t-n  ni  1  »\    I  *m!  >••  Bmcdh-}   X  I  \    in    IT.")-). 


(  )i   \\i 


(  ■     1  ) H ' >» ' 


i  I  ' 


h«-   w  :i  \    j 

niUMi  fl:    .if'      i  1 
-  »! 


t  ■'  >1  I  <  !  !  t  I  (  (U    «  » 


kfhi   '>\   i; 


H  \      <  t 


onfe  (Me • 


i  ? 


h'i  1    [  )i;i('e. 


<     !  i '  i  '  I* 


o  \ \  \  u  •  \' 


^  a'  t  ht'  di 


1 1     [  ti '  ■    !  M  '  r  h  "  1 1 ' ',  il    « ■ ! 


tllli!" 


t  -  i  !•  .ha-  h-<  ■»■-,«  >i   Hit'  dM:i  pidat  .<  "M  .a   ;  f-  Imi  n'l:n  as  and 
htaii'>,  ol   I  hi'  io^.^  iii    i.i^oi  iiJ  ^  i  eiiei    phui  ol    1  loUie,  1  ^h;;  M 

!a.^  -p  :  I  lor  fear  that  Ippolito  (l'F?\  who  lies  huned 
ill  the  chureh  of  Santa  Maria  M  i(j!;^iore  (|uite  near  his 
beloved  villa,  -liould  ri-e  from  his  grave  in  wrath  and 
shame. 

The  example  set  by  this  gifted  scion  of  the  dneal 
honse  of  Ferrara  found  no  imitators,  for  Gericomio,  the 
retreat  built  by  his  colleague  in  the  Sacred  College,  Pro- 
spero  Santaeroce,  must  be  considered  a  farmhouse  rather 
than  a  villa;  but  it  stands  in  a  glen  so  well  wooded  and 
picturesque,  it  conveys  such  a  soothing  impression  of 
peace  and  independence  from  the  outside  world,  and 
brings  back  to  the  mind  of  the  visitor  so  many  interesting 
recollertioTi^.  that  he  will  find  himself  amply  repaid  for 
the  fatigue  of  a  rather  long  walk.  IVospero  Santaeroce, 
Vnrn  in    1  H  >  in  the  palace  which  still  bears  liic  family 


4 


i 


ONE  OF  LIGORIO'S  FOUNTAINS  IN  THE  HALL  OF  THE 
PALACE  COPIED  FROM  THE  ANTIQUE 


i 


i«  ■  I 


n  flit 


11 


I  >n|i 


lin;    T  AND    OF   IIORArE 

T];nn(\  <lrj)!"!\-rf!   of   Iih   pnrriif-    (»\    ihr   p!;ii 

tiiicnti*  oi    (  if!iit'iit  \  11,  aiul  of  llu'  u'l'i-atcr    piivi  of    his 

inlicrit.-nicc   hy   thr  ^nck  of  l.r27.   ('>ca|)(Ml  to  the  >.!  lunr 

villau'e  of    i'olfia  with  four  youn;U'er  brother^  and  >iNfr!'s, 

wliori'  thc\  \\('!('    ivil  l)v  the  i)(\*isaiitr\',  not  uitliout  self- 
i  lit 

(h'liial,  hccaux'  fanunc  auii  th('  hori'or>  of  why  h.nl 
raised  the  \aiue  of  a  bushel  of  wheat  to  twenty  scuih. 
llavinu' obtained  from  Paul  111  the  oHiee  of '' eon>i>tori.ii 
advocate,"  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  his  uncle  Ponipilio. 
Pros|)(M'()  bei^'an  his  diplomatic  career  as  S(H*retar\  in 
the  Legation  of  Cardinal  Farnese  to  Charles  \\  later  was 
])a])al  nuncio  to  the  HmpcM'or  FcM'dinand  1.  lli^nry  II  of 
Franc(\  Sebastian  of  Fortui^^il,  Philip  II  of  S|)ain,  and 
(^ucHMi  Cathei'ine  Medici,  and  was  always  successful  in 
Ins  endiNivors  to  brinir  about  peaceand  ifood  will  amoni' 
tlu^  rulers  of  the  e.-irth.  His  fam(\  howtwer.  and  the  popu- 
larity which  his  name  still  commands  in  Kome  I'cst  on 
a  (lill'erent  ba>is.  H(^  shanvs  with  Jean  Xicot,  Fi'ench 
ambassadoi'  to  Lisbon,  the  o'lorv  of  hayina'  mad(^  known 
the  lierb  discoxered  bv  Acozendez  of  ToUmIo  in  one  of 
tlie  islands  of  the  Caribbean  S(N'i  (Tobai^o).  to  which  in 
F'ranc(^  was  u'i  yen  the  name  of  ''  Nicotine,"  or  **  du  ( irand 
l^iM(nn\"  or  ''de  la  Heine,"  —  because  Xicot  had  pre- 
S(Mited  it  first  to  the  (xri^at  Prior  of  L()rrain(\  then  to 
Queen  (^atluM-ine,  — and  in  Italy  that  of '*Frba  Santa," 
or  ''Frba  Santaeroce/'  in  acknowledo-ment  of  Cardinal 
Prospero's  initiative.  F'or  over  three  centuries  Roman 
tobacconists  have  used  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  Santa- 
croce  —  a  white  cross  —  as  a  si^n  over  their  shops. 

Bv  a  remarkable  chance,  Tivoli  was  l)roui''ht  aiiain 
into  relation  witli  the  merciful  narcotic  and  its  manu- 
facture towards  the  niiddle  of  the  eiojiteenth  century, 
when  two  of  its  citizens,  Liborio  and  (iiovainii  Michilli, 
havino'    eni'iched    themscdves    as    liolders    of    the    state 


ii 


lis  \VAM)i:uiN(.>  IN   riii:  komax  (  ampacna 

iiKUiopoIx,  (lt'\(»t('(l  tlh'ir  riclio.  owe  to  IIm'  ("\|)1(  >r;i  t  loii 
of  IliidruiirN  \illa,  tlir  otlici"  to  tlir  iti^t itii t i( Ml  of  ;i  u.il- 
\vv\  of  j)ictiir(\^  in  hi>  ii.itixt'  city.  Hctwccii  17o!)  niid 
1 7  1- 1"  Ijhorio  (!i>('o\(M"(Ml  four  worh'-know  ii  ma>.tcr- 
|)i('ct'>.  tlic  Mcrciii'x  .Vu'or('ii>,  tlic  Mora,  the  Arpocras, 
ai!(l  an  Muxptiaii  ,u'o(l.  wliicli  wtar  purcliastMl  and  prr- 
x'utt'd  to  tlir  (  a pitolini^  Museum  !)\  Pope  HiMUMlict  XI  \  . 
(iiovanin.  in  ln>  tnrn,  x'cnrcd  at  a  conNidci'a  hlc  cost 
fou!"  of  'l'itian">  can\aso^. i'cprcs(Mit ni^"  the  four  Trinniphs 
of  Pcti"ar<-a.  nanich  tlnisc  of  l^'amc,  of  Science,  ot  Death, 
and  of  (dirist.  All  tlie>e  \\ork>  oi  art.  the  >tatiie>  a,> 
well  as  the  pictures,  wei'c  enuraveil  on  (  opper  plate^  l»y 
Vvv/./.ii  and  i*oniare<h'.  A  note  ap|)end«'(l  to  the  prool^ 
in  ni\'  |)o>se>^ion  states  that,  soon  after  the  death  ot 
the  fonnder  of  the  ^'allei'N,  tlu'  '1  itiaiis  wci'c  sold  to  an 
Eni:'li>h  otticei',  Isaac  .Iamiii(\'iH  ("Tahida'  ori^uialcs  a 
Titiano  de|)ictie  iiiris  simt.  cma'ciite  anno  1770,  Isaaci 
laniinean  arniii^'cri  ani^lT').  Hut  let  ns  taiTX'  no  lon^'cr 
on  oni"  \\  a\'  to  ( itM'iconiio. 

« 

'J'en  xear.s  hefoi'c  his  death   (].^S!))  ('ai"<iinal   PfosjxTo 

had  purchased  fi'oni  (onnt  (iior(hino  (  )rsini  a  strip  of 

land,  t'onr  miles  east  of  Tixoli.  on  a   simny  >lope  ol   the 

.I'ifuhe  MK^untains,  and  on   the  i^ate  of  his  new    domain 

hi'  had  cau>ed  the  followin<:"  line>  of  welcome  to  he  en- 

o 

f^Ta  ved  :  — 

HIC  TiHi    ISM   i.irixr  (\ias   i'!;n(\-i.   \  \{]\].   soi.vro 

l)\(}.lil.     >«  >l.I.l(   i  1  AL     l\(\\i»\     ul'>i.l\lA     \11AK 

No  better  words  coiild  ha\"e  l>e(Mi  chosen  to  express  the 
feeling  of  I'cst  which  sccnis  to  emanate  from  this  place, 
and  no  l)ett<'r  name  for  it  could  lia\'e  heen  found  hy 
Cardinal  Prospero  than  THPOKOMEION.  the  hospice  oi- 
tlie  retreat  for  the  a^'cch  a  uame  which  it  relain.s  to  the 
present   da\.    A    me(hal    was  struck   for   th(^  occasion    in 


I 


k 


i 


N 


1dli:    LAM)    OK    HORACE  iii) 

1,37}),  on  the  ohvcM'se  of  which  therc^  is  a  sketch  of  the 
villa  as  it  had  Ik  en  planned  in  the  mind  of  the  cardinal, 
witli  a  battlemented  inclosure,  a  o\'ird(Mi,  a  fish  pond,  a 
(rrove,  an  aviary,  and  other  such  accompaniments;  Ijut  1 
douht  whether  the  veteran  (hplomatist  had  time  to  carry 
tlu^  phin  into  execution,  as  no  trace  of  such  structures  is 
left  on  the  grounds.  They  were  ahandontMJ  hv  the  San- 
tacroce  soon  after  the  death  of  the  foundei-,  sold  to  tlie 
Conti  duk(vs  of  Poli,  and  later  on  to  the  Hai-herini  and 
the  Pio  di  Savoia.  The  present  owner.  Prince  Salvatore 
Hraucaccio,  has  doiu^  uuich  to  improNc  the  condition  of 
( iericomio,  and  — a  hap|)y  exception  to  tlie  rule  prcvail- 
in^'amon^•  Roman  landow  U(M's  —  is  takinu'  excell(Mit  care 
of  his  timber  land,  and  (\xacts  from  his  tenants  absolute 
respect  for  (wcrv  shrub  and  tive  growiui;'  within  the 
bouii(lari(Vs  of  (he  estate. 

(iericomio  stands  on  the  remahis  of  a  Roman  villa, 
])uilt  in  the  reticulated  style  of  the  a^'c  of  Hadrian,  with 
mosaic  pavements  in  black  and  whit(\  bathinu'  apart- 
ments. wat(M"  tanks,  and  o-arden  t(M'rac(\s.  These  ruins 
wcrc^  first  excavated  l)V  Duke  Lotario  Conti.  w  ho,  havin^'- 
discovered  amono'  th(un  a  portrait  head  of  Hadrian,  con- 
sidtM-ed  them  to  have  formed  part  of  his  Tiburtinum. 
The  claim  of  (i(M*icomio  to  famt^  in  the  held  of  art  rests, 
however,  on  the  findiui;-  of  the  Triton  or  marine  cen- 
taur made  in  tlietim(M)f  Pius  VI  on  the  boundarv  limM)f 
tlu^  far!n  towards  Sant'  Ano'clo.  This  beautiful  ii<'ur(\ 
''es|)ecially  well  adapti^l  to  o'ive  an  idea  of  the  method 
ni  which  Scopas  tn^ited  such  marine  IxMuas,''  is  now 
exhibited  in  the  (JallcM-ia  (UA\c  Statue  of  the  Vatican 
MuscMim,  n.  ^23o.  Its  pi-aises  have  been  sung  bv  Ennio 
Quirino  Visconti  '  and  bv  Ilelbin-.- 

'  Musco  Pio-Clcmcntino,  vol.  i,  ii.  wxiv. 
-  Gaidiu  n.  189. 


120    \VAM)i:inN(.S    IN     rilK    KOMAN    (AMFA(.NA 

Tlu^  t'\cur>!()ii  to  (it'ricoiiiio.  (Uvscimk iin^  to  it  by  tlie 
Carciano  road,  tlirouu'h  the  olive  forest,  and  retiiriiini: 
l)v  the  uppi'r  or  San  dre^'orio  road,  a  circuit  ot  ei^iit 
ijijl^^.^^  —  j^  particuhirly  ph^asinn-  to  th(^  anti(juariaiu'  as 
it  leads  him  |)a>t  the  remains  of  thirt(HMi  anciiMit  viUas. 
some  of  which  (hite  hack  from  the  a^e  in  which  the 
Dolvn'onal  or  l*ehiso"ian  stvh'  of  masonrv  wa.>  still  in 
favor  with  the  Ti})urtin(^  huilders.  41ie  view  from  the 
narrow  neck  or  i>thmu>  which  divides  the  \alU^  l.on- 
o-arina  on  the  north  from  that  of  Gerieomio  on  the  >outh 
\>  particiilarlv  attractive,  a>  it  >w(vi)s  ;dl  around  from 
the  ^now-ca|)|)ed  limotone  peaks  of  the  Simbruines  to 
the  siuinv  >hores  of  I^avinium  and  Ostia. 

Another  attractive  excursion,  which  will  am|)ly  repay 
the  arti>t  and  the  ueolou'ist  for  ch^viation  from  the  beaten 
track  of  toui'i>t>,  is  the  one  to  Monte  ( "alvo  or  S|)accato. 
The  o-rndient  of  th(^  path  leadini:-  to  it  from  tht^  Porta 
Santacroce  is  >o  o-entle  that  the  >unimit  of  tin*  moun- 
tain (IT-i^  feet)  is  reache(l  in  otic  hour  without  the  least 
exertion.  The  view  over  the  uiant  A|)ennine>  of  tln^ 
upper  vallex  of  the  Anio  i-  urand.  'Hie  namc^  Spaccato 
is  derived  from  two  cha^niN  or  fi>sur(\s  which  popular 
fanc\  eonnects  w  itii  the  rcMidinu-  of  th(^  earth  on  the  day 
of  the  death  of  our  liechnMuer.  Tli(^  first  crevic(\  run- 
ninir  from  >outhea>t  to  wot,  i>  !M)  feet  lonn;,  !)  wide,  and 
MH  deep.  Tlie  other  i>  le--  ini|)ortant.  Their  ex[)lora- 
tion  is  difficult  becau>e  the\  do  not  plunu'c  vertically 
into   tin/   heart   of   the   mountain,   but   their  sides   l)ulire 

'  Mntnr  ('ar>  <-ari  reach  (i.Ticoiiiio  oniv  ()\  the  upper  ;)r  San  (ircirnrio 
r(.a«L  .liv«T<ririLr  to  the  ri^rht  of  it  at  the  turti  ol"  (  olle  ('crviano.  'Hie  de- 
Nct-nt  round  the  southern  >!op<'>  of  the  Cerxiano  is  verv  >teep,  if  not  .lan- 
Lrerou>.  The  hjwer  (  arciano  road  i-  out  of  repair  and  only  tit  for  h^^dit 
vehicles. 


THE    T.AXT)    OF   HORACE 


121 


i 


\ 


and  hollow  in  and  tw  ist  so  that  the  use  of  lad(ier>  i^  well- 
nio;h  impossible. 

The  excursion  to  Horace's  Sabine  farm,  with  whicli 
we  brino'  our  studv  of  the  Tiburtine  district  to  an  end, 
can  be  easilv  accomplished  bv  motor  from  Rome  in  six 

I  I  I 

hours,  fi'om  Tivoli  in  four,  following"  the  \'ia  \'aleria  to 
A'icovaro  and  San  Conusato,  and  the  I  stica  vallev  to 
Licen/a.'  L(d  it  be  understood  that  the  excursionist 
expectin<^'  to  see  u'reat  ruins  of  the  farm,  and  to  fec^l  the 
impression  of  Horace's  presence  in  this  out-of-the-w  a\- 
corner  of  the  (Nii'th,  is  doomed  to  disappointment.  The 
ruins  are  in>ii4'niticant :  tli(^  sprin^'  of  Handusia  runs  al- 
most dr\':  the  Lucretilis  is  bai'c  of  its  ^rcHMi  manth^;  onl\' 
tlu^^Tueral  landmarks  with  which  the  poet's  words  have 
made  us  familiar  can  \)c  sin<>'l(Ml  out,  —  the  vallev,  the 
river,  the  \  ini^-clad  hills,  tlu*  frownin<i:  i^eaks  of  the  Gen- 
naro  uToup. 

l\vo  IcNiriuMl  men  of  the  second  lialf  of  tlie  eiu'IitciMith 
century  claim  the  honor  of  havinuf  first  disc-overed  the 
true  site  of  the  farm,  tlie  French  abbe,  Hertrand  ('a|)- 
martin  de  (liaupy,  and  the  Tiburtine  lawyer,  DomcMiico 
<\c  Sanctis.  Idu^  first  |)ul)lished  betwiHMi  17()7  and  17()!) 
three  ponderous  volumes  undcM*  the  title  of  "  Decouverte 
de  la  maison  de  campai>'ne  d'Horace,"  tlu^  s(M'ond, 
'' Dissertazione  sopra  la  villa  (T  Orazio,''  of  which  there 
livv  [\\vcv  (Mlitions,  dated  respectively  17()1,  17()8,  and 
1784.^    1)(^   Sanctis   accu.ses   the   abbe  of   liavinii;   taken 

^  Total  distance  fr.)ni  Rome,  thlrtv-two  miles,  from  Tivoli  fourteen. 
Lieenza  can  also  he  \  isited  in  a  da\  from  liome  hv  railway  to  Mandela. 
where  a  rickety  ])os{al  conveyance  awaits  passeni^ers  for  Lic(Miza. 

The  first  two  volumes  of  the  Drcoin-crfr  were  printed  in  17(>7  by 
Zempel,  the  third  in  17(19  by  Komarek.  They  form  an  excellent  topo- 
<]:raphical  cyclopa'dia   of  the  (^nii[)a(]:na,  of  Latium,  of    Campania,  and 


1 


\H  WA\i)i:iMN(is  IN    riii:  homan  (  ampa(,\a 

«"i(]vantnir('  nf  conlidt'iif ml  rctn.-irk^  oxrliniiixcMl  on  flio 
Mil)|t'(t;  tilt'  iihlx'  tlii'ust->  (lie  .■i('('ii>,i  { ion  !);i('k  on  In^ 
ri\;il.  Pcrli.ip^  tlicy  arc  l»otli  ri^'lit;  tlicy  ni.i\  liaxc  ar- 
riN'tMl  ni(lc|MaMl(Mitly  at  tlic  >ain('  ('oncln-<ioii :  hiit  ex  i- 
dtaitU'  t!i('\  talkt'cl  too  inn<'li.  Mxaai  to-dax  it  i^  not  ('a>\' 
to  N(M'  the  i'i^"lit  and  tlic  w  roni!,'  ni  tlM>  Ua t  radionix - 
oniac-li\   of  the  ciu'litreutli  ccntiirx.     (  ia>ton  Hoi.>^ic'r,  lor 


Hi^fancr.   a^    \\    ih'cowm^^   a    oatnotic    ri'cnchnian 


tor  t 


o-iicr* 


('  a 


H  |ua<  •ion>  a  hi  >< 


I 
V 


•1 


land 


( )!  re.    ( 


lont   ii  ('t 


o!ir(  I  Mui  on  !U'  INI  contc^tc 


i  \  ( )i  r  ( l«H'on\'ri 


n  la  i>o! !  <  a  ■  <  ■;!  in  I  >a  i^' 


M'     ( 


to!    I  ). 
1 


f  !  ( 


t  ii 


II 


(  ) 


*  M  .'I  <  't 


I  I    -^ 


M 


(  '  I    •     I    !  \    ( 


I    \ 


M 


!  M  •  ( )!    I  la  •  !  ;f  rn  !   !  r<  >n 


t  •  MM 


t    dt'M  i;i  nd<  -d   .i  i 


1  in('(  1     )«■;!. 


!  !     .  i 


H  ni  oi   coni 


'o  \  (T^ 


<  ■  f  H  n  M  H  1, 1  !'\ 


(tt)- 


s    ( 


*  1    M  I  M  I  ■;  j  -^f  t 


n;if 


I  ) 


1   1  )ri<  H 


» s    i  M 'ca  ii  ^«/  n 


( ■:>.  >(.* 


M  ■      »;  ii  I  n  M  M  '< 


(  '    h  >  \  »  '! 


1 


i  n  i  .» i  I  _:  H  a  -■-  <- 


)  \\  t^ai 


1 1 


t(»vo(     nor*! 


lie   ^^"a  n  }  t  -d    f *  *  ♦Mid  ]]]'-   d:i  V 


s  in  a  ] « 


It" 


,  i  iv  L  ■ 


O  !  « 


i 'orn ! ' r  o 


n^  t\r<( 


t   » 


('"«'( 


t  t 


( ) 


f«  •<    (  ) 


{  M 


i  < 


M».    ( 


l:'-  f 


(  •     ^(  '  i  !  '(  ■  M  (   > 


•  !      ! 


H  '    {■{)]']  n 


I  »  ,\  <  ■  \  t 


an  t 


( ) 


■  (  1     \  I  i 


It'll 


(        («»("-» 


(  '     t  •    fit 


nio!'*'  lon«-«>onM'.  nnronnorf  a  I  »!f,  <  ad  -o!'-f  1m'-\\  ;i  \ 


ior^akri!    >^|)ot    tlian    tin'    ( 


(MM'     <  1  <  "  '  1  ! 


V 


'( 'i     ;i  I  M  t  \  t 


(  iVC 


<  I 


I(  )l  j  - 


(    I   I'l    '-^( 


w 


M-Ii  (    liaiipx    had   idriit  ificd   with  I  lu'  .>itf  of  I  he  a  n<'aai  f 
(■\{\    of   (   liro.    the    })n'tli|tLa<M'   of    \iirna.     **  I   nc   d 
xrrto  >i   (('idainc  td  en    nirnir  trnip^   ^i    inii»orlant('  pom 


«■(■(» 


I 


I 


I 


n-to]r(^  l\oTnainf\  mo  nan^a  nin^  ^at  intact  ion  <i  pn  pia  nte 


<|n('.  \r  Inai  x'  troiixant  axon'  nnn  petite  culi^c  i^anta 
^lai'ia  deu'li  Area],  a  \('c  nne  lial>dation  ct  dc^  tcia'anis, 
•ri^  tont  dc  >nito  ka  rt'^olntion  dc  nic  l(v^  fairc  ('(Mlcr 
.    ponr  \'  fairc  nnc   niai>on   dn  canipaj^nn',  (pic   jc  \is 


J^'  I 


(jiic  |('  [)onr!'oi>  rcndi'c  nitcrcNsantc  nii  I  ornant  dc>  moini- 


« I 


f   M;iL:n,!    ^ir;i'<-l;i.      Df  S.-iiictiN'^   fir>t   edition   \v;i<   |)ul>li-«lH'(l    in    17(»1    l)V 
al(»nit)iii,  the  x-cond  in  17<IS  h\    IJarhifilim,  tlir  tliird  .(t  liaxcnn.i  in   ITsl- 


h^    \i 


I  i\  *T) 


^ 


i 


\ 


rni:  land  of  horaci: 


llackt'rf"^  V 


]r\\ 


]\ 


i>i   I  loraci'  > 


fan 


tta 


<  KM 


to    1 


nid  ni  Horace  |H'cdi<'tion 


w  arnnr 


1-^; 


u)ru\<   do  la    vi^lc^  rrnrc-]  (pic     j'ai    fronve."     lake    M 
l>ctt(M'cdor  wid     lir^    RokiirNon    (dar^oc.  ('anniarini 


o\  plana - 


tioir>  ot    the  oe(  nrr(aicc>  of  <kiil\   life  a 


1 


>  waal   a>  o 


■!'e;it 


p<.)litical  cNaaits  and  c(Hnniotion>  of  the  workk  lie  lixcd 
lonu*  cnon^ii  to  w  itncs>  the  onthreak  of  the  Frian-h  Rc\-o- 
Intion,  and  showed  no  sur])ri>(^  at  [\\v  hloodx  (kivs  of  the 


J 


ta-ror,   IxH-ansc   Horace,   i\\   ccidani   passaii^x 


\s  \\ni( 


■h   1 


10 


was  fond  of  explaining  to  his  friends,  had  forctohl  that 
precisi^  evtait. 


The  ahhe's  pnhlication  created  a  stir  even  in  artistic 

circles.     Landscape  painters,  following'  in  his  footsteps, 

lound  new  and  fascinatino;  snhjetds  of  stndv  alon^  the 

/^     l)anks  of  the  ['ppcM'  Anio  and  of  its  main  ti'ihntarv,  tlu* 


1) 


i<>'entia.   The  c(d(d)rated  artist-eno-raver,  (icori!'  llack- 


ert,  with  the  h(dj)  of  his  brother  Philipp,  produced   an 


U^    WAXDKKIXC-    IN     TllF    1U)MAX    rAMPAr.W 


t'Xtiin^i 


tc.'ill 


Mill!    <  > 


f  rl 


CX't'll   VK'W^  (> 


f  tlir  iliNti-ict,  (1(m|](';i 


ttMl 


[(.  ( iii>t.iv  111.  kiiii:-  of 


\\  ♦'( 


l(Mi.  iindci-  flic  title.  *'  Carte 


L''( 


■iu'rale  (\r  la  pnrtic  de  la  Sal)in<'  on  t'toit  ^itiiee  l;i  m;n- 


(»ii  (le  ca  ni[>au"ne  ( 


III 


nrarc,  sui\  If  I 


Ic  .1 


i\  \ue^  (ics  >it('S 


(If  crttc  cnmpau-no  vi   de  sos  (Mivinms  iioim 


no  ( 


lan>  1 


(^S 


(iMlVI't'^    ( 


riloract^  «^t  relntivo  aiix  di^siM'ta ti()ii>  (jU(^    M^ 
TAMk'  (Ir  Saiiti-,   M'.   TAMm'  ( "apiiiartin  dc   Cliaupy  ct 


M^  ilc  Uam^a\   o 


ut  I 


1,1 


ilinllt'  ;i   CI 


I  jet 


«  «         r  I  ■< 


n 


■ipprcciatt'  tilt'  l)(\'iiit\-  of  na(k(Ml'>  work  fi-oiii  tin'  >j)rci 


ic  I'cadci'  call 
tl 


int'ii    lici'c    rcprodiiciMJ.      It 


rc|)i'("scii 


t>  II 


ic    \  lew     \s 


liici 


II 


oracr 


inii^t     lia\a'   ciijoxtMl    w  Ikmicnti-,    sitting-    on     tin 


l)aiik>  of  the  noi^v  rivci',  .'it  the  toot  of  flic  lull  on  which 


the   farm    huildinu's    >tood,   he    turned    his    u'a/.e    noi 
wai'd   in   the  direction  of   Licen/.a   and   (  ivitella. 


th- 


ri 


le  ]'oa( 


1  whicli  KNids  from  Tivoli  to  the  u'oal  of  our 


i)ilua'imaue  i^  pi'aetieally  the  ^aiiie  o 


Id  V 


la 


ilei'h'i   w 


tl 


le  l)0( 


't  wa 


fond  of  followinu'  in  the  earl\   hours  ot  the 


lii<-l 
f  tl 


mornm!^",  on  ins  wax 


to  M 


eeena>  s  \nia 


11 


A>  a  hee  dart: 


<!a"ow>,  >o 


for  the  fields  of  Matinum,  where  the  rcMlolent  thyiiie 
1  follow  the  hanks  of  the  Anio  to  feel  the  in- 
spiration of  the  Mn>es."  IIkm'c^  is  no  doiiht  that  tlie>e 
venerahle  r(Mnain>  of  Kridu'es.  of  >nl)Ntruetion-w  all>,  ot 
stations,  datinu'  from  the  fii->t  opening'  of  the  road  hy  M. 


\'aleriiis  Ma\imu>  in  ^^2()  li.  c,  uiu-t   have  lall(Mi  nndei 


h 


1 
tl 


us  '.'•aze  oN'er  and  over  aira 


1 


le   >ame   x 


mornmL!'  moii 


in  :  and  that  he  nin>t  have  felt 

•n>e  of  exhilaration    that    we   feel    when    the 

ntain  hree/e,  filterinu-  thronuh  the  hranehes 

k>  ovei-hannMni'-  the  road,  seem>  to  vivifv  mind 


of  the  oa 

and  hody  and  inspire  in  us  |)leasanter  and  healthier 
thouu'hts  and  a  ke(Mier  appreciation  of  the  Ix^iutics  of 
the  road.  These  heautics  are  manv  and  varied,  espe- 
cially  as  we  round  the  hill  of  Castel  Madama,  the 
media'val   castle  of  Sacco    Muro,  the    Pelasu'ic   walls   of 


icovai'o,  or  lUe  so 


tl 


litarv  cloisters  of  San  ('osimato, 


I 


( 


\ 


\ 


k 


]-l 


TU\:    I.AM)    OF    H()HA(  K 

'Jdic  property  oll'ered  hy  Maecenas  to   11 
;i(l(M'ation  of  his  poetical  sei'vices  '   was  of  consi<leral)l 

says   Dr.  l^ickwcll,  "he  let  off   t 


orace  m  con- 


e 


vaUK 


Part  of  it 


o 


five  peasants  on  thc^  metaya^v  system;  the  rest  he  culti- 
vated himself,  employino"  ei^ht  slav(\s  supei-intiMided  hv 


s  us,   was   siinou 


ous  (Miouiiai  to 


iconic 


cviamii''  mea 


i\  1)ailil}*.    'Idle  hous(\  he   tell 

marhle  pillars  or  oilded  cornices,  hut  spaci 

receive  and  entertain  a  o'uest  from  town,  and  to  we! 

occasionally  his  iHa^hhors   to   a    cheei'ful 

wliere  the  talk  was  clean  and  sensible,  the  fare  heai 

hacon,  uardeii  stuff  and  chicoi'v  and  mallow 

the  villa  was  a  warden    not   filled  with  flow 

in  one  of   lii<  ( )(l(\s  (ii,  xv,  (i )  I 


tl 


Willi  no 


h  t^ 


L 


IS  and 


I'OUUi 


.s, 


ers,  oi   whicii 


ic   expresses  a  ( 


h'slil 


unrtMuuncrative,   hut  laid  out    in 
of  L'ra ss,  (M 


sma 


11 


1 


)ai'a 


Icl 


\e  as 


oiiM'anis 


l<^ed  with  hoxand  planttMJ  with  clipped  I 


lOl'U- 


IVCs. 


heam.    The  house  was  shaded  from  above  l>v  a  arovc  of 
ilexes  and   oaks:  lower  down   were  orcliards  of  ol 
wild    plum,    cornels,    apples.     In    the    richer   s(,il    of    the 
valley  h(^  o^vcw    corn,   whose  hai'vests  never  failed   him 


und  had  wedded  viii(\s  to  the  el 


uis.    Au'ainst  this  last  ex- 


periment his  bailiff  urumblccL  sayino-  (hat  the  soil  would 
frrow  spice  and  peppcM'  as  soon  as  ripen  ui'.ipcs:  but  his 


ec(Mias   to 


uia.ster  persisted,  and  succeeded.    Invitinii'  M 
supper,  he  offers  Sabine  wine  from  his  own  (\state  ( ( )d 
I,  x\\  1 ) 


(Vs. 


.    .    .   There  he  sauntenMJ  da v  bv  dav,  watched 
)orers,  working-  sometimes,  like  Huskin  at  Ilink- 


his  hil 

sey,    awkwardiv,    to    their    amusemtMit,    with    1 
hands;  straxed 


lis    own 


uou  .'did  thtMi  into  tlu^  lichened  rocks  and 


:\i; 


I'cciias  inav 


vv  ?na 


ih  \h 


well  as  hi 
tl 


>  (»\\  ri. 


W 


(' . )\\( 


(Iv  the  nrrant  in  the   name  of   \]\o  luiiperor  a^ 
to  Aiii^ustus  the  tVairtli  hook  of  the  n,l,  v.  puhlisju'd 


in  the    \(>ar   1.;  u,  ,    ,  fen    years  aft(>r  the  appearance  of  hooks    ii   and 


111. 


T 


lis  end  was  seeiind  hv  inhaistinir  to  Horace  tlie  fa->k  of 


Century  II 


vnin  (( 'arnicii   Sa  (■u/drc,   is 


C()nipoNin<r  the 


c.  I?)  and  the  son<j;  for  the  \'indeli- 


cian  victories  of  his  kinsi 


lien 


Tih 


en  us  an 


JDr 


usus. 


UG  wam)i:kj.\(;s  in  the  koman  (  a.mi'A(,xa 


forest  \\il(l>  Ixnoiul  lii>  farm,  :>iirpri^tHl  tlirrc  l)\  a  Imue 
wolf,  who  luckilv  fled  t'roiii  liis  presence  i(  )(l(\>,  T,  xxii,  U): 
or  —  m()>t  eii)oya!)le  of  all  ~~  la\  hcsidc  tlu^  >|)riiiu'  of 
Baii(lii>ia  with  n   l>ook  or  n  friend  of  cither  x'x. 

*'  (  )t  the  lianitij i)i  his  home  he  >|)eaks  alw  .-i  \  ^  mo(h'>{l\  ; 
it>  clntriN  hv'  i>  iiex'ei'  wcarx  of  exlohin^'.  hccaiisc  it 
yiehhMl  cahii,  traiKjinUity,  re|)o,se.  making',  a>  WOnf^- 
worth  ->a\>,  the  \"er\  thoiii'-ht  of  coimtrN  hfc  .-i  thouiiht 
of  I't'fn^e;  .-ind  that  was  wli;it,  >o  h)n^'  in  |)oj)nh)n^  citx 
pent,  ht'  h)ni:'ed  to  Hnd  and  fonnd.  It  w:i>>  hi^  linnic, 
where  he  eoiihl  possess  his  soul,  eonhl  he  sclf-ccnt red 
and  >tM"en(\  This,  >;i\s  Kn>kin,  is  the  trne  natnre  of 
Home:  it  i>  the   Phicc  of  l*(';i(e." 

Non:.  I  ha\<"  [iMri  •<  >^fi\'  nh^hnrifi  I  Irom  _;-i\iii^-  ;in  .•iccoiiiit  of  \\\v  so- 
•  ■.illt'd  rriii,iiri»  (if  flif  t.tnii  hcciu-r  il  i-  not  iin->vjl,|c  [o  I'flcntif's  thcni. 
\\\r\{  ^Taii  tfd  \\\:\\  flic  t'arnilioux'  ■>hi)iiM  !i;i\.'  he*  mi  j  ire  •>«•[•  \  c' I  iluriii^'-  flic 
f«  »iir  ct'iif  iiri«'>  of  t  he  fiii[>irt'.  \\\  iiM-iiiorv  of'  the  j  ioft'>  >o  joinai  iii  f  !ii>  \  allcv 
fof  wfiicf!  faci  Uf  ha\r  no  f\  iMcncf  L  tli<"  rfiiiani-  af  f  rahii  If*!  fo  \\  \^\  local 
trailifi(»ri  arc  too  faint  and  \a_;'iH'  to  r<'[>a\  the  fatigue  and  llic  Iroiihic  of  a 
jMij-rinia.:'^'.  IdicN  con^i^f  of  a  piece  of  mosaic  j»a\enienf  in  hlaek  and 
wliite,  of  ^-eoniefrieal  jiatfern.  flie  dt-si^ri  of  which  i>  i^ixen  l>v  ilaekert  in 
tfie  first  sheet  of  hi>  alhiini.  Around  this  poor  reh'e  there  are  \esti_a..s  of 
three  terraces  of  a  much  later  date  flian  the  AiiL:nstan  era.  and  of  sijch 
inai:Tiitieen<-e  that  they  could  not  po^^ihlv  he  reconciled  with  the  idea  of  a 
tarni.  ddicse  \('>ti^-cs  are  to  he  x-cn  on  a  spur  of  the  (  Olle  l^otoruh)  (  Lucrc- 
tilis.-ion  the  left  of  the  road  ascendin_:  to  I  a'cen/.a.  ti\  c  hundred  \ard,s 
before  rcachin^^  the  first  honsc.  'l"he  [»lafeaii  stands  IMJO  feet  al)o\cthc 
sca.  I  he  names  of  many  places  in  the  neighborhood  seeiii  to  recall  tho^c 
of  the  Iloratian  a^'e:  7//  Onisim  or  Orntim,  ui\«'n  to  a  sprini,'  liii^hcr  up  on 
tlie  same  .>pur  of  the  njoiintain;  /-/  itusfii-n^  i:i\en  to  a  ju'ece  of  land  near 
the  *•  I  sticd'  cuhiuifis  sdxd."  etc.  Another  L:roii[)  of  ruins  is  marked,  in 
ilaekert  s  bird  "--eye  \  ieu  of  the  \  alley,  u  ifh  th(>  name  "  K  nines  de  Bains/' 
much  nearer  the  \illaL:e  of  I{occauio\  ane;  and  here,  a  little  above  ttie 
country  clnircli  of  Santa  Maria  delle  (  asc.  the  late  e\[.lonT  of  the  ('am- 
f>airna.  Fietro  Rosa,  places  the  site  of  the  farm,  in  o[)position  to  .Sir  William 
(i*'ll  and  Xibfjy.  who  favor  Lic-enza  and  the  idcnlitication  sm^^csted  bv 
(  haiiiiv. 


> 


/ 


\ 


i^. 


0 


flTAPTKR    III 


rilK     I.AXI)    OF     ilADh'IAX 


HADRIAN'S  hioo'rapliei's  liav(^  left  seareeK  ^inv 
record  of  the  eonstrnetion  of  a  vilhi  at  llhur. 
althon^'h  it  was  (*onsi(h'r(M|  the  most  nuennii- 
cent  in  the  workl.  Aurelius  \'l(doi'  '  oidv  .s;i\s  th.it 
Ilach'ian,  on  liis  return  from  his  hrst  transcontincnt.il 
jonrn(W,  in  a.  d.  h2.>,  having  setth'd  the  affairs  of  the 
empire  and  intrusted  the  cares  of  u'ovc^ruTnent  to  -Kh'us 
(Ja\sar,  retired  to  his  vilhi.  w  h(M'e  "ut  heatis  h)euph'ii- 
l)us  mos"  -as  is  the  custom  with  uhmi  favoi'ed  hv 
foi'tune  —  he  u'ave  himst^lf  up  to  the  huihh'nu"  of  pal- 
aces, to  th(^  enLiro'cment  of  his  artistic  collections,  and 
to  luxurious  and  proflio'ate  hahits.  The  author  of  the 
'*  Vita  "  adds  (chapter  ^2()j  that  the  au^iist  architcH-t,  to 
perpetuate  the  rem(Mid)rance  of  the  places  and  (MJifices 
which  had  impr(\sse(l  him  most  during- his  journevs.  had 
reproduc(Ml  in  the  villa  the  Lvc(nim.  the  Academy,  the 
Prvtananim,  and  the  Pcrcile  from  Athens:  the  (  anopus 
from  the  old  seaport  of  the  Delta;  the  Lower  Hei'ions 
from  th(^  fancies  of  tlu^  ])oets  concerninii*  the  honu^  of 
future  lilV;  and  even  the  Vale  of  Temp(\  that  jewel  of 
Thessalian  land.scai)e.  To  this  list  mav  he  added  a 
(ireek  and  a  Latin  theatre,  an  odeum,  a  stadium,  a  u'vm- 
nasuim.  the  (ireek  and  Latin  libraries,  the  imperial  pal- 
ace, the  hatlis,  and  the  (juarters  for  quests  and  for  the 
body-ouard.  The  remains  of  all  these  edifices  can  (^isilv 
be  identified.    The  otlier  names  —  CAiiosarnus,  Tisianat- 


'    J)(   (\vs.. 


XIV 


H<S    WAXDKRINCS    IX    TUV    ROMAN    (  AMPA(;NA 


teiini,  (Ecocoriutliia,  Ih^liocaininus,  Natatoriuni,  1 


< ) 


t    1^ 


IIIIOII, 


cu 


t< 


w 


hid 


1    OCCMll-    111 


tl 


\c    mans  o 


.r  1. 


lii'orio 


iUH 


1    1 


iraiiosi    arc   faiui 


fill 


111(1    UlUlcxTN  llli''    consKHM'a- 


tion 


I  have  iH'Vc!"  Ikm'Ii  aMc  to  iindcr.Ntand  \\\\\  Hadrian, 
familiar  as  lie  \\a>  with  the  l)('>t-kii<)\\  ii  vi('\\>  in  the 
(Mn|)irt\  a  lover  of  mountain^,  and  an  ac('om[)li>li(Ml 
a]1i>t,  >lionld  have  choNCfi  for  ln>  retreat  a  tract  of 
conntr\    Karrh   three  linndrecj    fet't  ahox'e  the  >ea-level. 


tl 


witl!    no   commandmLr   \ie\\,    hot    in   summer,    ( 


hill 


111 


winter,    dami)    m    other    >ea>on 


w 


ithin    the    reach    of 


•I 


malaria,   when    he  mi 


( ) 


ht  I 


i;i\'(' 


loll 


OW  ('( 


I  tl 


i(^  (^xami) 


)1(^    of 


rrajan,   who  had   hiiilt   lii>  >liootin^  lodu'c  on   the  Arci- 


iia//o 


I 


i>>, 


;d    th(*    altitude    ol*    ^2 


i .),) 


(»•( '   ( ) 


f(M't 
f   tl 


or  o 


f  N 

1 


ero, 


K'   ^imhrmiH 


who    ha<l    traii>t*ornie(l    a    wild    <»'<>i' 

mountains   at    Suhiaco    into    a    heaiitiful    park    with    an 

artifi<-!al    lake,    windini''    for   a    mile    throui'-h    tl 


le    over- 


1 


laniiinL^   i 


litf 


H)me  have  suu"<4'e>te(j    that   tlu^    .Miian 


did    own    a   family  estate  on    this   hill,   and    in    proof  of 

lis  of   ^'  opus  incertum  " 


thi>  surini>e  point  to  certain  wa 
fa  st\le  of  masoiuw  Liiveii  up  ahoiit  the  Aua'nstan  aire) 
which  ma\'  still  he  seen  near  the  (\asino  I''e(|(\  Hut 
IIadriair>  ancestors  came  fr<uu  Spam,  and  their  home- 
stead W'a>  at  Italica,  the  old  Se\ill(\  the  hirthplace  of 
Trajan,  of  Siliii>  Itallcii^,  and  later  of  'IdieodoNius. 
()tlier>  ha\"(^  attril)ute<l  the  choice  to  the  nei^hhorhood 
of  the  Suljiliur  Sprinu>,  of  which  the  iMuperor  ina\'  ha\e 
been  in  need.  All  tlii>,  howcxcr,  (loe>  not  justif\  the 
selection  of  a  ^ite  which  wa>  at  that  time  commanded 
by  a  hundre(|  pri\at<'  \illas,  all  healthih"  and  pl(\'isantl\' 
>ituated  on   the  <lopes  of  tln^  ("atillus  and  of  the  hill  of 


A'A 


uia 


fro  I 


n 


the  t 


errac<'>   ot'   whi( 


h   the  e\('  <_fa/.e(l   ov(U 


the  ( "ampaLTna  as  far  a^  Rome,  ,ind  Ixwond  it  to  the  >ea . 
The   consular  dat<\s   impre»ed   on   the    bricks  and    roof 


II 


•* 
■# 


V 


V 


X. 


k 


ip-^jf 


M 


TIIK    LAX  I)   OF   IIADHIAX 


lx>9 


tiles  show  that  the  Tiburtinum  Iladriani  was  1)ei^ain  in 
A.  1).  12,"),  and  that  the  work  lasted  the  whole  of  the 
ten  years  the  Emperor  was  abroad.  After  his  return  in 
13()  he  retired  to  his  new  possession,  and  continued  to 
beautify  it  with  new  buildings,  masterpieces  of  paintin^r 
and  sculpture,  and  water-works,  until  he  was  struck  Ia 


fatal  illn 


ess. 


;ind   removed  to  BaiiL*,  where  he  died  on 


tlie  tenth  of  Julv  in  t!u^  vear  lo().  This  manv-iiifte*! 
man  — architeet,  painter,  en^-ineer,  landscape  hardener, 
mathematician,  stratc^^ist,  sportsman,  jurist,  moun- 
taineer,    po(*t,    liuixuist,    erudite,    explorer,    statesman. 


lead 


er  of  armie 


ind  ruler  of  uwn  —  had  been  born  in 


Rome,  on  January  ^-^o,  a.  d.  77,  in  a  house  of  the  twelfth 

ward.  Piscina  Fublica,  which  became  in  due  course  of 

time  a   historical   buildinii;    and  was    shown    to  tourists 

under    the   name   of    'Trivata    Iladriani."    His    father, 

.Elius  Afer,  hailed  from  Italica,  and  his  mother,  Domitia 

Paulina,  from   (^adi/.    How  a   Spanish   famih    of  uood 

standing-  m  its  native^  country  happened  to  kvv\)  house 

in  Rome  is  easilv  exj)laine(l  bv  the  fact  that  Mai'vllinus, 

•         It  t 

Hadrian's  oTandfatluM",  had  been  made  a  scMiator  of  the 
empire  by  his  kinsman  Trajan,  and  that  .Klia  Paulina, 
Hadrian's  sister,  had  married  another  residcMit  in  the 
capital,  L.  Julius  Prsiis  Servianus,  thric(^  consul,  w  hos(^ 
j)ortrait  bust,  made  at  the  expcMise  of  his  intcMidaiit, 
Crescens,  has  found  its  wav  into  the  Duke  of  Wellino-- 
tons  hous(^  in  London.  ( \)nsiderini'-  tlu^  remarkable 
})lace  which  these  Spaniards  have  uaiiUMl  in  history,  as 
well  as  in  tli(^  field  of  art,  and  considcM'iiii'',  furthermore, 
that  the  complicated  relationship  betwecMi  the  various 
members  makes  it  difficult  foi*  the  reader  to  remember 
their  individual  position  in  the  family  line,  I  trust  that 
the  followino;  o;enealoo-ical  sketc*h  will  not  be  (  onsidered 
out  of  place. 


l.>u 


wam)i:ki\(.n  in  nil.  homan  (  ampacxa 


J-.lui>  Mar\iiiri!i>,  -ciiat-'r 


.I-.iU]>  Mvr  iiiarrica  U>  l)oiu\-\.i  \\ 


!i!i;l 


Mir  CI  Mi^m- 


M,    ripii:.  Tr;);-!,,!]-  ;nh!   I   Ipia  M,i 

i 

M;iti.lia 


Vi  I, ill. I 


i 


\uu<  ni.irrii-(l  f, , 


>,iliHi,l 


-^'•"^'  ••^'  tli^'M'  hidiVs,  S;i})inn  (^\(vpfc.|,  could  !„«  called 
«'  >|''*"iMi  l.c-iiity.  Judu-in-  from  their  liken. -m-s  a.> 
^'"^l'/'*--^-^^"^!  i^i  iHi.>Ls,  -vnis,  nif<|;d.,  niid  |Mn-|nid  .{;i(ih-.. 
^''•■''''  ^>*'^*  ^'l<''f!'  f'»  frininiiM-  .■iH.'tidoii  ivM.'d  UN  thrir 
t'\[fnMfdin,ir\    lir.iddrc.^.  uw  ;(iid;!ri() 


^  .'I  nd  (•<  »[ii!»lic.-i  led 


I  »r*  >  v'i !  h  ■:;!  1  !  »!  M 


'•r    U]«-    fir-f    fina 


t »     t  [if 


n  I « '  ^  -v  a'  _ ' ' 

^Li'Ui  'k     f  la  ■     (    i  III  -vf   !■; 


•  \       I  i 


PL^'t! 


*  '     u'  'M  \  t  T    a 


f  ■<  >'  1 1 !  i     l\n\     In 


!Uo-|niirr    iii 


^^li''!'    }*'Nh^     lladnaii     w  a 
nn|  M Tial    o  )i  1  -n 

1-.m!i(M'^  a<  <«^  ,-iiriniix  }h;.i  i|,,.\ 
'^  l.irf.  Thr  .IJiaii-  aiid 
^''  ^  ij^i  tii>,  iiuwever,  were  ;?  <fern  rare,  unf  f < ,  ]»e 
dn^Tifed  la  such  contretemps.  Inshad  of  resei.!:;^  the 
iniMta^nee  of  the  Senate,  the  youncr  inau  took  furasion 
iiniii  It  to  (ret  rid  of  liis  native  aeeent,  and  sueeeeded  so 
adnnrahly  in  his  task  that,  as  the  hiocrrapher  says,  he 
mastered  the  nieeties  of  T.atin  ehujuenee  ''nsqiie  ad 
summam  peritiam  et  feeundiani/^  Greek  letters,  too, 
attraeted  liini  to  sueh  a  de^rree  that  at  fifteen  lie  was 
already  kncnvn  amono;  his  fellow  students  at  Italiea 
uiiiUi  iliK}  nieknameof  Grseeulus.  Wn  mav  also  notiee 
MTriMfi-  1,i.  nafJunal  pc^culiarities  that  h(^  was  the  first 
i^^'Ui.iii  rni|Ha'<.i  U.  v\rar  a  heard.  A^  f(--ird<  ]v_<  ae- 
^' '  'k^'  '^''''  re-f]e..  in.  mm!.  1 1  is  enouirk  f"  not.-  f  h;i!  m^  }k«> 

'*"'•'    }'■•<'■-    ukaii    rkip..aj    h*'f\uaii    [li.^    rec. lil    fV*M!i     Ifal- 
1'  ■;!     nfi » I     Ml--    :!  d*  » I  'f  h  >' !     !  i\     d  ''•■'*•!'  I     '1 


f  ra  \  <■!  h  ■* 


' '( I 


»" 

v 


4  } 


i. 


v 


^ 


V 


THE    LAM)   OF    HADRIAN  lol 

M(esia,  as  euuiniandei*  oi*  the  second  legion  Adjiitrix; 
UpixM"  (dernianv,  as  l)ear(M*  of  the  eon^^ratulationN  of*  the 
arniv    to    Trajan    on    his    adoption    by    Nerva;    Dacia, 


Portrait  bust  of  the  Empress  IMotina,  tlie  wife  of  Trajan, 
showing  the  extraordinary  headdress  worn  by  the  ladies 
of  the  Ulpian  and  ^EUan  famihes 

as  commander  of  the  first  leji^ion    M  nervia;  Parthia,  as 

kaUii    ui    liic    caiiipaio-^T   ao^ainst   i  iiu^^ioes;    Pannonia 
and  ^vi'ia,  as  goveriKH      If  was  in  fhl>  l:i<f  ]>rovinee  that 

'Hi    Aiiun-i    I.,    lis,   jif    rccci\rU    tia^   news  of  dk". dan's 

<h%'it!i  at     r;!!'<n.^.  rnid  of  1ii^  own  roTi:<ernHMit  aee(^<^in!i   {o 


\:. 


l.ri     WAXDKIUNCS    IN     rilK    IU)MA\    (A.MPA(;\A 

th."  ihn^uv.  SrvtMi  yc.-ir.  Inter  ur  \\iu\  him  ('.|;,l.>lL,hcd 
''^'  ^'a;-'  l^^"-^  <»^'  >'nif()  >ir\\iiuK  [()  .Mi|)('niitciHl  the  con- 
sfruf'tion  of  hi-  I'.ixoi-ite  vilhi. 

1  he   Liter   hi-torv  (»f   thr-   phu-.'    i-    not    kiK^wii.     Tlie 
<liM'(»vcr\   (.!'  n    l.ir>^t  of  Antommr-    Piii>    m    iss:;,    m    (he 
•^■^''■^^^    '•*■'"    "^"  tl'*'    l.n-vr    p.-iL'Mv,  .iihI  ,.f    \ui^\.  nr   h.-.-nls 


the  hii^t 

ei  j>   All  re! 
le     \erir     I 


iiii   [lit 

I  <  ■;!  ef  i 


t    !    !• 


II    Ilie 

e\  eii 


IJot 


M 


'M  '  i'    (  »! 


und.'i    ot    the 

■^   \  t'i'U^,  ;i  fill 

I  *;i  !it;i  !iei|(  ), 

'jeressors  of 


■i  f. 


I  , . 


''■^    l\rciii[s.  c.  ,^u,  ^.iv^  iiiai  Ze- 


t^f  l'au>tiii;i   the  l^hh'i 

^  .•Itie;ill.    X(,.    .;  {.  1     ,    yi; 

r^la-abalu>.    iiunh-   m 
slinw    f1i:it    the    xiihi     w 
IlaHnafi.   ;it   ;ill   r\elit^ 

<*<■!!  turX  .        !>!•[      we      r-in 

blot:'?':! ; )!(<■;■  <  a'   f  hf  'rii  --i  x     i  ^  r-.  >,  -c 

iiobia   wii.,    i.,n:i-;!Mvi    l,y  AurHiiiii  into  the  torritorv  of 
Tivoli,   in  a   place  -"not  far  from  Hadrian's  palace"; 
words  whidi  piuve  that  the  villa  had  not  lost  its  name, 
and  was  kept  up  in  good  condition  at  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine.   This  is  confirmed  by  the  following,'  observation. 
iW.ile  the  sculptures  of  the  villa  are  all  contemporary 
with  the  ffolden   age  of   Greek-Roman  art   character- 
istic of    11   (Irian's  reign,   and   show   no  trace  of  later 
restorations  (a  proof  of  the  care  which  was  taken  of  the 
crown  property),  the  buildings  and  their  architectural 
ornamentations  show  evidence  of  having  been  lar-^cly 
restored  towards  the  end  of  the  third  or  the  beginning 
of  the  fourth  century.    A  case  in  point  can  be  found  in 
the   so-called   Marine   Theatre,   the   most  enigmatical 
structure  of  the  villa,  the  aspect  of  which  can  be  better 
understood  from  the  illustration  on  p.  137  than  from  any 
description  in  words.    It  is  a  circular  colonnade  of  the 
Ionic  order,  opening  on  a  canal  fifteen  feet  wide  and  four 
deep,  Imed  with  slabs  of  Carrara  marble.    The  canal  in 
Its  turn  incloses  a  round  island,  covered  with  buildings 
so  complicated  in  their  plan  as  to  baffle  description. 


?» 


U 


r 


THE   BEST  EXISTING  PORTRAIT  BUST  OF  HADRIAX 
Sliowing  the  beard  worn  for  the  first  time  by  a  Roman  Emperor 


rin:  land  oi-   iiadiuan 


135 


]n  hs'«'  <liir«'!'r!if  I'laces  :it  tin-  iMiffuin  nf  tin*  cinnl  traces 

cnli    Ix'^CCli  n!    ti    1   H'cli;!  11  ir;i  I    con  t  n  \  ;i  1  !(■(*  \\ln<-h   fr\(tl\t''i 

(»n  |>i\()l^  or  lii!iuo>  {ixrd  on  the  >i(lo  of  tlio  !>hin«{.  w  Inie 
tlic  oilier  end  ran  on  whrcLs  in  a  groove  de^^riibing  a 
(junrter  of  n  eirelo.  Anlicpiarinns  have  ronnoctod  tliese 
r(Mn;Mn>  with  sluices  for  the  reguhition  of  the  waiter  in 
the  e<in;d;  l»n!  thi^  exphmntion  is  not  satisfactory  It  is 
siniph'  a  ca^e  of  a  jiont  foNrtnuif,  hy  the  !nan(en\'rn!g  of 
^\hich  connnnnication  with  the  ishmd  conhl  he  opened 
or  ch)S(Ml  at  wilh  These  facts  have  h'd  nie  to  con>ider 
the  i>h-ind  as  a  j)hice  in  which  the  Emperor  couhl  find 
al)sohit(^  sochrsion :  and  as  liis  favorite  occii])ation  w.'is 
j)ainting  and  modelling  in  chiv,  I  have  no  (h)nl)t  that  In^ 
used  the  island  as  a  studio.  About  the  end  of  the  third 
centurA',  wIkmi   the  m(Mnoi"\-  of  the  imixM'ial   artist   wlio 

«  I  1 

liad  ch(M*isluMl  the  white  mai'hie  island  above  all  other 
retreats  of  the  villa  had  faded  awav,  the  revolvinix 
bridge  was  abandoned,  and  a  permanent  one,  of  rough 
niasonrv,  was  substituted  in  its  place.  I  niav  also  rc^- 
mark  that  bi'ick  stamps  with  the  well-known  seal  of  the 
kilns  of  Diocli^tian  and  Constantine  were  found  in  the 
excavations  of  1S7S. 

Jt  has  ])cc]\  said  that  (\)nstantine  beiran  to  despoil 
tlie  villa  in  order  to  remove  the  ])ictures  and  statucvs  to 
his  new  capital:  that  Totila  took  up  his  (piarters  there 
in  544,  with  his  hoi'de  of  barbarian  plunderei's,  and  that 
in  the  eiahth  c(Miturv  Aistulf  the  Lanoobard  did  the 
same.  It  has  also  becMi  sui>'i>"ested  that  Hadrian's  villa 
supplied  tlu^  marbles  and  colunms  for  the  churclu\s 
and  hous(\s  of  Tivoli,  and  that  the  statues,  friezes,  and 
reliefs  wcM't^  smashed  to  pieces  and  tlircwn  into  the 
lime-kilns. 

All  this  is  simply  a  matter  of  conjecture,  except  as  Re- 
gards the  lime-kilns,  about  w  liich  there  is  unfortunately 


■^m 


no  room  f,,r  (louhl,    1|  j.  ,-vvinn  il,    ,  \     ,, 

I'e   ol,s,.rv.s;   -nv    ,.ov..,s    tl,os..   w.|ls\v|nV|,  '     i 

"••'•'■    '-'^    -tl'     'n->ton,.,.,l     ...,,...'     '"■"'"'■'^■ 

-■•^'■''  -  ,oi,i;  „,.,,„.  ,,„,  ,,;,,:'''■••'''-- 

^vlH.^c.   tril,,,,.,.   ..lot!,,.,!    i„    p,„,„|„  ""    "'".'•"'"•Ls 

\,i,;,,     ■•  ,   '^""-'-^      \i.i-.o,„n, „■„.,,  ,|,.ll,.,  \-;||,, 

,  '     ■■'"'■  •'■''■'"•■"HI  ni!u...,.M\  ■■|),,\-,P     ,      ,, 

■'■'-"->i;     hi...,,    nt    f!„-.    .,v, ,.,,,,, I,    .,,,,,,,„,  ., 

"1-"''-   n.    ,,,:    ,,hM.,.t    .   inri,,  I         >.         ■■'■'■  "■"'■    "'"■'■ 


i.l\'-   {]] 


-     -.  •    V      .  \   .    I     ill     J    t 

Muso.  n-m-;.^   M     i,,:,.   .    ;        1  f'^^^'-^^i'  -!   n.,    .Vine 

isiandV^^^'-r;::;;,::';;;;;!/'^!!;^ 

works  of  art  ,„  tl     X  1  uJ^^' ; '  '  "^^T  '"l'"^"  ''""^''•^'*' 
^■ana,  an    M     .  „     ,  J^'' /^'^^'^.^^'^  Caraffa  a 

frie/e    In    t'.     i.  ■«'    -h.ihpIIo    (  ,.rvini    a    marble 

.  r-  ,  ?,'"iien    (I.^jU);  and   Alaroantonio 

Thi.s  group  was  first  remove.1  to  the  Belve,lpr.  r      ,       •      , 
can;  then  to  the  museum  of  Cardinal  I{.xloifo  l'  o  ^  r  "  "  ''"'  '''''''- 


\ 


X 
X 


X 


—   /. 


/. 


I 
O 


i4 


llli:    lASl)    OF    IlADiUAX 


1  ']'! 


1\,I 


<  Ks 


I         ! 


■^tr,i! 


(  '    (  s  i 


('<•! 


! 


•cnuh' 


I   Uit"  111 


i  !♦ ■    <  t. 


){  )l 


■ill 


ill 


lit. 


MO  )('    () 


f    t 


\ 


() 


f      I 


roil 


('innt 


uiitidunriaii    iVom 


Hoi 


j)  of 


ior>«'>  () 


II  { 


M'  wf^^tmi 


sse 


Aid 


ONT.'ilK 


ll.      tl 


1« 


o^-iui   who  ('xaiiiiiuMl   tlii^   liiid    i 


1 1 


l.).)l,  .'it'tcM- ono  of  tlio  Jiorses  lind  Innni  alino>t  coiiiplctclv 
])ut  louH'tluT  nun  ill,  cii\\>  it  "a  most  l)eautit'ul  .^tced,  iu 
liiii;li  relief.  \s  Inch  seems  to  >tuml)le  and  fall  forward  — 
hiroro  iNrnir/(jll(K^:()  r  ilt'(/N(>/^    The  illustration  on  p.  140 


s 


s   were  ca- 


llows what  the  >e\'enteenth  centinw  restorer 
pahle  of  doinu'  w  ith  the  poor  animal.  The  falling;  horse 
from  a  decorative  (juadri^a  has  hecoiiu^  a  Qiiintus  Cur- 
tins  h^apiiio'  into  the  chasm,  one  of  tlie  most  admiriMl 
.seventeenth-century  impostures  of  tlie  ^'ulonc  in  the 
liorii'luvse  MustMim. 

Tnder  the  pontilicati^  of  Urban  VIII,  in  the  year  KISO, 
the  Huli^^arini  family,  w  ho  had  purchascMJ  from  the  heirs 
of  liindo  Altoviti  tht^  site  of  the  Odeum  and  of  the 
Academy,  disc()V(M-(Ml  certain  marble  candelabra  and 
fiu'unvs  of  (rods  and  her()(\s.    The  same  familv  —  known 


le 


for  havinu"  first  turned  the  noblest  and  richest  lialls  of  tl 
Villa  d'Esti^  into  ^n-anaries  —  damaired  the  Odeum  in 
ITSS  to  such  an  (^xtcMit  as  to  rouse  the  wrath  of  Cardinal 
Silvio  \al(Miti,  to  whom  the  care  of  the  antiquarian  de- 
j)artment  was  at  that  time  intrusted,  (iiusej)pe  Pannini, 
tlu»  architect,  was  sent  to  report,  which  lie  did  in  a  splen- 
<li(l  form  by  means  of  three  descriptive  plates  (eni^n-aved 
by  Fidanza ),  rich  in  particulars  interestino;  to  both  arcl 
tect  and  arclueolonist,  because,  (^ranted  that  this  build 

lin  odeum,  we   are   able  to  determine  from  its  plan 
that  of  another  build 


n 


nil 


was 


mo-  o 


f  tl 


le  same  name,  ere( 


■ted 


m 


Rome  near  the  Stadium  (Piazza  Xavona)  bv  Domitian. 
u-  reason  for  the  erection  of  these  last  named  spectacu- 

ht 


ri 


)e  sou  12 


hir  plact\s,  the  Stadium  and  the  Odeum,  nnist  1 

in  the  contemporary  institution  of  the  Agon  (  ^ipifolinu. 


i?l 


HO   UAM,i.;i{,.N(;s  ,x  Tin:  ijoma.n  ca.mi'ac.n a 

'^<'  A.   i>.     i'H.n.u.siral.sec't.on,n,l„.|,.,|.|,,,i,,^,  ,;,„„;,„, 


The  falling  horse  from  a  quadr.Va  discovered  in  the  \'ale 
lempe  and  transformed  into  a  ..roup  of  Quintiis  C 
leapmc,' into  the  chasm 


of 
urtius 


<n}(]     T>I;|T    Ip^^      I  |, 


'  » i     \  r  r-^i 


iaKiii-  an 


J '    II 


'■'^^^"•^    ^*'   iliia-iiir,  it   iuul 


i  Hi  f  i'-nvixn  f',y 


f  .f  i  •<•    h  :''   "I  r 


!  >    i  r  i 


K      )  1 ;  H  •  f 


I      I  I  H  ' 


he 

f-    •*-     W  ••    Ire!     m^ 


i 


THE    T.AXI)   OF   HADRIAN 


141 


in  tlic  stadium  of  Ihr  villa,  under  the  shade  of  its  ij^reat 
trees.  The  Bul<i^arini  were  not  punished  for  the  spoHa- 
tion  of  the  OdiMiin.  I*erhaps  Cardinal  Valenti  thou<j:ht 
tlu^v  had  already  sull'ered  sufficient  ehastisenient  in 
17.S().    It  eanu^  ahout  in  this  way. 

In  the  wintiM'  of  17,S()-.'^7  Monsio;nor  Alessandro  Furi- 
etti.  a  \()unu"  prelah'  from  HtM'^amo.  fond  of  anti(juariau 
research,  had  ohtaintNl  fi'om  the  Hul^arini  th(^  rii^iit  of 
(^\ca\  atiuii;  their  propei'ty,  not  on  the  usual  basis  of  a 
division  of  the  spoils  in  halv(\s.  hut  on  the  ])aym(M)t  of  a 
modest  fee  once  for  all.  ( 1ianc(^  favored  him.  and  before 
tlie  >eason  was  ov^r  he  had  secured  three  UKolcrpicces  — 
the  *'  Mosaic-  of  the  1  )()\t'>/'  a  perfect  co|)y  uf  the  oriuin;!! 
by  Sosus  of  Peru;nnuN,de^cT-ib("(i  b\-  Pliii\-  :  xxxvi.  ^2(»  ,;ii!(i 
the  two  ('ent;nir>  of  Ijiuit*  inorato.  the  wc»rk  ol  ( w  <  >  eim- 
nt'iit  nrti^l^  tmin  Aplimd'e^ia^,  An<>icu^.  and  Papi.-r^.  It 
is  said  thai  i  ht-M-  rieh  iind-  ^1  rained  the  rrln!  aai 
l-'iirietti  antl  pMf)--  Bclicdiet  \[\,  wlm.  Hi 
toenra^i  ilie  la-ah'  naifhJtMl  Cnpitolifir  Mu^einn.  Iind 
peihap>    aliticipaied    !he    pu^-.!  I  n  h!^\     of    a    gift   from    the 

anibifioTix  T)relate.  The  fact  i-  fh  if  ^  Inner  as  Benedict 
ruled  in  the  Vatican  Furietti  di  1  nnt  obtain  his  promo- 
tion to  cardinalship  to  which  he  was  otiierwise  entitled. 
Clement  XIII,  who  f^jave  him  the  much-coveted  purple 
hal  on  September  24,  1759,  scored  nu  bclur  success. 
The  Centaurs  of  Aristeus  and  Papias  and  flf^  Doves  of 
:^u>u>  remaiiicJ  m  ihe  Fuiaeili  house  until  the  tleath  of 
their  di^eox  t^i'tM'.  wlien  flicv  wnvc  fin:d1v  pnrclia^ed  frnin 
the  heir-  ha'  tht  villi!  of  -^ixtreii  thoUNalid  >CUdi  ;ii!o 
plac'cd   Hi  tho  Capitol  me  Mu^eiun. 

To  roine  i»aelx  to  file  ( 'h  Fofii  >!oi;i<  ■;! !  (hv^enption  i>f  uis- 
e()\('r!<\>  ill  ihe  \ilhi.  I  luii^t  ineiitioii  tho^c  made  m  the 
time  of  iiinoctMit  X  1()4  1-  1  r».-).Vi  bv  a  Ntone-entfernamed 
Hai-atta,  w  ho  du  •-  out,  amoiiif  other  curio>ities,  a  >ta 


H  •      W   (  't 


n^  ea^'ei'ness 


ir 


It-'     \VAM)i:i;i.\(..-~    IN    Tin;    |;,,m\\    ,    \m|.\,,x^ 

'""'  l''""''^  "'  t.irM:,-u,,rk  III  .■,   mhTiI  iV.'iiMc. 

.'■'"'  "■"",■,,(■(  nrnil  („„>,.,,,„.   |.V,|..  ,.  |1„.  o,„.  ,„,,.( 
'"'•"  "i<nli,Mi,.|  HI  r(„in(.-|i,,i,  will,  tl,,.  r,,(,.  ,,r  tl„.  villa 


A  corner  of  the  stadium  in  Hadrian's  villa 

In  the  ei^Lteentl.  century.    Having,  purchased  the  north- 
ern seefon  of  it,  winch  extends  from  the  present  en- 
ra„ce^.ate  to  the  (anopus,  he  explored  in.  a  desultory 
^^^}  the  (,reek  theatre,  the  Nymplueuni,  and  the  Pales- 


ONE  OF  THE  GIANT  CYPRESSES  PLANTED   BY  COUNT  GIUSEPPE 
FEDE  IN  THE  FIRST  HALF  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY 


»''i 


TUV    J  WD    ov    IIADHIAX 


145 


! 


Ji'ii 


!! 


fo    I 


I  1  I » I 


i  (.  M     -^ 


M  :i  I 


i  M  * 


1    1 


es  sii< 


us 


th< 


two  iciiuilc 


fHTIiicL'     AL. 


,Jx) 


f1]o  Vntirnii    M  n^fMni 


\\ 


1 


i(, 


I  f'{ 


- » >  1 . 


l<  u 


I 


( I 


(Ml\ 


PI 


>(  K^T'l 


(  >         M  ' '■>(  ) 


f         !    S 


filfv 


lit 


( 


11  !M 


!    fl 


K 


tv 


>nic(iv;  a  iiToup  uf  ('iniui  and  ^^\cliL^ 
n    vo^^n    afitico,    with    eves    of    colofcd 


>>. 


nn\S     (! 


H 


( 


1 : 1 1 )  1 !  i( 


o  (iciic   niasclicft 


U'rl 


Hnt   tlio  Ihv^I    iifh'  of  Ihr   Fcdr  tainilv   lo  the  uTatitiid.'  of 
all  t'n\'!id>  of  I  la<lI'iaI^•^  villa  li' 


t"-  in  their  liaxiiiii-  olai 


iloll, 


I 


i("    buuiidai\    liiic  i) 


I 


f   t 


icir  (Vn 


tat 


mo   oil   ( 


'it 


KM 


H 


.id(,'  ot    tne  central 


ix'emic 


;i    ( 


louhl 


tl 


w 


row    ot   cypresses. 


ic  iiio^t  iiia;:!nliccnt  specimens  in  Italy.     It  >c(Mii>  to  u> 
lio  \()\v  the  Nilhi  a!)ove  all  otlier  slte>  of  the  district  of 


Til 


)ur 


( »' 


tli;il 
II 


\\  (i( 


l<.    I 


<  )S( 


tl 


1)1 


n()i)ie  crown   ot    (ner- 


reens.  all  our  interest  in  it  wcnild  die  out.  And  this  is 
not  an  idle  tear:  siicli  inixhHMis  have  heen  coinniitted  in 
these   last   y(\ir>  aoain>t    tr(M\s   in    Rome  and    the   Caiii- 

•ted    to 
hicli 


I 


)ai''na 


that 


tl 


even   me   improhahlc^  may    \)c  vxpiH 


l)h 


happen  in  this  line.    In  the  twentv  vears  dnr 


in<>'  \\ 


Had 


11 


nan  s    villa   was   nnder  mv  care,  snch    nam 


1 


s    were 


lit] 


taken  to  k(H'p  the  oliv(^  ^^vovc  in  a  whoUvsome  condition 
that  wc  eonld  almost  cover  tlu^  (expense  of  repairs  and 
excavations  w  ith  tlu^  proceeds  of  the  crop.  J  remcMiilxM' 
(\s[)eeially  a  vencM'ahk^  old  oiant,  the  pride  of  the  Oliveto 
di  Hoccahrnna  (which  rc^presents  now  what  in  Hadri- 
an's time  were  the  oardens  of  the  Academy ),  known 
nn(l(M-  the  name  of  "TAlhero  IV^Ilo,"  which  would  yield 
m  o-ood  s(Nisons  as  nmcli  as  ten  ordinary  trees,'  and 

« 

loyed  the  o:rove  so  that,  havino-  once  to  decide  whtdl 
it   woidd   not    l)t^  (^xp(Mlient   to  cnt   down   a   yomu''  trei^ 
which  T)r(W(Mited  ns  from  lavino-  hare  a  mosaic  fl 
the  "(\)rtile  delle  Hihliotecl 


we 


]CV 


oor  lu^ir 


le 


we  gave  up  tlie  seareli 


til 


•h 


Hul 


rini  mentions  a  crop  of  nine  hundred  and  twenty  litres  of  ripe 
berries,  e(jiial  to  twenty-six  bushels.  Xotizic  intonio  la  citta  di  Tivoli, 
Home,  Zauipi,  I8t8. 


14(i    WAM)KRI\(;S    I\    THK    IU)MA\    (;AMPA(;XA 


ratlu^r  than  disturl)  the  saph'ni^^  dviw  to  M 
such  ri('o'hH-t  of  tli 


iiierva 


Al; 


IS 


w  "o-rtHMi  niantU^  '  of  [\\v  viha  has  h(H'ii 


shown  in  \n[c  vcars  that  nianv  InnnhnMl  tr(H\s  have  1 
aUowtMl    to   (h'e   in    the   treael 


)een 


lerous   (Mnhraee  o 


f   tl 


U'    IVV 


I'xniiT  ni)  o 


which   is  sucking-  their  \\(v  out,  or  i)v  the  d 

the  roots   for  w;iiit   of   proper   ^illiIli,^    Tlic  Alhcro  Hell 


f 


O 


IS 


till 


ni    a    fan-  condition;   and    looking'   at    it 


s    noi)ic 


}>! 


crown  of  houii'hs,  IxMidini-'  under  tl 


le  wcMoht  of  the   juicv 


berries,  we  recall    the  anecdote^  told  hv  Plinv  the  Eld 
(xvi,  J)l  )  of  a    curious  c.-jsc  of   tr 


er 


ee-worsfni) 


tl 


hill 


I 


I! 


KM'C    IS 


named  (  ortie,  not  far  from  the  citv  of  l^isculi 


crowned  hy  a  cluster  of  heeches,  sacred  to  Diana  fr 


im 


om 


immemorial  times.    () 


ne  of  tiie  trees,  the  healthiest  and 


laro-cst.   has   heiMi   veniM'aterl 


in  our  own   times  hv   Viis- 


sienus  Cr 


ispus,  hushand   of  Ao'ripplna    the  elder,   step- 
father of  Nero,   twice  consul,  oratoi-,   who  used   to   ki 
and  end)race  its  trunk,  and  lie  mider  its  shade  and 


.s.s 


libat 


ions  over  its  roots.    The  tree  Ix^loved   hv  P; 


I 


)our 


issiemis 


can  he  identified  hy  its  proximity  to  an  ilex,  thirtv-four 
feet  in  ^i^irth,  from  the  roots  of  wliich  sprin^x  hMi  trmiks, 
each  formino;  a  tree  of  extraordinarv  si 
a  forest  in  itself." 

The  [)erio(l  of  the  naturalization  of  th(^  ol 


/:e.    This  ih^x  is 


ive  on 


tl 


sh)j)(vs  of  the   (^atillus  and   on    the   hanks  of  the   A 
cannot    })e    dettM-miniMJ ;    the    species    was 


nio 


ported   hy  the   IVIaso-ians.     In    Roman    times,   I 
olive  plantations  cannot  ha\'(^  \)vc]\  extei 
in^^  that  the  suimy  slopes  over  which   tl 


pernaps    im- 


i()we\-ei-, 
isive,  considei"- 


ley  now  spr(\a( 


an 


d  prosper  were  at  that  time  occunicMJ  hv  <r.ard 


ens  an( 


pleasure  ^rounds.    With  the  ahand 
tion  of  the  villas  the  oil-mak 


1 
1 

onnuMit  and  destruc- 
in^:  industrv  o-ained  o-round. 


In  a  docuuK^nt  of  the  year  94.3,  published  hv  B 


ruz/a  m 


his  *•  Ren^esto  I'ihurtin 


o. 


severa 


1  ol 


1 


tered 


uniouL*" 


tl 


ive  \ar(ls   are   r(^«ns- 


le  rura 


properties  of  the   bishopric.     In 


^ 


I    .    ^. 


r.> 


*v. 


^v 


ANCIENT 


m 


f 


THE   LAND   OF  HADRIAN 


147 


the  year  1556,  when  a  first  census  was  taken,  75,000 
were  growing  within  the  municipal  jurisdiction ;  103,045 
were  numbered  in  1739;  126,000  in  1845,  150,000  at  the 
present  auy.  The  trees  Uve  on  a  belt  of  the  Hmestone 
formation,  from  five  hundred  to  one  thousand  feet  above 
sea-level.  I'he  line  above  whidi  olive-growing  would 
,,,,!  ,,rr.v('  rrinnnerative  can  in'  .-.ctii  even  from  U.'ine, 
W,.  \\.,rV  hue  of  the  grove  descriMn-  n  porfr-rtl^  hori- 
/nnl.ii  liMC  against  Lin'  \\\i^\.'^  -r.jini.l  ct  i!i-'  r'."k 


X.! 


HiMliM-  ii.nv  ,!i-.!;ii-tn^lM'<l  M-v.-Mitppii  v,-ir!.'ti(>*  '.i  Ir.vs 
,.,,,, I  l.riTh-,  'lii.-  iii'-i  iiiiiMv^-ive  se.'lh'ii  Mi  Ihe  grove 
|it>s  II,  ill,.  ,i;.,r|i  111  of  (l(-ri(oi!iio;  il  .■oiil.im.-^  \\ortli\ 
,.|val>  of  III.'  .\il.>To  Hriio-.  on,'  c^iM'.i.-iliy.  !ir,-ir  llir- 
■■v,,llahi  .l.'ih'  Carrnz/e,"  ionniiiL:'  .'i  ina-  of  un'm  a 
liuiHlrfd  ami  iuriitv  i.',-l  ill  cin-uniUTcncc,  Tlio  TiLur- 
nno  rliroiilrirr-  asMu'u  t..  il  an  a-v  of  .-.■vi-nlrrn  Inin- 
,l,v(l  war-,  whi.li  i>  olivioii-lv  an  cxau-oralion ;  Uiit  1 
liavc  no  <loiiM  lliat  llii.s  vctoran  has  sen  more  liiMoiv 
than  manv  ot  lli.    tnouuinents  which  lorni  Ih.'  |.vi'l»'  of 

the  cih  .' 

Tlic  vcar  17(i!>  marks  lh(>  licgiiiiiiiig  of  thr  cxcaya- 
tious  hv  the  Scolch  painter  (.avin  Ilainiiton.  Having 
Ikhm.  inforninl  l)v  a  peasant  of  the  existeiuv  of  eertani 
„l,jeets  of  value' at  the  bottom  of  the  I'antanello."  a 
pool  or  swamp  in  tlie  lowest  part  of  the  Vale  of  Tempe. 
—  Hamilton,  first  drawing  otV  the  wi^er  by  means  ol  a 
,l,.ain.  found  imbedded  in  nnid  "a  imxligious  number  of 
fraoinents  of  statuary,  heads,  hands,  and  feet,  also  vases, 
ba.r-reliefs.  ean.lelabra.  figures  of  animals,  eolunms  ol 
giallo  alabaster  au<l  of  colored  breccia,  not  to  mention 
capitals,  bases,  pedestals,  friezes,  and  broken  columus 
which  were  left   where  he  found  them."  "    The  search 

'  S<T  nUo  Uk-  tro.'^  in  llio  (l(.ul)lo-|Kiire  illustration  hero  j;ivcn. 


I'ir: 


IMO.Sl. 


t 


148    WAXDKRIXdS    IN    THE    ROMAN    (  AMI»A(.NA 

was  tak(Mi  upau'ain  in  ITSO  Ia  the  hrothers  ( Jianihattista 
and  Francoco  Piranesi,  in  [)artn(M-sln'|)  with  tlic'  owner 
of  the  pond,  llw  hest  works  of  art  from  the  Pantanello 
liavt^  \)cvn  illustrated  hy  that  ceh'hrated  eno'raver  in  the 
vohinie  entitU'd  ••  \'a>i  e  ('an(K'lal)ri." 

TIh'  t\\eavation>  ahove  doerihed,  and  a  few  sul)>e- 
(juent  oiiTN  nia(h'  in  the  hi-t  (-(Miturv  without  special  suc- 
cess, have  yielded  two  hundred  and  seventv-one  work> 
oi  art,  in(•ludin^-  >tatue>,  }>u>f>^,  I'eliefs.  tnosaie  picfur(\«^, 
candelahra,  \ase-,  and  fountain^,  n  cafalo^'ue  of  whicli 
^\a>  pul)li>li(Mi  l.y  Wnuicfcld  iti  IS!).-).'  'Hicm'  work-  un- 
lortunately  ha\c  l.ccn  nc;!  f  fcrcd  to  (h,"  |'<Mn'  wIimU,  and 
the  >tiidcn{    w  i-hniu'  io  ac(|naiiif    hiui-el  l'  per-,  nia  il\    wilh 

tilC    arti>fir    decoration    of    fhr    xiN;!,    m.lA     Wilh     Ihe    r\,>!!J- 
^i"^l    <»f  >eli!|)t!!rc   III    (hr    Ih-vI    period   of   (|ir   (  .  re<  ( ,-lieUiia  H 

school,  nni-f  nnderta  ke  a  pi  1  u rn na i^-e  t  li  !•(  mi ^h  ovi^vy  coun- 
try In  Kur(.p.%  including  Italx  the  X'atican,  ra[»itolnus 
National,  J^>r-lie-e,  and  Alhani  nnr-euins),  T^rancc  itli(> 
T.ouvre\  Knn-land  the  Hriti-h  Museuni  and  Lan- 
downe  Hou-eu  Pru->ia  ( the  Anti(  pia  riuin,  Hci'iui  i,  Swe- 
den Stockholnn,  Saxony  'Di-e-dcui,  and  Htr-sia  iSt. 
Peter>})urii-  and   Pa vlo\-k  l 

I  have  >aid  that  the  lara'c-t  and  hc-t  section  of  tlie 
villa  ua>  purcha.MMl  ahout  the  year  1  7:>(l  f )\  (  "ount  ImuIc, 
to  who>e  plantatioir-  of  pine>  and  c\  pre>-e>  the  plac(^ 
owes  it>  pre-ent  [)icture>(|uene--.  In  \S{):]  it  was  hou^lit 
hy  Pius  \II  for  hi>  ne[)liew,  Hra>chi-(  )ne>ti,  whom  he 
had  endowed  with  a  duk<'(lom.  Pietro  Posa.  who  wa> 
a[)[)ointed  superintendent  of  antifjuities  for  the  pro\  ince 
of  Rome  at  the  revolution  of  ISTOl,  acr|nir(Ml  for  tlie  state 
the  Hi'aschi  [)ro[)erty  as  well  a-  tlie  oli\-e  i^vcvv  of  Roc- 
eahruna,  and  heuan  a  systematic  excavation.  The  woi'k 
was  carriecl  on  from  \-ear  to  xcar  until   ISDO,  re.sultin<--  in 

JJit    I   //A/  '/.  <  llnJrinn  hn'   Ti'^n^i.   Hrrliri.    U.-inicr.   ISf)'.  ]^,.   1  ."iO    \{]9>. 


THE    LAM)   OF   HADRLVN 


U!) 


.«^' 


f, 


ITril  „e,7;^r7i;^^T^'l'"  in.r,u-ies,exca^uU.a  U  ,1.-  :,ull„.r  in  l^^.- 


tl.Hnvinu'  l.nv  of  Ihr  mo>t  important  U.nUn,^-^.  OX. v|| 
llu.  Cnionu..  th.  Therum.,  an.l  tin.  Stadunu.  uhwh  Mill 
lie  !„mo.!u>ul..r  their  cover  of  .arth.  Sinre  IS'M).  l...w- 
ever  the  viUa  has  l.een  practieally  alKUuloue.!  and  .t 
^vil^s<.ou  lu-  deprived  of  the  harnu.nicus  .■omh.natu.u 
of  pietureM,ueness  a.ul  andueoh.uieal  interest  u.de.s  a 
cJnov  tal.es  phu^e  in  the  poliey  of  the  adnuu.stratuHK 

1  shall  not  a.-<-o,npany  the  visitor  in  h.s  ,ns|»ec-tum  ot 
the  single  ruins:  thev  are  still  l.eautiful.  apart  Iron,  their 
.•lassi,-  name  an.l  purpose,  and  they  are  so  exquisitely  set 
in  their  frame  of  -reeu  that  arclueoio-ical  mtormation 
ahout  them  seems  out  of  phue.  The  information  is  su,>- 
phed,  at  all  events.  l.Vguidehooks.  the  latest  ol  ^vhH•h  is 
accompanied  i,v  an  excellent  map.  from  the  survey  made 

iu  l<)()(i  hv  the  Uoval  S<-hool  of  Engineers.'    In  heommn.; 

'Lavilh.Uhia i;,.iJ„oJ«rBi»n.-™nl.ilalaJ^JI'r,.I   11   l.»"i ■ 


\ 


1>0     W  AM)i:iU\(,S    IN     rilK    ROMAN    (    VMPA(,\A 

lii>  \v;ilk  the  visitor  will  do  w(^ll  to  rciiKMnlxM-,  lii-st,  tli.-it 

Tladnan's  ori-iiKil  >triictiirt'>  .-ire  all  of  ^i  us  niii-ulnf um , 

made  of  ]m>\u<  of  ivddish  [ui:i  (juarried  m  the  Vale  of 

Teinpe;   secondly,    that    the   appaiviit    eonfiisioii    in    the 

j^-roiipmn-  (,f  the  vai-iou.  edifice-  aris(vs  from  the  fact  that 

the  coime^-tiiio-  link.  I.etwecn   them.  Mich  a-  paths,  n;,  r- 

d.'n-.  fcn-acr.,  canaK,  lawns,  have  disappeared;  thir(||v, 

^'^^*t  t'l*'  i«'«'hn-  of  lone^oniciH'-s  w  hidi  the  visitor  cxpc- 

ru^Wi'v^  Hi  hi.  >.»ntai-\   raniMin-  -row.  from  the  fa.-f  (Icil 

no  ll(A\.r  i.tMK    hfi-litcn  \\\<  ryi\  and  no  somid  (.f   v\\^\\- 

ini:'   \\a[«'f   r^-n-jir-    hi.  ,.;ir; 

IS   natncaiix    a   lonc.sonie  as>c 


" •-!(]«"-.  an   oh \  ( 


!"(  )\  \ 


lie 


t  '     {  I  i 


I"e(^> 


ad\'i'T' 


•  .   !  .  I    f        f   !  , 
I  1    I    !  '    i 


M 


\    n  n  a  I 


( t 


!■    rcade 


^    n<'\  f  T    h  •   ;i  f  h'!f ! ! )}    |(  >   \i^i 


I 


'*'■  "^'^'i''    '^'    ^iie   -anie  <ia^\  ,    he   WJMiid    not    fio  aM-   lo 

^'jijox  fiiliff  f)|]p  ()|'  f]jj>  other.' 


^^'  ^^i*  >t  idonf  a  l^nnan  imperial  It  ^fory,  roamiin^- 
about  tliis  lun.L  Mie  recollection  of  Z  nobia's  life,  as  a 
dispossessed  queen  and  as  a  prisoner  of  state,  inspires 
feelincrs  of  pity  and  admirlition;  and  the  proximity  of  her 
place  of  confinement  to  ILulrian's  villa  links  her  name 
to  that  of  the  Emperor,  notwithstandin^r  the  lon(r  inter- 
val of  time  between  the  rule  of  one  and  the  capture  and 
confinement  of  the  other  "in  Til)urti  non  longe  ab  Ha- 
driani  palatio." 

This  unfortunate  mistress  of  beautiful  Palmyra, 
widow  of  Odenathus  murdered  in  a.  d.  ^m,  regent  in 
the  interest  of  her  sons  Herennianus  and  Timolaus,  not 

con  pianta  rilevata  da^li  allievi  della  scuola  degli  ingegneri  sotto  la  dire- 
zione  dei  professor!  Reina  e  Barbieri.    Rome,  1906. 

'  The  less  irrational  itinerary  in  the  labyrinth  of  ruins  leads  the  visitor 
first  to  the  Greek  theatre  and  the  Xymphaeum,  and  then  to  the  Pcecile, 
Cento  Camerelle,  Sala  de'  Filosofi,  Teatro  Marittirno,  Stadio,  Terme,  Ca- 
nopo,  Palazzo  Imperiale,  Biblioteche,  Ospitali,  and  Valle  di  Tempe.  ' 


( 


f 


< 


w 


THE   LAND   Oi    ilvDlilAN  153 

satisfied  with  the  independence  granted  to  her  people 

I    Gallienus,  plotted  to  bring  v,iH,in  the  bounds  of  her 

'-  ^W  ^vhole  >.:   -u.    I'voman  provmces  of  the  i.ast, 

K    .■,.    ^>na    aiM!   A-.i    Mm-.r,    ll   -.  .n..  Uial  ihis  am- 
l.itious  sci.'inc   lia.l    1-vii    i..nii.-.i 
,    ,i;ti.-^!    ;i.iv^rr.    Cassiti-^    [...nuiiin- 


■r  i;t. 


A    nri-   litornrv   niid 
whose    in;i-tr!'i^ 


i  1  \\  t 


the  --.vnU-^l    l.hlluM.phr,       nt    ,,!>  n,^e,     1 

,va.  throu.^l,  In.  infiu.iu-e  llK.t  A'Hol.a  '...^  ..-1  t..  I..M.. 

^,/,,,,  ,|U,,,,h,..M,m!h.  oHM.ro.tlu.  u.lut,vuce_>nnw,, 

lie\v..  ,nna..  to  ,..vlor  th.  uu.lak.  w.lh  h»    .te. 

Th.  nuvli.i-  ..nl.c  van<iu,>hol  pnnres.  ana  th.  ^ie- 
lHi,..sonlK.s,an^,>  were  allowed  t,.uau.>>._lH.  u.t<.- 
view     Sheisdesc.nl,edasala.l.v..fnu;red,hle     l.eaut> 

lunino.  like  livn.g  eoalsjmnvn  eomplexu.n    and  tc.d 

;     ,.,iniant  in  their  whiteness  as  to  resen    ,le  a  ro. 
,,„,ls.    She  eoul.l  he  graeious  or  stern,  hheral  o.   .an- 
ions in  finaneial   n,atters.  aeeovding  to  env,nn>  anc-es. 

r     ■    „     .,      ,  rule    she  <-ould  <lrink  toasts  treelv  with 
ahstennous  as  a  lUK  .  snt  ii.  n,,-.-,. 

ri-  „1  i,.  ;  veliicle   she  eonld  walk  tlim 

t he  aruiv  othcers:  used  to  a  \cnuie,  sn<- 

.Hour  nnlesa.tlH.hea.l  of  tlu- troops  attnvdnMnUa, 

,,,.,.    (^.nvev.antwiththel'aln,y,vn.^>vrKm       U      - 
p,,,,;,,.a(in.k   languages,  she  understood  M=ot  not 

ti,.ialoneolMlu.enM.ire.witlH.utl.eu,,a.le  tospak 
A.aMueensheU,ve.ltohedressed"n,thestveo    1 
tlH.  (artlK>gn.,an.''  riding  an  Aral,  thor..nghu-ed  .h 

t„,  iKunpous  show  of  an  Eastern  potentate.    A>  rega     s 
her  morals.  1  ean  only  c,uote  the  expression  ol  iKr  bio- 
grapher: she  was  intensely  chaste.  ,...„»; ve 
Aurehan,  1  regret  to  say.  di.l  not  spare  the  captn. 


lit-     \\  ; 


'til 


t  •    ( 'H  n 


i    (lit'    !  » f  ■  1  \ 


i  li  , 


f    !  ! 


lu   WA\i)i:iu\ns  ix  tim:  homav  rAArPAcxv 

iH'nnnc  t\ic  >\\iniu'  of  n  piil)];,-  (>x!,il,i(,on  on  \]w  dix   of 

111-  triumph,  (lie  ////.vr-r//-.sv; //r  ..f  wliicli  !khI  h(M'li  riH.-t 
UnoVIhTnll^lv  pL-lIHKMl.  Hoillh]  Wn>t..  W'ri,  liUil  un-k 
^'■^^''  ''li'^ni.  of  -oM.  »Im'  U;|.  coiMjH'lhMl  in  Wr^ir  .11. 'li 
l*'"*'i-     "f"     JrUrlrv        r/,    ./,.;, ./^     /'//7.  /./r.v^     ti,;,!       .|ir      ncflKiIIv 

^|*'"iit     Hi     tlR-     lii<i  II  !!<•'•    <  >r    , 

a  C(Mfif!-\  i-osidence,  v.  hhii  :^  .l<-<Tii,ca  a:,  heino-  lor;it,.l 
ill  iiii-  ■*Ui:^[ruiui  'lil^uv'^  noar  ^'  ll,M!ri;!n\  iKil.M'e,"  at  u 

l']:if*e  citll'   !  *^r'.,  i,  lue ''    The  vllhi  wi         n,     ,.  ,.     .    i 
'  iic^..       X  iif  \  iiici  v\«i^  -Mii  i\iH>\\ii  and 

poiiilr.i  ,,u[  a^  Zriiuiaa's  ai  the  time  ()f  ^'^nTistantine. 

11h^  TTifTvinrv  of  tliese  events  has  laste.l  lu  (he  j)resent 
day.    As  the  traveller  throucrh  Rumania  is  reminded  at 
every  step  of  the  presence  of  1  rajan,  the  father-of-the- 
land,  the  hero  of  a  thousand  legends,  so  the  rambler 
through  the  tc irltorv  nf  l^hur  is  made  to  remember  the 
fate  -r  Z.  nobia  in  various  ways  which,  although  lacking 
authriiUcih,   strike  a   thoughtful   mind   none   the  less\ 
The  remains  of  fhe  thermic  at  the  Sulphur  Springs  are 
still  calh.j    [JH       lia-iii  dclla   Regina";   the  alleg^I   n^- 
main<  r,f  hrr  villi   ;.n    pnJnf.  ■]   onf   everywherc'^in  the 
'piani  (I    Tonche"  near  ih.  railway  station  of  AFonti- 
celh,  on   ihv   \n\U  nf  Santo  ^h^fano,  etc.    Even  certain 
hiscious  products  of  Tiburtine  vineyards,   ihc  famous 
pizzutdli,  are  considered  a  gift  imported  from  the  East 
by    the    (|ueen.    Unfortunately    this    kind    of   grape    is 
mentioned  two  centuries  before  bv  I>|fnv  tlu^  Elder  under 
die  name  of  "uva  nninif  Ipnlis.'' 

I  have  taken  pain,  [u  a.r.  i  tain  whether  it  i^  pn.sible, 
''^^;^  ^^'  '''P^^^  ''■  ^^'  ^'!:fn^  r^nturies,  f..  identify  thJ 
'^^"''\ '''■;'''■  Hhi^frHr:.   In    W,,.  residence  (ii   /.  hMh;;!,  -.um] 

^^^^    -a     .v.i'    ti«_(,  u>,    ui     A(>\<an- 


f 


■  lllv^Mjii-a 


1   - 


^11  IK    I.AM)    OF    IIADHIAX 

])vv  7.  1.;S(i,  .iimI  JuIv  ^IVk  l.ls.K  ill  connection  uilli  the 
s;ilc  ol"  cci'tain  L'in(l>.  ncnr  the  B;iii'ni  (h'ha  Iteu'ini!,  m.-nh' 
})\  the  l)rother>  Leniuh  of  Tivoli  to  lh(^  Dominicans  of 
hi  Min(M'V.*{  at  J{oin.'.  It  >eeins  that  the  fanc\-  ot*  local 
anti(jnaries  wa^  >t!-uck  not  so  nnich  1)\"  the  name  of 
( 'onche  as  l>\  the  (hsco\-er\-  made  1>\  Prince  Federico 
Ccsi,  amonu'  the  >ame  rnin>,  of  ^ohi  and  silver  orna- 
ments helon^inLi-  to  i  lady*>  toik't.  The  lad\'  was  iden- 
tified at  once  1)\  their  fervid  fancv  witli  one  of  Zenobia's 
(lanu'ht(M's:  and  the  tale.  handtMJ  down  from  Kirclior  to 
(ahral  and  Del  I{e.  from  Maivi  to  15nl<>arini,  has  i'onnd 
it>  wav  e\-en  into  enrrent  litcratnre. 

Idic  trnth  is  that  the  rnins  of  C()ncli(\  as  well  as  the 
nei^'hhoi'inu'  ones  of  the  Casale  di  Sant'  Antonio  and 
Colle  F(M-ro,  ai'c  two  miles  distant  from  Hadrian's  villa, 
and  tlierel'oi'c^  camiot  pertain  to  a  residence^  described  as 
"contiii"uons"  to  it.  I  Ix^lieve  that  the  place  nuist  he 
looked  for  on  tlu^  hills  of  Santo  Stefano,  near  and  ahove 
lh(^  impcM'ial  connti'v  seat,  on  the  npper  section  of  the 
same  lad^x^  which  is  hordercMJ  hy  tlu^  Vah^  of  l'<Mnpe  on 
the  north  (Valh^  Pnssiana)  and  ])v  tlu^  Vale  of  Pontt^ 
'Peri-a  on  tin*  sonth.  n(M'(\  on  a  platc^an  five  hnndred 
feet  al)o\'(*  the  s(\a,  commandini''  an  nnlinn'ted  vi(n\  o\-er 
monntains  and  plain,  ar(\  or  ratluM*  irrrc,  []]v  v(\sti^es 
of  a  maiiiiificent  i'(\sidenc(\  indeed  so  mai^'nificent  that 
since  the  time  of  laaoi-io  it  has  always  been  considercMl 
as  forminii'  part  of  the  imp(M'ial  estate  and,  therefore, 
inclnded  in  its  plan  hy  Li^'orio  himself,  (\)ntini,  Pira- 
nesi,  Canina,  and  Penna.  1  sav  ircrc  hecanse  tlu^  nohh^ 
r(Mnains  have  heiMi  well-nii>'h  ohliteratcMl.  WIumi  I  first 
e\plor(Ml  the  hills  of  Santo  Stefano  nnder  tln^  gnidance 
of  the  late  Pic^tro  Rosa,  thev  wtM'e  towering'  in  irood 
pi'eservation  hii^-h  ahove  tlu^  clnstei's  of  o*enista  with 
which   the  plateau   was  clothed.    AVe  had  no  diHiculty 


'-s  wa\i)i:rix(,s  in  thi:  ijoman  <  \mi'A(,\.v 

;.'',"•';""•'-';■"■"'  '-,,..„,•  |Vvhn,a.u,n.(.v,n,„.,M'nn, 
';'i-tnKA,...l,.,nK,.'lV,„,,lo,,r|),,,,,  ,,,,1  V,,,,,,.  ,,,| 
J-v.T  ut    Junnn    IkhI    Ihvm   ,-,ttnl,u(,.,l    l,v   il,,.   ,,i„„..,T 

'"■'■  "■'t'T^'^  •"■  ""•  ■^'-^'"•■"'i'  '•-("•.;  1  ,v,;„.,ni,..,. 

I''"-t""'l''--i.v    n„r   dcM-rnt    into    ,■,    „„1,1..   n.v,.(„,,,„-t,Vu> 

"''•••''  ^V;'''.'''^'-'''  '''■••■■'''-'  ''-f-nlf.M,,-M-,v.,nl,, I- II,.,, 
.Mirv,.v.     lln>,.ry,,L  h.iitol   l.v  turlv  .kvlid,!.  opn,,,,.. 

->4   hvt   Ion.,   ,si,ow,.,|    1,,,,.   „„,    „„,,,,   „..„,,,^  ,,,,  „.^_^^^| 

'''■;''™'''''''''l-'''-'-''  VIII.  in  .,I,..,|H.,H..  ,,,(•,.,,■- 
<l,na     lruurr.ro    H,.n-l„.nn,->    ..,.„nn.-,n,|..    I.    F,,,.,,..,,, 

'•^  '-'-->  v,ll,.,,n,,n, I... x,,.nanM-n.  ..,,..,.,, lv,Ln- 

;:,;:;',  r7',V''    ''■'•■■ '''— • '-^  — i<.,i  i,,  ,.,.,1 

^ii«iiK  riic  10  Owiiio-  <<'?  1  f<>n^...  •  "i   :  •   Ik 

:|  "-•     ^''^."■'•'■''^^^■^••'•^^•■'tt.'nl,vhun„,  tlH.liurtv- 
nith  V('ar  ot    us  ao-c  "  -^ 

It   in.-i,v  i,it,.r,.>t  tin-  .tu,\ru{  ,,f  ,1,1   (,,   k 

-';"'■   -•■'lis   of   this   ,.,.v,.,    ..„.,.    in    n„    ,n..,.,ns    (!,..   ,.nlv 

;-l  'Y'-  -.■   Nvnth  ...nturv.    i  hav.  f..„n.l  ...•,.,..       f 
.-.   Ins  on..al   sluvts:  on.  at    tl,,-   „,,p,.,.n,ost    t„,n   o 

';'*7'''^;'l>;-t-v;.-MlnVJintlH.n,aMs<^ 
>;;'f--''>-/;>>t;n.xa).andaf^ 

tHU.otJWinansv,lla.  u-hi..l,  n,n.a,.o,nulthrcls!.K.. 


HOW   tli.'it   the 


THE    LAM)   OF   HADRIAN 


159 


/i 


of  the  Frioidariuin  of  the  llioriiur.  Many  precious 
autouraphs'^have  been  (h'stroytMl,  or  rencieml  ihephlo, 
bv  ignorant  and  vulo-ar  tourists,  Imt  it  is  still  easy  to 
make  out  the  names  of  about  thirty  early  ex])lorer>  of 


M; 


lap  of  [hv  hill  of  S.  Stefaiio.  showing  respective  sites  ot  the 
villas  of  lla.iriaii,  Zenol.ia.  Mavenas,  l.oilia  Paulina,  aiul 
of  the  Vibii  \'arii 

the  artistic  (harms  of  the  vilhu  sueh  as  Ilenricus  HKh- 
inaert  I'ltratrajeetensis.  UH7 :  David  Kloker.  l(i'27:  Hen- 
rieus  Corvinus  Bataviis.  1()0;5:  Mets.  l.WS  .  .  .  Maler: 
Rohertus  ^Villers  Lon.linensis.  I(i47;  A.  .le  IIolinah>. 
I(i0;5:('ar()his  Allun.  I'arisieiisis.  1()41;  Jacques  Legran.l 
innntrc  Francois  -les  Nations.  l(i(i'2. 


LSI 


hin    \VAM)KHI\(;s    IN    TIIK    ROMAX   i  \MV\CS\ 

Sinr-o   my  first  visit    to  tlu.  |,i||s  of  Snnto  SU^Iaiio  tlic 
tt'iita('K\-  of  civilization    liave  caiiulit   in   their  i:ri|)  even 
thoe  ont-of-tlu^-way   lands,   and    many    vestiges  of   the 
past  have   \>vvu   obliterated,  not   so   niueli  hy  the  spade 
or  the  [)lonuh  as  hy  the  oreed  of   th(^  peasant-  to  obtain 
materials  for   tlie   bnildinu'   ot'   th(Mr  farmhonses  free  of 
oxpen.s(\     It    seems    that    there    were    not    one    bnt    two 
i^reat  villas  adjoinino-  that  of  Hadrian,  both  beinir  aeees- 
>ible   by   an    independ(Mit    road    from   l^ibnr.    This   pie- 
tur(\s(jn(^  lane,  as  shown    in  the  map  (|).  1.5!)),  branches 
off  the  Strada  Romana  at  the  place  called  *'  il  l{'Mr,-(>sso  " 
and   skirting-  the   rnins  of  the  so-call(M|   villa   of   Hrntns 
and  of  the  l^'oi.uiello,  crosses  the  \'ale  of  Tempe  (X'alle 
Pussianaj   at   the  Clialybcate  Springs    (the   Ac(jua    Viv- 
rata),  and  leads  to  two  ^ronps  of  rniiis,  the  nearest  on 
the  Colic   Rosa,  the  farthest   near  the  rnitied  chnrch  of 
Santo  Stefano.    Idiis  last  bclono-ed  to  th(^  X'ibian  familv, 
and    more    particularly    to    X'ibins    \'arns,    who,    beini^^ 
LTovernor  of  ("ilicia  under  Hadrian,  mav  have  been  in- 
duc(Ml   by  reason  of   liis  intimacy  with   the   Emperor  to 
follow  his  example  and  to  bmid  his  comitrv  seat  almost 
unden*  the  shade  of  the  same  [vers.    As  rc-xards  the  other 
villa   at   the  ("olle    Rosa,   the   rcMuaius  of   which,  hidden 
by  luxuriant  veo-etation,  I  discovered  on  Ma\   ,"),  1!)()S,  It 
belonu'cd  to  the  I.ollian  family,  as  .shown  bv  the  inscrip- 
tion of  a  marble  cippus,  which  tlie  owner  of  the  vinevard 
had    duir   out   of   the   oround    a    tew    davs    before.    This 
ex(juisite  gravestone  had  been  erected  to  the  m(M]K)r\  of 
a  ireedwoman,  Lollia  Eutvche,  bv  her  mastci-,  M.   Lol- 
lius,    whom    I    believe    to    be    the   consul    n.    c.     >],    the 
frovernor  of  (,aul  in  Ki,  the  tutor  of  ( 'aius  (  a'sar,  and  a 
suicide  in  a.  d.  2].    To  him  Horace  addressed  the  ninth 
Ode    of    the    fourth    book,    and    to    his    eldest    son    and 
namesake   the   second    and    eighteenth    Kj)lstle.s    of    the 


IIIR    LAX!)    OF    HADRIAX 


d] 


I 


first  book.  The  most  brilliant  representative  of  this 
familv,  lu)\\('\-er,  was  l.ollia  Paulina,  h(Mr(\ss  to  tlu^ 
immense  wealth  of  which  her  urandfather  had  roblx^l 
the  pr()vinc(\s  of  the  East,  the  divorccMl  wife  of  (]. 
Memmius  R(\ii'ulus,  empress  with  Cali^'ula  In  .SI)  a.  d., 
divorced  a^ain  aftc^r  a  few  months,  a<x"ain  candidate  for 
the  imperial  throne  after  the  nuirder  of  M(^ssalina. 
Lollia  is  not  unknown  to  my  readers.  In  'xVncu^nt 
Rome,''  p.  104,  I  have  (juoted  the  words  of  Pliny  the 
Eld(M'  conccM'ninu'  \\cv  doubtful  taste  in  the  matter  of 
personal  attli'c.  **  I  hav(^  seen  tlu^  lady  at  evening  par- 
ties with  her  hail"  dr(\sse(l  in  enuM'alds  and  pearls:  in 
fact.  sh(*  woi'c  emei'alds  and  p(^arls  as  earrings,  lUM-k- 
laces,  br(^ast|)late,  biacelets,  and  also  as  simple  trim- 
mini''  of  her  robe,  to  such  excess  that  the  value  of  the 
whole  set  was  (\stiniated  at  fortv  million  s(\sterces " 
(Si ,()()(),()()() ).  Th(*  competition  Ix^twtHMi  the  professional 
beauties,  Lollia  and  A^ripplna,  for  the  hand  of  the 
Emperor  Claudius,  in  a.  d.  .)(),  (Mided  in  disaster  for  the 
former.  Slu^  was  first  banished,  tluMi  put  to  death  in 
a  rtMuotc^  island,  and  her  propiM'ty  was  confiscated. 
I  belicwe  that  the  Villa  Lolliorum,  forming  as  it  were 
an  annex  to  Hadrian's,  as  part  of  the  imj)erial  domain, 
is  the  one  chosen  by  Aurelian  as  the  j)laee  of  con- 
lintMucMit  for  Zenobia  ;  and  I  nnist  acknowledu'e  that  no 
better  sehn'tion  could  have  })cvi\  made  under  the  cir- 
cumstances. The  wliole  countrvside  bv  the  Acciua  Eer- 
rata  and  tlu^  Colle  Rosa  is  pietures(jue  in  the  extreme, 
well  timberiMl,  w(^ll  watered,  restful,  soothing,  tonic  to 
the  soul  and  the  bodv.  Here,  in  the  same  house  where 
Paulina  had  appeared  among  her  guests  laden  with 
such  valuable  jewels,  the  banished  queen  nmst  have 
beheld  with  horror  her  own  set  of  <i:enis  which  she  had 
been  compelled  to  wear  on  the  day  of  her  disgrace  and 


1()2    WAXDKRIXCS    IX   TIIK    KOMAX    (  AMPACiXA 

hiirniliatioii,  while  chained   with    chains  of  vro\d   to   the 
eliariot  of  the  slavtM'  of  Pahnvra. 

The  student  (Wplorin^-  these  sik'nt  ula(h\s,  where  the 
si)irits  of  dead  heroes  and  lieroin(\s  sec^n  to  he  hoverin<'' 
anionu'  the  erund)h'nn-  remains  of  their  foi-ni(M"  pahiees, 
cannot   help  recalhiiii'  A(hh'>on*s  hues  :  — 

Afhl  >tij!   1  -vfcni  |()  !;■<■, hi  ()i!  cK-i^nii-  ^Tonrul; 
l'i>r  htTC  so  <)t ;   Mm-   Mii-»-  hi-!-  (i,n-;,  I,,;.  -Iruih'- 


i  i.ii    II*  i;    ,1    i!  lui 


iiilaiii  r<_'ai'.>  ii.>  iit'ati  un.^uni^; 


!?PTH),\n  -1  in  \-(»r>^(^  (\"!c-|i  vliMflv  tliffk.-t  -t- nvs. 
All  i  i-.<-'-\   >:!<'.!!!i  i!i  iitaviiJv  iiiuriiiurs  Hows.' 


Z«MiMl)i;i    \\;i-    ihif    f! 


M  • 


<•;!!) 


(  •     ^  <  )  \  {  ■  1 '  ( 


,11   f « '  \v  lit  .>ni 

liliiiv    haa    Ijccii    a^^i^iifd    .;-    n    vrtvcnl.      The    nniih-    df 

\   Mi;i     til    "^ilMCe         1>    ^flll     -iXcfl     I.I    -dllif    i'llMl-    Mli     Ihr    h-i't 

*'■    ^1*'    \  i«t    \;ihTia,    i^iii^'    niik    uui.Mile    Uu-    i*uiia    ^ant' 
AniTpIn,    hi    m('U]()i'Y   of   tlif    f:]\i^   n!"    fin'    X';nM(l;;fn     Kint^" 


nisba,  thf^  fof-  (H  ^cipif).  f.ivHus,  and  Alf-inissa,  the 
inuhiunt.Ml  i.  '  a  who  fou<i:ht  f^^  ihr  hi.f  af^ainst  the 
iiivadei:^  i)i  iii.>  native  soil.  It  has  been  siiirires^*  i  lltat 
the  second  Puni(  Wir,  in  which  these  vahant  leaders  so 
distinguished  themselves,  had  been  brought  aI)out  not 
so  much  by  the  rivalry  l)etween  Carthage  and  1-  me 
as  l>y  the  jealousy  between  the  two  Numidian  kings  on 
account  r»f  ^r.phonisba.  Tn  fact,  Masinissa's  desertion 
of  the  Carthaginians  and  his  alliance  with  the  Kaman 
inva(hM'<   <eems  to  have  been  actuatr  !   bv  resentment 

agaL  -1    II    -liif.il.  who  had    ))roken   a    solenni    phnhj-e 

1        •   •        I        ■  ■  •    ■     ■         ,  ft) 

oy  glVlli--    hi-    Nraiititri    I  !;i  M„' ft!*'!-    m     f  n;i  r'-ia  ij-r    f.i    M:!<i- 

nissa*-   v\\:i\.   ^\pha\.   Kni-  <.i'   Tirta.    'WlHii    j|h>    f.>\ai 

aiU  iell  ilihj  }Im'  halML  ul  fla-  aiiicd  ha-iM-^..  ;nii\  ^ti^^ilin- 
Tii>!>a  AA'a-^  M'ff  af  tla-  fiHTCx  nt  hrr  fnrnaa'  lt»\(a.  ^a'ch  was 
thr  power  of  liar  rliarni-    thdl  he  lL»r-a\e    the  pa^-^t  and 


TIIK    LAXD   OF   HADRIAN 


KiS 


The  Tilnirtine  hills,  a  view  over  which  Queen  Zenobia  must  have  gazed  lor 

years  from  the  terrace  of  her  villa-prison 

laid  himself  at  her  feet.  The  nuptial<  were  celebrated 
without  delay,  but  Scipio,  fearful  of  the  political  con- 
seqnenee'^  of   such  an   alliance,  refused   U>  sanction  it. 

T'iiahir  {()  resist  t^>-  r-aiiHiaia!.  the  Xainidian  king 
^pa^ed  ^^ophuui^l  ki  ila-  laaruf-  ol  capiiN  ii\  i » \  -aiaiing 
]\rv  It  ]h)\\]  of  iHii-nii.  w  fiali  ^\\r-  drauk  \vit1ionf  lieNifation. 
S}pha\.  Nriil  U)  lit  me  a>  a  ja-iNoiua'  of  >fatr  uialer  Ha' 
^liai-^'eof  La'lin^,  was  releiraled  to  Td>nr,  where  a  tina^ix 


II 


nu    WA\nFHT\(.<    IN    Till:    R()MA\    (  AMPAi.NA 

(icatli  sav(Ml  limi  from  tlic  io-nonnny  of  appcariiin-  ir, 
Scij)io'>  triunipli.  I  nerd  not  >.-iy  that  the  iilciitifica- 
tioii  of  the  X'illa  (li  Sitacr  .-it  the  first  mih-stonc  of  the 
\  la  \ahM-ia  is  purely  con jtM-tural ;  and  tliat  th(^  name 
"i  Heah,"  which  the  district  })t\-(rs  in  ohi  maps,  lias 
nothini:  in  common  with  ''royalty/'  hut  i>  an  ohvioiis 
corruption  of  the  name  "Oriali,"  j)roper  to  one  of  the 
suhurhs  of  I'ihur.     - 

In  studyino-  the  residences  assioiuMJ  to  rovaltx  in  tlie 
hill  towns  of  Latium,  we  nnist  distinoaiish  tliose  of 
honored  -nests  of  the  ^tate  from  those  of  hostau'cs  and 
pri^oner^  ni  pdrolr'. 

lioyal  quests  were  recei\-cd  in  Rome  with  extraoi-dlnai-v 
honor-.  When  Kinu'  Pru>ia-of  Hithvnia  visit,.,]  th(>  m(*- 
tropoli>  in  i:.  (  .  KMJ.  u  dcp'itation  from  the-  Senate  wel- 
comed Inm  ontMde  the  -ah'-.  es,-,,rted  him  to  a  mansion 
^Ni'cd  for  flMM»,c;i.],,ii.  and  ordci-ed  Ihat  no  lc>s  a  per>on- 
''.-^■*'  f ''''^1  '  '•  ^  "rnchu.s  >ctph>.  pi-ct,  ir.  >>lH.iild  .-icf  ,-j.  ^Mjjde 
and    r<cor[    (,,   \i\ro.   dnfiiiL:    In-    vi^il.     TIh-   .nii,.'   .crchai 

''•■'■'"pfi<*Jl    \^.-   fetal, 'ivd    \i>    Kili^     l'lMha!i\    of    \']-\  pt.    whelK 

^''■f^^^fi''*^   ?'^"^n  Ins  ennnfrv  ?n    .">:    n.  (  .,  h<'  eame  fo  M-ck 
the  1mm  p  ()'   111,-  Iv.'i  Mi  hi  ic;  to  Kmi:'  An 


« *  1  e-l i'/a  I  h  "-    {}{    (    .'I  i  i- 


[  »M^  loci.i .  i' »  l\  i  nu  \  i!  'i  ihi*  M  !e<  fi 
Kastern  v^\  !<•*■-.  t-i.  h  « .f  ^\  h.  ei; 
of  hl>  \  i>.ii  a  I  M  1  ;f  !  <  )!x*  'li  '  *l  hi^ 
wra'l:  of  a  [•!    in 


'til  ii  vim:]  ,  ai  H  I  i  )!  h<a' 


i  ■ 


i; 


M  •  f  •  an  I  »j« '  ( ff  .] 


!  ;         t 


a  m(an*-Hh.> 

■    -ha  pe  r,f  n 


1  M  I  e  r   t  n  i    f  I  m  ■    ( 


e  H  > 


w 


'  i  i     ( 


a 


"i 


Ki  ti'a 


<  !  I  i  t  i 


f  1  > 


'T'  »!  I  a  Ta  1  i  i  -,i  K!  n<  ;      (  -a  f  !|('     to 


\i.it    (':r<ar    in    u.  r,    U.   I  he  dlcfa  h  a' -  .ir.Ted    tlirni   Ih.MM^ 
,    1  ■ ,       •       I  •  ,  ' 

t.ilitx    i!i   aN  nwn   hou-e  on   Hie  >aera  \'i;n     Th.'   !'.->nU  ,  a' 

t  iii^  mt  nnae\    a.a  >  the  i.n1  h  e)f  a   el 


a'   re>n 1 1  <  a 


i  n  i  < 


<  t    u  [i(  an    I  he   le!  1- 


ale  nana'  of  ('a'-a!-a»!i  \\a>  ui\cn.  aial    (la-    procnlati 


on 


oia'cn 


ot   \ahiahle  i^-jft-  to  the  d«a)a!-f  m 

The  reception  tcn^ha'cd  \n    Nta'o  t<»  Kin^-  Tx  ralatcs  of 
Armenia,  in  a.  d.  (iG,  i.s  de.scrihed  !»\   I  )i,,!i  (  assius  in  the 


THE    LAND   OF   IIADRIAX 


i«;: 


sixth  chapter  of  tlie  sixty-tln'rd  l)()()k:  "Tliere  wa>  a 
feast  o'ivtMi  in  the  theatre  of  Pompey,  for  the  celehration 
of  which  th(^  whole  huildinu"  was  oilded.  Ilenci^  the 
name  of  the  '(ioldim  l)av/  hv  which  the  occurrence  is 
recorded  to  the  pi'csiMit  time.  Tlie  awnin^^  stretched 
over  the  seats  of  the  []7..>S()J  spectators  was  woven  of 
purple,  with  an  embroidery  in   the  centre  representing 


A  VH>\v  of  tlir  l^oric  roiirL  ITa'Irian"-  xilla 

Xcru  drnin;:   the  chanul  oi   ihe-  sun,  ilie  w  hoU;  >uii.H*e 
lieinii-  dotted  w  itli  -dar-v  of  n'«»hl/' 

In  ISni)  1  feanid  \\\  Ihe  Mii'ua  StMA-taif!.  on  the  A  la 
Laiacana,  a  much  linmhha'  ^ouxcmr  of  a.  re^a!  xi^it  fo 
Home,  tli<'  funeral  tal)let  of  a  hutler  or  valet  to  \\\\\'^ 
Samsic(a"amns  of  Ihnesa.  In  this  "  Homam/ation  "  of  a 
(liHicult  East(M'n  nanu^  we  can  easilv  detect  the  oriu'inal 
form  of  ISclianuscliiiicrdNU  which  in  the  Palmyrene  Ian- 


Kic   \v\M)i:i;i\(,>  IN    iiiF,  luniw  cami-acna 

,i;iiaocinc,iii.--tlicSiin  li;itli  o-eiK-nitcd  liirii."  This  cliicf- 
taiii  hcl,.n-v,|  tn  ;i  ,ivn;i>tv  wliirli  IkkI  lii>t  ,,,„,,.  in 
<'<in(;i(t  wit  lithe  I{(.ni;ni;it  t  lir  (inuM.f  l',.in[)cv  thr  ( ,iv,it. 
Ili>  ii.iiiic  iiiii.t  h.ivc  Miinidcl  ,|ii,.,T  l(.  I{(.ili;in  c-ir..;  il 
tvrt.iiiily  stirred  :\  m-um-  of  hiiiiinr  in  Cicen.,  who  in  a 
f-nnlidrnti,-il  letter  to  Atti,ii>  ^n.  c.  .-,1);  ..dls  l'ojn|.<.v 
"our  Saiii>ii;cranin>."" 

Jn  \'.»n  another  toinL^tone.  Inxrilied  with  the  nani(> 
<il'  'I'vehe.  a  maid  to  Juha.  (hni-hter  of  Kin-  'i"i-rane>  I 
nf  Arni.'nia.  w;,>  di>e,,v,.red   in   lh<>   Faiisc-.n  district   l.v 

\  i-naneih,.  Thi^  vonil-  prinee-v  nni>i  have  l,een  hehl 
f'lr  re.r.on.  of  >t;,te  at  I'ah'ria.  u  here  >he  lunlt  tlie  .hrine 
h.  Cvl.eh.  nienti,.ned  in  ••(orpu.s  Jn>eriplionuni."  vol. 
xi.  n.  .'Jitso. 

The  liurial  -round   |,rovl<led   tor  lorei-n   men  of  di.s- 

'""■f"'"   ^'i'"  ''i<''l    ill    IJ'iMie  ;i>   on,., Is  or   |,ri>omT>  was 

'"■•'''•'I  '•»  tl"'  i-'lt   1,,-ink  ,,f  the  -I'lher.  near  the  Milvian 

I'n.l-e.     Here  the  -rave  ,,f  Al.-ar.  m.u  of  |'r,-,,-,t.  .Iieik  of 

the  ()srlio..n(>s.  was  tonn.l  in   _M,-iy.   17-Jf:  and  here  nlM. 

•'"""i''i'   tahlet    wa>   seen    in    the   sixlciilh    <-entnrv.    in- 

s.-ril.ed  ;,>  foll,,w>:   "In  niemorv  of  Ziah  Tiat.  dan-ht<'r 

'>(    Dakah.    wife  ,,f    |'i,.|„,r.    Km-   ,,f   the   (  ■o.tol.oei;-    ;, 

powerful    iiarlMric   ra(v   livin-   in   JJessaral.ia.   near   the 

land  of  the  Alans. 


Tin:    LAND   OF   IIADRIAX 


KC 


^tl 


ZenoinaVs  preseue(>  I,,  („„■  ,,„„,,,.,■  xvas  attended  l,v 
other  momentous  results.  am<ni-  whieh  the  |>.,|,ularity 
-amed  l.y  her  own  national  -o.l.  the  Sun  of  l';dmvra' 
oNvr  the  Roman  Sun-Apollo,  deserves  special  notice' 
Ihe  worship  of  th.'  fir.t.  as  practised  in  Svria.  was  not 
unknown  to  the  Komaus.  tainted  as  thev  had  been  will, 
torei-n  superstitions  Ion-  hcfore  the  lim,'  of  Aur.-lian. 
An  active  propa-andism  in  the  -arrisou  cities  and  liar- 
hurs  of  the  East  had   I.eeu   exercised  since  the  davs  <,f 


Pompey  the  (ireat  hy  tlie  votaries  of  Baal,  Sal)aziiis, 
Rhea,  Atys-Meiiotyranmis,  Mithras,  Jupiter  DoHchene, 
Isis,  and  S(M*apis,  to  make  pi'oselytes  aiuoii^'  the  U^l^Ioii- 
aries  and  anion^'  the  ercnvs  of  the  war  vessels  statioiUMl 
at  Ak^xanch'ia  and  at  other  ports  of  the  Phcrnieian  and 
l^veian  seas.  These  sinn)le  folk,  returning-  home  at  the 
ex])iration  of  their  military  service,  wonld  form  soeieti(\s, 
bound  l)v  mvst(M-v  and  seereev,  for  the  practice  of  urew- 
some  ceremom'(\s  ifi  nndiM'^'round  dens,  which  hore  the 
name  of  sjH'Ica  in  case  of  a  Mithriac  brotlierhood,  or  of 
mcijura  when  ns(Mi  for  Isiac  initiations.  And  we  nnist 
not  fora'(^t  that  the  law  allowed  to  foreiun  colonies  ample 
freedom  to  worship  tluMr  6eol  TrarpcpoL  in  their  own  way, 
under  the  care  of  their  consuls  or  TTpo^evoL,  who  were 
invested  at  the  same  time  with  sacerdotal  and  commer- 
cial functions. 

ThrcH^  fanatics  liad  made  themselves  conspicuous  in 
Uonu^  lonii'  before  Zenobia's  advent,  as  apostU\s  of  East- 
ern creeds  —  (\  Julius  Anicetus,  Ti.  Julius  Halbillus, 
and  M.  Antonius  (iaionas.  This  last  meddler,  owin^  to 
c(Mlain  discov(M'i(\s  made  on  tlu^  Jai-iculum  \\hile  1  am 
writing  this  chapter,  has  become  th(^  hero  of  the  day  and 
the  most-talk(Ml-of  |)(M"sonai;'e  in  ai"chaH)l()o'ical  circles,  as 
\\(^  shall  |)resently  s(h\  Throui^'h  their  joint  elforts,  and 
throui^h  the  influential  su])port  of  other  sectarians,  a 
|)ublic  place  of  worship  foi*  the  l^ilmyi'cMie  gods  had  been 
(M'ccted  on  th(^  outskirts  of  the  city,  at  the  foot  of  the 
(wardens  of  ('a\s.-ir,  on  tlu^  rii>ht  of  the  road  to  Poi-to,  and 
on  the  sit(^  of  tlu^  X'iuna  Bonelli,  wIum'c  the  lu^w  railwav 
station  for  the  MarcMuma  lines  now  stands.  Jt  was  not  a 
temple  in  the  Roman  sense  of  the  word,  but  an  assem- 
blage of  meetino'  and  committee  rooms,  chapels,  shrines, 
fountains,  porticoes,  including"  even  a  sta^e  foi*  tlu^atrical 
performances.    IIcm'c^  C  Julius  Anicetus,  who  nmst  have 


4 


i(;s  WA\i)i:iu\(,s  i\   vuK  komax  rAMPA(;\A 

Ik'cii  a  [HTson  of  neat  proclivitio,  IkmI  n  niar])le  tahlet 
J)iit  iij)  at  thr  eiitraiKH'  duor,  iiiscribcd  with  tlu'  followiiiir 
caution:  **('.  Juliu>  Aiii(vtii>.  hv  order  of  [\w  Sun,  l)e<'-.s 
lat  none  ('iitcrin^  tluvsc  piHMiiix's  should  write  on  the 
walls  or  >eratch  or  >oil  the  |)hist(M'in^-."  Here  a  n'i'eat 
nunduM' of  altars  with  (hMlications  ni  Latin  and  Falniv- 
rcne  had  heen  ereetc^l  to  uods  whose  names  nnist  have* 
sounded  stranoT'  to  Roman  ears.  —  I5aal,  Heh).s,  A,n-h*he- 
los.  Mahikiheh)s,  Ahi-a  l)ah)s,  and  the  h'ke.  And  what 
must    peo|)h'  Used    to    the   di-nilied    -race  of   tlie   (lassie 


^JIIi:    LAM)   OF   HADRLVN 


Ki!) 


1 


^^:s\i^^Vu 


XJ>;I^Tf^  A: 


-^^^ 


A  JcilratK.M    t.)   M;i!,,kii.rlM..    wnltr,;    i,,    I';,  |,, ,  vr.'|,r,   ,  |  |m  ■,  .x  rrc.  1    in    lii<-  'I  Va>!fV(TtS 

anil  now  in  tin-  (  apilMlmf  Muxmhh  ■ 

epiu-raphie  style   have  thou-ht  of  <!e(lieations  written  in 
such  uncouth  spelling  as  the  one  here  re[)roduce(l  r - 

^rhe  other  ardent  sectarian,  Ti.  Julius  Halhillirs,  be- 
trays Ins  Syrian  oriuin  hy  the  radical  of  his  name 
i  Haalhillus  ),  a  name  which  oeenivs  in  more  than  twcntv 
inscriptions,  mostly  discov(M'e(|  in  the  Trastevere.  He  is 
pointed  out  in  these  as  a  priest  of  the  sun  Ala^a  balos,  as 
a  areat  tavorite  anionic;  his  co-relioionaries,  to  whom  even 

(^)Ill|)a^<'  ('or/iiis   hisrr.,    noI.  \i.   n.  710. 

1  hi>  (Icdicatiori.  t'riixraxcd  on  an  altar  discovfTcd  about  US.")  on  the 
site  of  [hv  sanctuary  just  d^.^cribcd,  has  hocn  translated  hy  ( iiMcnicister  as 
follows:  ••  'Jdn's  altar  has  been  erected  by  Tiberius  ('laiicb'us  Felix,  and  other 
ralimrene:i,  to  Malakibelus  and  the  (^ods  of  Tadinor." 


I 


statues  were  raisiMJ  in  token  of  his  /(^al,^  and  as  having; 
finislied  his  career  about  the  beninnino"  of  the  thii'd  cen- 
turv  after  (lirist,  in  the  time  of  Septimius  Sevei'us  and 
(^aracalla.  But  the  most  im|)()rtaiit  document  concern- 
\\w  his  family  and  relations,  and  his  c-onnection  with 
the  roval  house  of  Palmyra,  is  the  le^-end  of  the  pedestal 
of  a  statue  discovered  at  S.  Callisto  in  the  Trastevei'i^  b\ 
l{vc(juius.  It  says:  "[This  statue  is  dedicate(lj  to  Lucia 
Septimia  lUilhilld  l^itabiniana  Tyria  Xepotilla  Odavtd- 
th'uuHU  i\i\\\\i\\Wv  of  a  ])atrician  house,  by  her  nurse, 
Aurelia  Fubliana  Klfridia/'^  It  appears  from  this  dis- 
])lav  of  nam(\s  that  the  o;irl  Balbilla  (probably  the  urand- 
(lauuiiter  of  Julia  Balbilla,  former  ladv-in-waitini''  to  the 
Empress  Sabina,  whom  she  follow(Ml  in  \\vv  journtw  up 
the  Nile,  and  with  whom  slu^  sii^iuMl  her  namt^  on  the 
pedestal  of  the  Colossus  of  M(Mnnon)  had  also  a  touch  of 
roval  l^ilmvrene  i^lood  in  her  veins,  havinu'  Ixh'U  named 
Lucia  IScpfiniia  in  memoiw  of  ZtMiobia,  and  ()(l(vii(i- 
ihiana  in  meniorx  of  \\vv  nnirdered  kinu".  'Lhese  con- 
jectures  are  strcMii^tluMUMl  by  the  (widence  of  tlu^  so-called 
I'rebellius  Pollio  in  chapter  twenty-seven  of  the  life 
of  tlie  Thirty  Tvrants.  'Wnrelian,"  he  savs. 'Mias  been 
accused  of  the  nnii'diM"  of  Zenobia's  sons  HercMun'amrs 
and  Timolaus.  But  it  is  almost  certain  that  })oth  died  a 
natural  death,  because  the  descendants  of  Zenobia  are 
still  fiourishinn-  to  this  day  [fourth  century]  amouii'  the 
Roman    nobilitv."  ^ 

The  events  just  related  and  the  out])U]"st  of  fanati- 
cism  in  favor  of  the  ^ods  of  Svria  and  Palmvra  must 
have  o'iven  concern  to  the  college  of  pontiffs,  trustees  as 

'  Compare  Corpus  laser.   Lat.,   vol.  vi,  n.  708,  10^27,  ^IVI\),  -^loO,  -J-itil), 
!2^27().  and  Kaibei,  //^s•rr.  Gracn\  ii.  !)()^2,  IHJ!).  97()-l)7^>. 
Compare  Corpus'  I  user.,  vol.  vi,  n.  l.>n). 
Comj)are  Sallet,  Dw  Fur.sicn   ran  Palmijru,  Berlin,  18()(>. 


iro   WAM)r.Ki\(;s  IN    riiK  komax  (■ami'\(;n-a 

thcv  were  of  the  rcli<,n,,„s  iiit.MTsts  u(  the  capital.    Amv- 
liaii  hiiiisclf,  the  indiivct  cause  ..f  the  troiil.h'.  thoiioht  it 
expohcnt  to  interfere  l,_v  raising'  a   Icinph-  tc  tlie  "..ffj. 
•lar'Sim  of  Home,  on  the  >anie  (^nirinal  Inii  ..n  which 
It   hail   iu'cn   \vorshi|.|H'(l  froui   time  iinrneniorial  a!    the 
■•  I'uivniar  Soh'>.-  a  >hrinc  which  must  have  >|,„„j  wher.^ 
the  -n-u).  of  [Ur  Horse  'I'auiers  now  stan.l>.    Thi.  (,.„,. 
pi'',  .h's.-rihe,!  a>  the  ••ino-t  uia,onili,,.,|(  "  j,,  |{,,„„,_  ^^..,^ 
afx,  meant  lo  -ive  the  |.e,,,,h.  an  impression  of  (he  ma-- 
mtn.leof  Ea>tern  arelnt.vtnre.  e^-peciailv  as  re-anls  the 
size  of  the  mari.h'  l.l.,cks  use,!  in  (he  structure.  "Tiie  <,nc 
now   lyin-   in    ll,e   upper   terra<-e  ,,f   th<'   Villa    Colomia. 
which   measures  niu,^  himdrcl  cnhi,-  iVd  au,l   weioh-  a 
humlrcl  tons.  ha<l   Ik-cu  raisc<l  t<i  tin-  level  ,,f  the  piwli'- 
ment.  a   humlrcl  fr.-t  al)ov(-  tli.'  I|,„,r  of  (he  temple:     V 
'h^ruvcrv.  ma<lc  in  the  vcar   |S7().  ,.f  .^vcral   I'ahnvreuc 
""■"loran.la    written    in    ,  h,-,rc,  ,;il    nr   re,l    ,.l,,,|k    on    the 
pl.i^fcrm-  of,,.,,,  of  (1„.  ,.n,,|.  ,,,•  ||„,  ,,.,„,,i,,_  ^.^,„„,,.|^ 

'';  '"■'-'"  ■""'  1'^  '■■il<'  "illi  llic  l.caiidlul  (^ueeu  of  the 
KaM.  /cn,,l,ia.   whn.   from    (lie  terrace  of  her   1hh,.c  ,,n 

""■  '"''^  "'■  ^^"""  >l''l'.nin.euul,l  .see  Ihc  chariol  „f  (he 
i{on,,-M,  -n,|  -|,.t,ann-m  Ihc  uiornln-  Min  from  llicp,.,li- 
""•"•"'■""■  l''"i|.lc  raise,!   In  .Vureluui  to  c,.mm,m>,,ra(e 

llcl'   o\\  il    (l,'f,S|t. 

I  nm.t  i„,w  intr,„lii,-,.  I,,  mv  n^nh^r  tla^tlnnl  m,mii„-r 
"t  thesv,,,.,,!  broth,-rh,,o,!.  M .  Anlo„m>  (,ai,,uas.  w1„,m- 
'';"'"■  li.-i^  l.cu  ma,!,.  p,,puhir  ao,nn  in  |{,,m,.  I,v  (!„> 
'li>c,.v,.rie>  ma, Icon  the  Jani,-ulum  ,,n  Satunlav,  Frl.ru- 
ary  (!th.  ,if  th,'  present  \'ear. 

Til,.  l„-i„„ino-  of  this  l,rl,n-ht  Inci.lent  in  the  historv  of 
url>an  ex,-a vati,.ns  o„,.s  1,-,,-k  t,.  (h,.  >ummcr  of  liMHI, 
wli,Mi  .Mr.  (.eori,r,.  Wurfs.  (1,,.  prcs^.nt  „wner  ,.f  the  Villa' 
(  rescenzi-()ttol.om--S,-iarra.  was  laviui,^  the  f„nn,lati,.ns 
of  a  new  ,trar,lener-s  hou.se  near  the  lower  -ate  opeuin.r 


THE    LAM)   OF   HADRIAN 


171 


on  tlic  Viale  (ilorio.so.  Among  tlie  many  marbles  with 
Greek  and  Latin  inseriptions  l)r()no:lit  to  li<iiit  on  thi.s 
occasion  therc^  were  a  votive  altar  to  the  Syrian  i^od 
Adados;  another  to  Jn|)it(M"  Maleeiahrndes,  the  local 
o'od  of  the  S\i"ian  town  of  Jahrnda;  a  third  to  Jupiter 
Keraunios,  or  Ful^ui'atoi',  and  to  the  Xyrnphs  Furrina", 
and  lastlv  a  (ireek  metric  inscription  concerning  cer- 
tain works  accomplisIuMJ  hy  a  devotee  named  (jaionas 
(the  Aramaic  for '' the  ma<;'niHeent").   This  enterprising 


Tlu'  rcmaiii.s  of  the  'IVinpIc  of  the  Siiii  oj)[)o>ite  the  (^uiniial  palace.      (From  an 
eniriaviiiL'  1'N"  ( iiovaiiiioli  tiuitK'  m  the  time  ot   I'aiil  \  ) 


representative  of  Eastern  snpcM'stitic^is  in  Rome  was 
alreadv  known  to  us,  like  Halhillus,  from  othei*  records, 
puhlisluMl  both  in  the**  Corpus  Inscr.  Latin."  and  in 
KaihePs  *'  Liser.  Gran-ae."  In  tlu\se  lu^  liives  himself 
great  airs,  and  the  unheard-of  titles  of  "  deipnokrites" 
and  ''cistilxM""  or  "'cistihei*  Auanistorum."  He  was  ct^r- 
tainlv  a  husvbodv,  alwavs  on  the  alert  to  catch  the 
opportunities  of  the  moment,  and  to  make  himself  con- 
spicuous whenever  circumstances  permitted.    When  in 


1 

* 

■i 

I 


17.^    WAM)KRI\(.S    I\   THK    HOMAX   rAMPA(;XA 

the  year  ]76  the  spiral  eoluinn  was  rais(Ml  in  the  Cam- 
pus Martins  to  tlie  Kniperor  Marens  Anrelius.  in  eoni- 
nienioration  of  his  sueeessful  eanipaio;ns  ao^ainst  the 
Mareonianni  and  the  Sarniat.,  what  shoukl  (iaionas  do 
but  erect  a  (h'nunutive  eohunn  of  his  own,  with  a  pom- 
pous inscription  in  praise  of  the  same  deeds  of  his 
sovereiii'n. 

^  Tlie  texts  (h'scovered  hy  Mr.  Wnrts  in  IDOCI  proved: 
first,  that  the  h)wer  section  of  the  ohi  \"ina  Sciarra, 
where  the  uanh^ner's  cottai^^e  has  jn>t  heen  er(M-t(MK 
marks  the  site  of  the  sacred  o-rove  of  Furrina,  whiMV 
Cams  (,racchu>  was  put  to  (h^itli  hv  his  own  attend- 
''^'^  ']''  J-  '■  l^-'J.  \vln1e  the  iMxh-es  of  his  thnv  thous^ind 
p^frti>an>  were  thrown  into  tlic  Tihcr,  win'ch  run>  just 
<-|t  t\ir  tuot  of  the  .lope;  MM-ondlv,  that  the  existence  m 
the  >ani('  i:rnyv  of  >cvcral  >prln-..  Iidd  ni  rch'-ious  re- 
sjH'ct.  hroii-ht  .-liMMit  in  ini|.rri;i!  tinio  tli,-  rvohitmn  of 
*''*'  '*'•'  '"^''l  U'Hldcv.  iMirrma  mlo  a  uTonp  of  ;n,natie 
^>^'M*''^  ''^'  fJi^'  -ain."  nanu-^  1;,.t1x.   fli;,t   al    (hr  finic  ..f 

^'"'   -^^'f-^^i'i--   ;f    --fiori    n\    !1m-   .^HTr.l    -nnc.   ;ind   our,   ;iL 

lca-[,  ui   ihc  .prin-s,   {.(•.■nmr  flu^  prnprrt\    <.f  fhr  S\fi:in 


I  U.»iilC, 

''!    :nid 


'  '1        HM  ■       "s-.    rj;j  I  ,       ,  •(  (it  (fi  if  '^ 

u  liirii    was  fiji\cn   leave   i^    i^iehl   ,,    ii;i  1 1.  ,fi;i  i 

^^'^''-^*-   ^^'"''i  >iM'M_-  ia.  i^.    P:oie^^or    P.iu!    <  laiir-kler 

-         ■  '  "      •  •  '      M  1  ,  :  h  M       ill       ,  \  {  !  I  i  I  I  i  i  I  I  i  (  ■  --      ill 


)    (  tu 


:.uhjcci  uifli  ;,  vu-xK  |o  ;^  fhoroi]:,!!  M>arr1,  of  IIh.  -mniai, 
''^'*^-  "Vrrr.aninLr  varNni.  diHinillio,  m  hi-h  ah<l  luw 
<inar[cr>,  he  ha.s,  uith   flie  a^^istanec^  of  Af(«rsr..   Clmnrx 


•  I  ■(  -f  I  j 


\' /.'.  JJt 


i:ro\r    nf     t\\i- 


Fnrfo..  lH,t    t[H..r    Afh.-   .I.,!,,..   ,|,,    uut    apj,..ar    to    h;e.'    (,<vri 
"''^:^'^^^^'"'^  ■''  '^"''"'-  ^'^"^  ^^'^'  ^''^'y  ^^^'■•■r  '>'>ni  ^a^r^  that  Furnna  wa.  .ume 


THE    LAND   OF   ILVDIUAX 


173 


Nieole  and  (iaston  Darien,  and  the  sanction  of  tlie 
owner  of  the  <^ronnd,  the  Marchese  Medici  (h'l  \  ascello, 
carried  out  his  phm  with  perfect  success. 

In  the  first  phic(%  the  spring  mach^  into  a  canal  l)y 
(Iaionas  for  the  heneht  of  his  feUow-worshippers  has 
l)een  airain  hrought  into  phiy.  It  o-ivcs  an  output  of  a 
hundred  and  forty  cubic  metres  per  day,  and,  beinij:  of 
excellent  (juality,  represents  to  the  owner  of  the  land  an 


The  hndinti;  of  the  lrian<i;ulur  aUar  in  tiic  chafx-l  uf  Jupiier 
lleliojKjHtanus  on  the  Janiculuiu 


.'H-Iditlenal  rapil.il  i^(  a  huiidfed  fhoiiNand  fraiie-.  The 
h.-iNin  i)\  ( 'a  !*\ -.{ !a  I!  iiiai'lMe  u-i  jh)!!  i  no  nsajro]  i!it<s  whieli 
the  water  onee  l'e!L  discovered  aecidtMita  11  \  ni  l!)0'2.  was 
sold  to  the  anthjuarx  Slniont^tti  for  two  thousand  ^e\eu 
hundred  francs,  and  still   belongs  to  his  collection. 

In  the  second   place,  it  has  be(*n  made  clear  that  the 
original   sanctuai'v,   bnilt    bv    (iaionas    towards    the   end 


■i% 


17 1    \VA\I)KRIX(i>    IX     I  III:    ROMAN    (AMPA(,\A 

of   [\\v  second   (-(Mitiirv,   must   liavc   coinc   to   n-ric^f  __^  oj. 
livcn  ai);in(loiu'(l  — a   liiiiidrcMl    and    (it'tv  vcars  later,  on 
ncTonnt  of  its  nnfaxorahie    position   at   [\iv   hottoni   of  a 
ravine,   and   anotluM-   nnist   have   been    hnilt   at   a    lii<dier 
level,   with   th(^  neuiiiivnee  and   the  |)o\(M'tv  of  materials 
charaeteristie  of  the   fourth  eenturv.    i;he   walls  of  this 
latei- sanctuary  have  no   foundations,  and  are   huilt  with 
(*hi|)s    of    tufa    and    had    cement;     hut    tln^    plan    of    the 
^tructure    itself    is    reinarkahle.     It    comprisiv^    a    c(Mitral 
assemhly  room   of  con^iderahle   dimen>ioii^,    fa<•iI!^    (he 
<'n>t,  with  a  triangular  base  in  the  nu'ddle.  and  a  s.|uare 
altar  m   (lif^  apse,  over  wliich  a   nnihlafed   marf)le  statue 
\\a>    Ivm-.    prohahlv  of   a    Jupiter    lleliopolita  iiu-   or  <»f 
a    li(»mani/«'(|   Haal,     ll\r  ;]«rml)]Y  I'oom    !>  -u  n-(  »inide(| 
''>    ^'^'*'  '»!■  """^^   <-hapti.,   in    the   plan  of   whirh,  .i.^   well   a.s 
^li    otihT    ^ti-uctin'al    d.'fail..    [hr     fnan-ular     dia)>e     pre- 


\:i\\^.     In  one  of  (h.'M-  r. -cesses,  a!    fhr  c;.-} 
roup,  another  ini 


ern    '  'Ih  I    a 


ie 


:.:  u  I .  i  i 


l?<coverr'd 


iar  ol   la  riic  diiM' 


I'"''t'r!i;ir\    «i.    ]f)()f).    -,  ifli 


^"'^■'''  ■■«   "'-^   '5'  ^'^  pi-''\«'n}    a   iMjiiMl  >ui;^lanee  immh    mm-.-.m 


-M  ill <  was 
a     n  I  N    I  ir    ra  i  ^i  -d 

i  !"o!  {  : 

in_;-  M\ta'   it  nnd    (|ripj>iTin'  ,,|,   f},,.  f »:!  \t'!!haif . 
^   It  se.-ni^.  ill   flh-  f  hi  r<i   pi. lee,  ill.,!  i.^uard:.  Ihe  niHhiie  of 

must  hive  hMfMMJ  frees  with  the  worshipj)ers  of  Mithras, 
who  vveie  Lheii  engaged  in  a  war  a  oufrance  against  the 
overpowering  Christian  influence;  and  tliat  they  must 
have  had  to  face  the  same  decree  of  suppression  issued 
by  Gracchus,  prefect  of  the  city,  in  377,  which  put  an 
end  to  the  practice  of  foreign  superstition  in  Rome. 

To  such  an  incident  in  tlie  history  of  the  Syrian 
Tr an^filn  line  congregation  Professor  Gauckler  alirih- 
Ute:5   the  iaei   thai   the   i>eauiiful  statues  of  (ro(]-   d* 


^''T*-(]     :\\     fla- 


'  (pf  ■>(  ai  f 


jM-^,  Ml    finie   within    the    precincts    mi    ihe 

sanetii.iry  had  been  -Ludiuii^i v   coiiceah-d  fwo  fr^-}   ln-|o\v 


TIIK    LAND    OF   HADRIAN 


17:> 


the  floor.  One.  absolutely  perfect,  represents  a  young 
J^acehus  with  the  usual  attributes,  and  with  the  head 
and  hands  heavily  gilded.  Perhaps  the  figure  was 
dressed  in  rich  Eastern  (Nothing,  like  some  of  our  pop- 
ular saints  in  Italian  villages.    The  other  is  an  excjuisite 


A  more  detailed  view  of  the  trianpfiilar  altar  before  the  trap 
door  marked  A,  B,  C,  I)  was  lifted 

image  of  a  von  nix  T^i^.  wliicli   I   hf^lievf^  fo  Ur  an  r)riginal 

Egyptiai!  \\  orl,  w  ( (f!  h\   of  ha\  iiiu  i-ofiie  t  Hi!  of  .  ai(^  of  the 

Sturho^  oi   fh*-  '^inUi-  ^,JitHH:   wlnii'  oflirr-  eois^ider   it   an 

innlative  wnrk  <*f  the  iina-  <'f  Hadrian.     1"he  xf.aue  (cut 


\:i>   \\A.\i)i:iM\<.-  IN    rin:  kom.w  campa^-na 


in  l»!;fck  !);i^.ilf     niii-{  Ii;i\»'  Imth  kiKicknl  nil'  ifv  ;iltar  ur 

[)(Mlt'N{;ii  h\  i\  li(';i\\  1)1()\\  (»l!  llir  I  (  ) !'( 'I  ICI  (  1.  <  1  i  ^fiiXin'ill  Lf 
tilt'  llnx-  .iihI  the  lij)>^.;llhl  I  »r( '.-i  k  1 !  Il;'  the  I  x  x  I  \  illfo  jixc 
ur   >1\    pifCO,    Wlllcll.    l|tt\\('\Cl\    Wd'C    |>i()ll->i\     collcctcMl    })\- 

so  I  IK'  one  ;(ih1  kuricd  m  tlir  nj)s(>  of  one  ol'  I  lie  >niallrr 
cliaj)t'l>.     I   hdicw  not  out'  i^  nii>sii|M-. 

lilt*  tiii(l>  (IcncimIxmI  in  the  prt'ct'tiini^'  ]);n'nii'i*;ii)1is,  in- 
t('r(\stinu  ;i»  tlicv  art>  tVtun  tlit'  ,'i  i'clia't)louical  |»t)inl  ot' 
view,  lia\t'  Ixhmi  almost  r-nst  into  oMivion  In  those 
^\hi(•h  ha\c  rcNfaknl  to  u>  .sonic  ot*  tlu'  .secrets  ol*  the 
place. 

In  the  'VsMMcta  sanctoiaim ''  <»!'  tlic  main  clia[K'l,  within 
the  hi-h  altar  and  ri^lit  niulcr  the  \'rr{  ot'  the  Jn|)iter- 
J^aal,  a  hidinii-placc  has  keen  (Ictcctctk  akont  one  tot)t 
stjuarc.  lined  with  plaster,  m  which  pai't  <»!'  a  Immaii 
.skull  ot   an   adult   was  conreahMi.      There   wfi'e  no  traces 

ot    jaWs    ol'    teeth    t)r     nielltcra  ted     kollCs,    nol'    ot'    uoklet.s, 

nictl.-d^.  jeweh'x.  ami  iithcM*  <iieh    I'linerrd  KtLjiyjkia.     The 

section    ol    the    ^knkl    appeaf-    {(»    !ia\e-    keen    ne.'itkv     cut.    to 
tit    thf    -^1/e   i)\    tiie    h<ih'    wiihh    u;i'-    t(!    u'nai'd    ihe    ^fvrct    of 

it^    ♦•\i^tr!i(-t-    \i,]'    nenrlv     -!\tfch    i 't  ■!  j  f  !  ifi  (*S.      A-    We    *-aiinot 

iur    oi>\iou.'>    i^'a.suii.s   coii.snk'i'   iiii.s    k/Ik-   jn   e.v  rfsccfu/n, 

a     !"c?e?!;!l!t      itf     flir      U  I  c*  1 1  e  r;  i  [ '  n  n     mT     {he     ImmJ\.     l*!-.>feSSOr 
(lit  lie  Kiel'  htts  tiu\  ct  11*  i  M  ;   [ke  eoli  iceiUlc  ik^il  we  Iliav  ha  \'e 

ni   thi<  |>ieee  of  -.k'lll    \\i''  twidcncf  of  :i   Ininein    -^lu-i-lln-r 


Ni  »     i  [  « 


rnl    ill    da 


lie-     eii     >eiiiiliC 


rch_:M  )ns. 

■  ! 


I 


in- 


)\:\('(^  of  k.inor  n-ivf^i   to  if  in   t]]r'  Ti^aii 


ti  I  tta'ine  >a  la-t  ua  f\    ^\u  )  \\  ^  In  ;  w   v; 


It"  i 


in    t 


I  lie  e\  es 


<  *  I  t  h  e  i  I  !1 1 1  a  t  ed  .  a  t  \\  h  o  -> ( '  e  \  pe  n  ■> e  f  h  <  •  X ;  I  I  i  ( •  f  1  i ;  I  I ■  \  had  k(  N'  M 1 
rekllilt.      This     woilhi     ke.     then,     the     lir-t     tWidenee    i)\     a 

hnman  liolocaiist  twaa-  found  m  Htunc.  The  \ietini.  im- 
niolatctl  accofdinii'  to  the  amicnt  latcs,  |)\  \irtne  of  the 
sacrifict^  woiihl  cliain  tlie  --od,  a.s  it  were,  to  the  rehcs, 
thus   insiirimj;   his   actual     prf\sence   where\'ei'    thtw   wvvv 


^ 


Till:    LAM)    OF    IIADHIAX 


])reserve(l.  We  mii.st  remember,  apropos  of  tkiis  tlHM)r\\ 
that  when  the  MithraMim  of  Alexanch'ia  was  suppresseti 
by  the  Empia'or  ( 'onstantius  in  :>()!,  a  j)arty  of  Christian 
invacku's  discoviM'tMl  in  a  secret  passa^-e  human  bones, 
which  were  shown  to  tlu^  populace  as  a  proof  that  human 
saeriiiees  had  becm  perpetrated  in  that  den  of  initjuities. 
Another  secret  has  been  found  buried  in  the  core  of 


What   ua>  fnuii.i  in  flit'  hi' lii  i_^  f  )uice 


iliv'  inan-'uki!'  aHah  at    Ike  ea^lt.' 
It  seem^  (kat  uu  the-  -•-»«, ..^..-.^r 


etal   of    !! 


e    f  M  I  1 1  u  !  n 


'  if 


enn  ^eera  I ){  M I  oa\"  a  -.\  in  hone  !Nia'-''e 
'  [jre^idino-  goti,  or  oi  one  <»f  llie  prcsidiiii!-  i:oi\^^  \\\i^ 
■'«'d  in  a  fndniir-p)1ace  identical  in  slia])e  a\  itli  the  one 
described  alxne.  and  s(\al(Ml  with  a  'Teuaila  bipedak-" 
Niied  with  cement  around  the  rim.  Lyiiio"  at  the  bottom 
<»}  the  cach(\  with  feet  tui'iictl  towai'tls  the  W(\st,  \i/., 
tt)\\ar(ls  the  In^h  altar,  wa.s  a  bron/t^  fii^urt^  of  a  Mithras 
Leontokephalo.s   (^rj,   wound,  as  usual,  in   the  coils  of  a 


178    WAXDKHIM.S    IN    TlIK    I^OMAN    (  AMPA(;NA 

snake,  whose  head  beiid^  i'oi'w  ai'd  above  that  of  the  trod. 
Thv  interroii'atioii  mark  in  sneh  inatter-ot'-t'aet  (puvs- 
tions  is  ea>il\  exohiined.  On  tlie  (ht\  of  the  eonseera- 
tion,  before  tlie  hichnii-phiec^  was  sealed,  in  which  the 
snake  and  it>  >\  nihoHe  \ictiin  wci-e  to  he  t*ore\(M",  nnstie 
lood  \\as  proviih'd  foi-  the  reptile,  and  fixe  hen's  eoo-s 
were  (h'posite(l.  one  at  (\'ieh  coil.  1  do  not  know  how 
the.^e  e^u>  came  to  he  hi'oken  ;  the  fact  is  that  tli(M"r  xolk, 
inix(M|  with  (hi>t  and  hine,  ha>  stained  and  enern>te(| 
tlie  figure  so  that  it  is  ini|)o>.sil)le  to  make  ont  it>  features, 
and  the  material  in  which  it  is  east  or  nionlded  or 
chiselled,  unless  it  is  lifted  fioni  it>  couch  and  examined 
in  the  proper  lii^ht.  'rhi>  has  not  Ixmmi  dom^  vet,  l)e- 
cause  there  i>  a  probability  that  the  altar  and  it^  contents 
mav  be  remoV(Ml  bodiK  to  the  Museo  Na/ionale,  w  licrc^ 
the  pi'opei- investii^-ation  can  be  made  in  more  favorable 
circumstances  than  in  the  op(Mi  air. 

I  liave  found  the  follow  inir  point  of  compai'ison  in  the 
*'  memoir>"  of  Flaminio  X'acea,  the  i^'enial  ar(•lL'eolo^'i(^|| 
chronicler  of  tlu^  time  of  Sixtus  W  lie  d<vs(  i-ibes  how 
a  >eci-et  place  of  worship,  the  door  of  which  had  been 
walled  up,  wa>  found  in  th(^  vine\ard  of  ()ra/io  Muti 
op[)osite  the  church  of  San  \'itale,  just  at  the  point  w  here 
the  \'ia  \'e!ic-/.ia  now  branches  off  from  the  \'ia  Na- 
zionale;  and  says  that,  the  wall  havinu"  been  demolished, 
the  explorers  saw  a  human  fiuure  with  tlu^  head  of  a 
lion,  i-ound  w  liosc^  body  a  scM-pent  was  wound  in  coils, 
with  the  head  al)ove  that  of  the  monster-uod.  There 
were  many  clay  lamps  aroimd  the  |)linth  of  the  statue, 
with  the  *M)ecco''  or  point  turne(l  towai'ds  it.  I  can 
vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  \'acca's  statement,  because 
the  cave  was  entei'CMl  au'ain  in  ISO!),  when  Monsionor 
de  Merode,  Secretary  foi-  War  to  Pop(^  Pius  IX,  was 
tracinn;    the  i)resent  Via    Xazionale  alono-  the  northern 


! 


IIIK    I.AM)    OF    IIADHIAX 


170 


slope  of  tlie  Viminal.  it  was  undoubtedly  a  MithntMim 
in  which  the  i^od  was  woi'sliippiMJ  — as  on  the  .lanicu- 
lum  —  as  Leontokc^phalos.  The  door  nmst  liavc^  been 
walled  u|)  by  the  devotees  at  the  time  of  the  last  perse- 
cution of  Graccliiis  (a.  d.  o77). 

Another  nam(\  and  an  e(jually  popular  one,  is  con- 
nected with  Iladi'ian's  villa.  Antinous,  that  vouth  of 
extraordinary  beauty,  that  most  ptM'fect  specimen  of 
manhood  to  \)v  found  in  ancient  statuai'v,  born  at 
daudiopolis  in  Bithvnia,  IxH-anu^  at  an  eai'lv  a<''e  the 
favorite  of  Iladi'ian  and  a  companion  of  his  travels.  In 
the  year  \12.  while  the  imp(M"ial  i^'alhw  sailing'  on  the 
Nile  was  abi'cast  of  the  city  of  Jjesa  in  the  Ileptanomis, 
the  favorite  fell  ovcM'board  and  was  drowned.  His 
<leath  has  Ikumi  considcMHMl  by  nrave  historians  not  as  the 
outcome  of  an  accident,  but  as  an  act  of  suicide  from 
melancholy,  occasioned  by  the  belief*  that  the  sacrifice 
of  his  lif(^  would  avert  (wil  from  the  Emp(M'or.  Th(^  i^v'wf 
of  tlu^  lattei-  kn(wv  no  boun<ls;  it  is  called  ^'ftMuimne"  bv 
the  bioo-rapluM-.  The  dead  vouth  was  (>nrolle(l  amonost 
tlu^  i^^ods.  Hesa,  when^  the  sad  (WCMit  took  place,  was 
n^built  in  new  splendoi-  und(M-  tlu^  name  of  Antinoopolis, 
and  made  tlu^  ca])ital  of  the  Antinoite  Xomos  or  province; 
temples  were  erected  to  him  at  Mantinea  and  at  Lami- 
vium:  clubs  and  rollnjin  wore  named  aftcM'  him,  like  that 
of  the  "cultor(\s  Diaujc  c^t  Antinoi"  at  Civita  Lavinia,^ 
and  reirnlar  feast-days  w(mo  estai)lished  at  Atliens,  Ar- 
iros,  Mantinea,  and  Claudiopolis.  The  representations 
<>t  his  likeness  in  statues,  busts,  and  bas-reliefs  are  innu- 
merable. The  one  n^produced  on  paoe  1()5,  discovered 
by  (ravin  Hamilton  in  179.>  at  Palestrina,  reaches  the 
same  deoTee  of  pcM-fection,  amono'  full-si/ed  statues  that 

*  ('oinpare  Corpus  Inscr.,  vol.  xiv,  p.  n)(),  n.  '211-2. 


180    WAM)KRIX(.S    I\   Tin:    ROMAN    (  AMPA(;\A 

tlu*  AIl)iiiii  portrait,  tnuiid  in  Iladrinifs  villa  in  173.>, 
claiins  anionic'  has-rt'lii^s.  In  the  Palrstrina  I'cplica,  An- 
tinons  i>  iTprc.xMittMl  a>  l)i()n\>n>  with  the  iv\-  wrcatli, 
th(?  pnic  ('()n<-  on  t!ie  forehead,  and  the  ni\>tie  eista  on 
the  j)hnth.  'i1ie  hea<l,  llelhii^'  remark^,'  ">ni:;u-e>t>  tiu^ 
half->en>uon^,  hali'-u-looinv  ni\>tie  nature  of  the  Hith\- 
nian.  who  pr()i)al)l\  had  a  neat  eoniph'Xioii  with  (hirk 
exc^and  hhie-itlark  haii'.'"  lanil  Hi'a  un  eon>idei'> '*  thi:5 
portrait  of  tht'  w  (  mh  hai'iill  \  eon^t  it  ii  t(N  I  xonth  --  wlio  lias 
attanifd  a  ufeatrr  |)<a'>< ai.il  cch-hntx  than  alnl(»-^(  an\- 
other  p»'r^oi!a_:t'  ol  pn^-.ni  .inthjuifx  —  iiN  (hr  imt^t  failh- 
}lll    and    folii!  ilftr   W*'   possess.      I\\rf\     I'.'.-ilurc  of   llic   luce 

h.iriMh'->- 

I 


L'^  ::'i\e!!  Willi  ;i  -!i.i  n  mm '■>>  pi''>\iii_;  [th'ii  flh'  [n;i^!rr  coin- 
!I ! ! --^lon' ■' i  f<»  t'\c*-!l[t-  X)  -hi'''idid  ;i  1 1  hill  U  1 1  h  "I !  I  h;id  ron- 
iiiiri!    hiNi^tdl    -Lrii'th    lo   the   ti'ulh  of  n.ihire.     lie  ha>  at 


♦  i 


>;j]  nif  ■   t]  niP   <f 


]  <'■('•(■'« 


]  n  , -vf  ,1^ 


1 1 


! !  ei  "']( '    1  »o\\  t  M' 


which  (^xercised  so  mysterious  an  iidha  m  .  ,  na  im  irU 
njH.n  II  Irian,  l)nf  on  all  his  eontcMnpfu-ai-ios.  .  .  .  Tn 
the  total  absence  of  satisfactory  information  as  to  the 
relation  bet\yeen  Antinous  and  Hadrian,  the  numerous 
monuments  raised  \vitli  unfeiiiiied  enthusiasm  to  cele- 
brate  the  memory  of  the  former  are  of  inestimable 
yalue."  The  same  archicolooist,  speakin<;'  of  the  colos- 
sal bust  (n.  .545  in  the  Rotunda  of  the  \'atican),  Avhicli 
is  represented  as  <ijro\yin^  out  of  the  calyx  of  a  lotus 
flower,  in  a  species  of  metempsychosis,  remarks  how 
"the  rounded  outlines  of  the  Bithynian,  the  slifj^htly 
curled  hair,  and  the  lovely  trace  of  melancholy  are  not 
without  originality  in  this  thousand-times-repeated  por- 
trait. As  regards  the  calyx  of  the  flower,  introduced 
below  the  bust   (sic),  it  probably  refers  to  the   flower 

named  after  Antinous,  in  which  the  soul  of  the  youth, 

t-' 

^  Guide  to  the  Collections  of  Antiquities  in  RomCy  ed.  189j,  p.  ^209,  n.  295. 
*  Ruins  and  Museums  of  Rome,  p.  436,  n.  1. 


THE  STATUE  OF  ANTINOUS  DISCOVERED  BY  GAVIN  HAMILTON 

AT  PALESTRINA  IN  THE  YEAR  17i«r. 


THE   LAND   OF  HADRIAN 


183 


t 


SO  early  called  away,  was  supposed  still  to  continue  to 
exist. 

\\      It  ive  in  Rome  a  monument  inscribed  with  his 

nam^\  pI.'H'cm!  hi  n  popular  and  coTi^pif-non-  pnvifjr^n; 
but    it-     uhnt'ction   wit  I      Intinous    l)einiif  expressed   in 

liiei'nui \  pith--,  if  !ia^  hrruiiic  ixihtwd  ohl\  to  I't-w.  I  refer 
!-.  [lie  nhcli-iv.  n!-cover«M!  in  i.'>7n  !)\  iIm-  hro{h«i'-  (,'urzio 
aiiil  Aicirrcll(^)  harcocciti  m  llic  i-ii\-ii^  ul'  ihc  \  anaii  (jar- 
(jrii-  bp^'rnid  Srinfa  Cvoct'  ni  Ccfii^al^Mnii!*',  wlnrli  was 
rcninvcd   n\    H<'!-iimi   !u  tin-  HarlHTiHi   nalaci'  a!   llic  Imih' 


of  I  rhan  \lll.  Pi'^-ichiif  dc  Hrosses  niid  lix'c^  ()!!i<t 
-i'litlcnici!  Irnin  Hin'i^iiinh  a>k(Ml  l(\-i\('  ifdin  [Nijic 
C  ItiiKMit  XI  I  t(f  rVi'i-\  if  at  i\n:\v  t'Xpciix'  m  iVoiit  oi 
S.  Liii^i  (li  l-'ranccNi.  '|'|ii>  x-licnic  liickiK  lailcfl.  IhiI 
llic  wandcriiius  oi  llir  pillar  did  not  laid  tlicn.  rniicr^>, 
Coniolin  l^ai'lxM'iiii  piMvscnicd  it  to  (IciiuMit  XI  \'.  wlio 
canxMl  it  to  !)('  r<Miio\(Ml  to  the  Xatican;  Piu>  \'I  tlioiiuiit 
of  placina'  il  liiv^t  in  tlio  Piazza  di  Monte  (dtorio.  and 
.•i^ain  on  top  of  tin  tower  of  the  Porta  Pia.  >o  that 
an  observer  stainhn^  at  the  ei'ossinn-  of  the  (^uattro 
Fontane  eonhl  s(H'  foni'  obelisks,  at  the*  end  of  tli(^  four 
streets.  \'ahidier  and  Pins  \'I1  sc^t  it  up  at  hist  in  th(^ 
central  avenue  of  the  Passeo^iata  del  Pineio.  The  hier- 
on|vj)hie  le^'ends  which  it  bears,  wi'itten  in  the  over- 
nianncM'ed  stvh'  of  lladi'ian's  a^'e.  sinu'  th(^  deification 
ot  the  drowned  favorite  in  various  \\a\s,  and  ix^-eal  a 
cu'cunistance  of  thrillini''  interest:  Antinous  was  buried 
ni  Rome  in  Iladi'ian's  inausoUnini  I  '*  Antinous  wi^lcluM' 
dort  ist,  welcher  ruht  in  diesei'  Statt(\  die  in  ( ii'enzfc^lde 
d(M'  HtM'rin  (h\s  (ienusses  Hronie  lit^ui."  From  th(\s(^ 
words  ^  we  leather  that  the  olxdisk  now  on  tlu^  Pincian 
Hill   nnist    have    Ixhmi    i*aised   by  Iladi'ian  on  the  sj)iNa 

'  'rranshitcd    hy    Dr.   A.     Hennaii    in    Mitthcii.    dcs   ArcltdcoL    Inst., 
I{(>nni.:,-l/f  Ahf/tci/.,    1S!)(),   p.    UJ). 


1S4    \VAM)KHI\(,S    IN     IIli:    ROMAN    (  AMPACiNA 

ot  his  circus  ;i(l  joiiiiiii:-  llic  nirnisolcinii,  and  tluit  oiu^ 
of  the  \nri;m  faniilv,  proh.iMv  I  Iclai^a  l).-ihi>,  n!ii>t  hav(^ 
rcniovcMl  it  to  lii>  own  racin^-^roinid  1)\  tlic  \'i.'i  L.-ihi- 
caiia.  His  example  \\a^  tnllowtMl  not  rnan\  xcai-N  later 
by  Maxentin.s.  who  reinoxtMl  HonnlianV^  ()l»eli>k  from 
tlie  Sta(hnm  (Pia/./a  Na\  ona  t(»  I  he  circnN  nrar  Metelhi's 
iiraveon  the  Appian  Wax.  Pope  Innocent  X  in  KJ.)!  and 
Pope  Pins  MI  in  IS^^-J  -ct  matter-  riuiit  once  more, 
tlie  hr'^t  l»y  hrmiiinL:'  hack  ^  nn('on>(ioM>>l\  i  the  nionohth 
to  it-  ohl  h)catio!i,  the  othrr  !>\-  -cttiiiL:-  np  Anhnons' 
n eedh-  '*  in  (  i  reii/frh  Km  Ici"  I  lei-rm  dc-  (  ienn->e>  lli'onic,"' 
HI   tnh   \  lew    of  Ila(h'ian'-  man-ohMim. 

In  m\  experieiire  of  l\om-in  .-ind  -nhnrhan  cxeaNa- 
t'on.  I  ha  \c  (time  in  rontaet  wifh  t  hi>  e\(  jni-de  t  \  pr  (»f 
?Na!i!hH»d  i\{  h'.-i^t  .-i  (lo/cn  til  Mr-:  once.  |  i-enit-m  I  mt.  ii! 
t  n< '  w  (  M  H  i!;i  nd  ot  |-(»1;!  I' ;  I  r ! !  t  •-(  ■ .  where;!  lahorcrhatl  jli-t 
-'nick    w  1 1  h    hi-    I  >h  )!i'd 

1  H  'i  I  H  'd     f  (  )    d  i  -en_;a  _;( '     if 

loTufl     I  h»'    -Mhf    <  »''    1  h;:  i     \i  rx  r\\     ' 

■  ''ii'd-^  ^iji-h  df-oLif.'  siirroii !i(hn<''s  :itid  hHilxMi -  . 
t^^"  '.udi  a  niciaiichuh  expression,  as  if  we  lia<l 
turl*   1  fh»    peace  of  his  nrrave. 

I  remeniher  also  how,  in  the  year  Insu,  while  the 
found  !hfH]<  of  the  Hanca  (h  Italia  were  beinir  laid  d 
the  corner  of  th.  \'ia  de  Serpenti  and  the  \'ia  Xazionale, 
a  fnll-sizcti  portr<iU  -tatne,  nndcr  the  attrdnites  of  hic- 
chus,  was  fonn.!  fandino-  upright  in  the  studio  of  a 
mediieval  .-.iiiijnin.  lie  had  probably  discovered  it 
amon-  the  rniir-  of  tin  villa  of  I  Fninsnhinius  VcMI  .- 
niaiiii-^.  if  file  eio;hth  niile-toie  =,t  th,  \  la  Xomenlana, 
Oh   fjM-   knnk^  of  fh«'  -trf'-ani  i»^'   Xhii'^o  ^' 


the  h-'  I  -h<  M^de]'  e»f  n  1  ni-f .  j 
•'ill  t  h'  ■  <■;!  ii  h  .  ;! !  id  -h;i  i  I  iiev  er 
I  \  « '!  \    1  .M  ■.  •   -I  )i  h  h  '! ! !  \    ;i  j  »pe:i  nnij' 

« lis- 


1  h  e  ;f  ' 


c.l    !,.,] 


« •  i  I  i  I 


\fe*    I 
f  h« 


■  "^    \\ '  t  '■ 


i\ 


»     ■-.( ) 


'  ii.ii    he    Mii^hL   iea-t    hi- 


iw  e>  oii  I  \\i'  ?  .»■;.  i  1  f  i !  1 1 !    vi n  ,  h '( a  n m  i   i  ^ 
tion-   iVom    it.     dliai    -ii<'h     -         '' 


"i  \'e  a  ]'!"]-[]<•   IT!  -|  )i  f;i- 
<■'"    ihe    c.i-e.    .•iiid    Ihal    even 


_21 


TIIK    LAXI)   OF   IIADRIAX 


is.i 


the  stolid  niediicva]  artists  were  struck  by  the  excjuisite 
harmony  of  the  form  of  Antinous,  is  proved  by  the  fact 
that  the  fi<i,ure  of  the  Baptist  from  the  ciborium  of  San 
Matteo  in  Merulana,  now  pi'csca-viMl  in  the  cloister  of 
St.  John  the  Lateran,  is  modelliMl  ad  rirum  from  an 
AntiuDUs. 

The  hitest  discovery  in  connection  with  this  subject 
was  made  on  tlic  farm  of 
Torre  (h^l  Padiu'lione,  an 
estate  of  eiulit  thousand 
acix\-,  which  the  "SixaCta 
Itahana  de'  H(Mn*  Rustici'' 
has  jn-t  pnrchas(Ml  from 
the  ducal  hon>e  ol"  tlie 
Ma--imo.  Tin-  farm  is 
cro.^.^ed  1)\  {wo  lni^hro;ids, 
one  leadniL:"  from  Lami- 
\  iiini  l(t  Aninini,  the  alher 
from  T^om<^  to  ^atfioinn. 
Near  t  hoir  jniei  ion,  on  a 
KTH)!!  winch  I'l-cv  ^onie 
tinrtv  or  He  ri  \  -!i\  ,•  f, ^'t 
above  the  level  of  the 
plain,  amoii;^  the  reniain- 
of  an  en*  H  nt  farmhou-L, 
the  ]>:i<-relif--f  i^,-']  a'r>d'!c«'d 
on  this  p aiiy  \\.i>  hrou^'ht 

to  heh!     in    (  )ofrduMX    10^)7. 

The   h-t  .  e  .  ry  came  about 
by  aecsdeni ,   w  hih-    \v  >  >rk- 

...  J  The  Antinous  ol  AiitiMiianie.  'ii-covere(l 

—       -  at  loiTc 'ici  1  adi^Mioue 

eardi  tu   pkanl  a   \  nie\ar«l 

on  tliesonUn^rn  -iope  of  |  he  kn«  >!!.    1die  bas-relief  k-i\  face 

u(ev\nward    on    a    bed    of    loose    earth,  which  seemed  lo 


is(;  \vani)i:kin(;s  in  'mi:  koman  (  ampa^.xa 

have  l)een  >ifttMl  (iii  purpose  to  reeiMve  and  shelter  th(^ 
sculpture.  It  is  not  po^iMc  that  it  .should  have  fallen 
into  that  po>ition  hy  iiecideut  on  the  occasion  of  a  fire 
or  of  an  earthcjuake.  It  nni>t  have  been  cari'ied  to  the 
spot,  out>ide  the  })oundar\  of  the  house,  and  hidden 
with  a  purpos(\  at  the  time  of  the  first  l)arl)arian  incur- 
sions, l)V  the  >ervant>  of  the  house  itself.  We  nnist  not 
forij;et  that  Torre  del  Padii^'lioiu*  once  formed  part  of 
the  fertile  territor\  of  I.anuvium,  a>  favorite  a  place  for 
summer  resi(kaice  as  Tusculuni  itself,  wjicre  Antinous 
and  Silvanus  had  heen  eltMte(|  patron  >aints  of  the  r\\\- 
[)lo\ees  of  the  aristocratic  \illas,  as  1  shall  have  occasion 
to  mention  ai^ain  at  length   in  the  next  chapter. 

The  portrait  is  carved  in  Pentelic  marble,  and  it  is 
as  fresli  and  perfect  as  if  it  had  just  emci'^-cd  friun  the 
\voi'k>lio[).  The  u'od-hero  is  representccl  as  a  young 
peasant  attendini'-  to  the*  vintau'c,  the  onl\  si^n  of  liis 
ap()thtM)sis  IxMUg  a  wrt^ath  of  pine  Icaxcs,  and  the  altar 
with  tin*  puie  cone.  The  ai"trst'>  conception  \\as  obvi- 
ously to  represent  an  Antinoirs-Silvanus.  This  artist, 
this  profhu'cr  of  a  panel  dcscrvinii;  to  be  placed  beside 
the  Palestrina  statu(\  the  Mondragone  bust,  and  tlie 
Albani  bas-rt^lief,  has  sioticd  his  nana^  on  the  altar: 
''This  is  tlie  work  of  Antonianus  from  Aphrodisias.'' 
These  words  mean  that  h(^  belon^c'd  to  that  brother- 
liood  of  (ireeo-Uoman  sculptors  which  had  opened  a 
stu(h()  and  a  workshop  on  the  Escjuiline  near  the  Sette 
Sal(\  discovercMl  (and  illirsti'ated  by  X'isconti)  in  ISTiS. 
For  us,  however,  the  a[)peai'aiH'e  of  this  divine  \()uth  at 
tht^  Torre  de.  adi<^iioiu\  until  lately  a  malarious  and 
(h's(M'ted  spot,  bordering'  on  the  Pontine  disti'ict,  almost 
out  of  reach  of  civilization,  means  sonu^thiiu^'  more: 
we  take  it  as  an  omen  of  success  in  the  strua'iz'le  of  the 
present  generation  against  the   two  great  evils  of  the 


TIIH    LAM)    OF    JIADRIAX 


IS' 


V 


\ 


Campagna,  uidiealthiness  and  depopulation.  Sureh  it 
cannot  be  a  trick  of  fat(^  that  on  tlu^  dav  wlaai  woi'kmen 
had  beiai  (lir(M*ted  to  that  knoll  to  try  an  experiment  in 
vine  growing,  Antinous  should  appear  in  the  garb  of 
a  sylvan  god,  attendin.g  to  the  vintage,  with  launches 
of  luscious  grapes  hanging  in  profusion  from  his  own 
vines. 


THE    LAND   OF   GRIXJORY   THE    (iREAT 


IS!) 


CHAPFKU    IV 

riii:   LAM)  OK  (iin:(i()in    riii:  CjKKat 


N 


^()  otlicr  section  of  the  Campauna  ca 


11  Ix^ar  coin- 


1 


)ari>on  w  i 


th  the  Land  of  (ireo-orv 


th(^  ( 


i]"ea 


t  a 


s 


reua 


rds   the  a»ociation  o 


f  natnral   heantv  with 


lii>torieal    interest.     Canon^ 

like  that  of  th(^    Forme  Kotte,  over  the  yawnni.u'  depliis 


four     hun(h-(Ml    feet    (h'e]), 
th(^  vawninii'  (h'pti 


of  which  a(|ue(hicts  were  once  carnec 


I  I 


)\ 


TC 


t  >l 


)ans  o 


f 


masonrv 
the  i^cxw- 


o-Umis,  hke  the  Vahe  (k'U' Ac(jUa   Kossa,  wh(T( 


ta  inch)>es,  in  a  frame  o 


f  (.-ohl.  helds  of  vioh'ts 


and  pi'inn'oses:  cha>ms, 
('ami)oraccio,    rtvxMnhhn,--    a 


hke  the  one  of  San  (iiovanni  m 


1 


h-af 


;inn) 


.Int 


lea 


tre 


sun 


k 


tl 


m   the  eai 


th;  doh)mitic  crai:': 


hke  the  N'ulturelhi,  with 


a    fall    of   two   thousam 
Ponte  Lupo,  carrvinu"  acr 
Morti  fonr  aqueduct" 


1    feet:   coh)ssal   hridu'cs,   like  the 


()>S 


tl 


]c  i"avme  o 


f  th 


\ 


ille  i\c\ 


I 


A  carnaire   roa( 


1,  an<l  a  footpath, 


tl 


ic    WOI 


k  of  livmu'  man :  vii- 


a>  perieci   a>  ii  uk\\    \%  ^  i  v    h.v    >>^'..v  ,^ 

h,--e>,  like  ( madapiolo,   perching-  at  the  iKMu'lit  of  M)\i) 


f(H't    ahove  th(^  ^ca  :  otliei 


tl 


or 


Poli,  ne>[linu'  in 


like  San    (ireu"orio, 

Id    I 


( 


;isai)( 


the  >hade  of   tlu^r  old    haronial  cas- 


I 


tl 


es 


K 


oman   roa< 


1>,  like  the  ('ontri^vio,  wmdmu-  up  the 


tl 


hill>ide>,  and  none  the  wor^i 


til 


for  tl 


le  w 


sand   \'ear> 


nKMlia'val  foi-tihcation 


car  of  *\\o  thon- 
like  the  Rocchetta, 


>an 
if  tl 


V  A 


wm 


lo.  or  Castel  Faustuiiano,  rar>c(i  on  p 


►la  t  forms 


litl 


)f  the  meualithic  au'c:  ancuMi 


Anu'c 


o   m 


A 


rcivse 


,tand 


mi'*  o 


t  churches,  like  that  of  Sant 
n   the  remains  of   famous 


heatlnni  sanctuaries;  villa 


like  ( i(M'icomio  o 


r  the  ('at(Mia 


in  which  the  mcMUories  o 


f  hvn'one  Roman  con(|U(M'ors  are 


link(Ml   with   those  of   mo( 


Icrn    makers  of  historv;  olive 


oToves,  shadv  l)vwavs,  clusters  of  anc-ient  ilexes,  luxu- 
riant  vinevards,  oolden  ^rain  helds  and  fra^z'i'ant  mead- 
ows,  —  each  of  these  landmarks,  taken  by  itself,  would 
make  anv  countrvside  conspicuous;  taken  tom'ther  tliev 
make  of  the  I^and  of  (ireo-ory  the<^'em  of  the  CampaL'na. 
(irei'"()rv  was  hoi'n  of  (jordianus  the  Senator  and  of 
Svlvia,  in  their  ancestral  home  on  the  Ca'lian,  facini:  the 
palace  of  the  Ca\sars,  at  the  c(u*ner  of  the  \  ia  Triinn- 
phalis  (Via  di  S.  (jre^orio)  and  the  Clivus  Scauri  (\'ia 
(lei  SS.  (iiovanni  e  Paolo),  on  the  site  of  the  chui'ch 
since  dedicatcMl  to  his  name.  The  date  of  his  hirtli  is 
unknown.  \V(^  uathcr.  however,  fi"om  liis  writini-s  that 
ahout  the  middle  of  the  sixth  centui'v  he  was  of  sufficient 
a^ic  to  renuMiiher  tlu^  hoi'rors  of  tlu^  sieuv  of  .541)  —  the 
second   which   Home  und(M'W(Mit   at   thc^  hands  of   KiiiL'' 


Totila.  l)e  Rossi  has  proved  in  tlu^iirst  volunu*  of  *'ln- 
scription(\s  diristiaruc"  that  his  family  was  a  hrancli  of 
the  Anieii,  the  nohlest  amoni'st  tlu^  nohles,  and  that  he 
counted  amongst  his  ancestors  Pope  F'elix  III.  I'wo  of 
his  aunts.  Tai'silla  and  .Fjihliana,  as  w 


ell  as  his  parents, 
are  reo-jstenMl  amonu'  the  saints  of  the  church.  IIi> 
election  in  .>!)()  took  placi^  amon^'  calamities  unpi'cce- 
dcMited  in  the  annals  of  the  citv.    A  winter  of 


in  cess 


•mt 


rains  and  rai>ini>-  storms  had  caused  the  riv(M-s  to  overflow 


their  hanks,  turning"  the  valh^vs  of  the  I\),  tlu^  A 


rno,  an( 


1 


the  'i'iher  into  lakes  oi-  mars! 


i(\s.    'Flu^  1M)(M'  in  particu- 


lar rose  to  such  luMiihts,  and  hroke  through  the  w 


lis  of 


t!ie  city  (l)etwe(Mi  tln^  Flaminian  i^ate  and  the  postern  of 
St.  Martin  )  with,  such  furv,  tliat  the  el, 


liii 


issic  (Mnnces  o 


if  tl 


Campus  Martins,  temples,  hatl.s,  theatres  w(M-e  over- 
thrown, as  well  as  the  granaries  at  the  foot  of  tlu^  Aven- 
tin(\  where  ^rt^at  (juantities  of  wheat  had  been  stortnl  for 
tln^  support  of  tlu^  refugees  from  all  ])artsof  the  Peninsula. 
And  while  tlu^  p(M)ple  were  thus  left  to  stare  famine  in 


100    WAXDKHIXr.S    IN   THE   ROMAN   ('AMPA(.NA 

the  face,  and  to  live  in  silt  and  nnid,  the  l)nl)()nie,  or 
ino-uinarv,  plaii'ue,  ininorttMl  troni  ( 'onstantinopU^  l)v 
a  Bvzantine  u'rain  shi|)  tradinu"  at  the  Sehohi  dra'caj 
broke  out,  fir>t  in  the  (juarter>  adjoininu'  the  river,  hiter 
ev(Mi  in  the  usually  healthy  hei,u-hts  of  the  Kscjuiline  and 
the  Cielian.  (ireuory  ofTours  ha>  \c\'{  a  detaile(l  aeeount 
of  the  outbreak,  and  the  Vn\)r  Ininx'lf  nior('  than  once 
mentioned  it  in  tht^  "  I  )ialouU(\>.*"  >o  that  all  tln'ouuh  the 
middle  ai:r>  the  people  spoke  of  it  a>  of  an  event  never 
to  be  forgotten.  One  of  the  liiv-t  \ietim-  wa-  (  in^^orx  \s 
|,redeee--or.  relauiu-  11.  He  died  on  lM>bniar\  .V  .")l)(b 
and  wa-  bnrh'd  with  due  -(.jrnmitx  m  ^t.  Peter  .>,  a  tael 
wliKJi  nIiow-  hnw  miieh  -aiiifarx  pr.M  a  ii  f  loii^  wci'e  d!>- 
iv-nrdrd  at  that  tina-.  Vnnii  lliat  da^\  men  uM  a  \>voy 
{,,  111,-  piau-iie-  b\  llHai^alMb.  man\  rjtie^,  aTnr»iin-  Iheni 
th.'  IN  Mill-  An-ii-ii,  l.»Mn^  tin'  \Ui.  >le  mM  h^-r  ;  m  .hH!;i!  i*  mi. 

\\:i  v\\i\\    ren  M't  I  ic^  fn  iliuL!'  t  <  ■   -1  :m  ! 
the   liMiiKiMS  did    \\!i:^t    tii'-    M^S.fuese  a!-.-  said 


r 


I  f  H  !  f    i   1  t  '   (  'i  i  n  i  ;  i  '  ■  '  <  a 


\ , 


« ■  I  i  i  i 


a !  ve 


(IraiP.  ill  M:iTi7(ini\  "  bronie^^i  ^>pu.5i,  al 
lt,:;n;  fin  \  uririMJ  their  j)astor  -'  -tart  a  o;reaf  procession 
of  jH  nitenee.  I )  vided  accordin<i;  to  sex,  a^e,  aiid  -Uihoii 
ill  iife,  they  moved  from  seven  starting;  points  towards  the 
Basilica  Liberiana;  the  clergy  from  --  ^  osma  e  Dami- 
ano,rehmous  communities  from  ^^  Cervasio  e  Trotasio,^ 
nuns  from  S>  Tietro  e  Marcellino,  children  from  Sb. 
Giovanni  e  Paolo,  widows  from  S.  Eufemia,  married 
women  from  S.  Clemente,  men  from  S.  Stefano  Rotondo. 
The  results  of  this  congestion  of  people,  more  or  less 
tainted  with  the  germs  of  the  contagion,  are  easily  fore- 
seen. In  the  space  of  one  hour  eighty  members  of  the 
entourage  of  the  Pope  fell  to  mark  with  their  corpses 

^  The  Byzantine   Exchange   and  Chamber  of    Commerce  near   the 
Church  of  S.  Maria  in  Cosmedin. 
*  Now  called  S.  Vitale. 


i 


i 


/^ 


/- 


t£ 


TITF    T  WD    nv    nnT.Cf'mY   TUV.    CIWAT 


193 


the  path  of  flu^  procession.    TIm'  fact  fli  if   the  goal  of 

fhi^  iiUuud  St  lA  if  or  mis  ^  was  the  Es(|Uiliiic  i/a^^ilK-a  ui  :^. 

M:i!*i;i  ^r;iii;L'i< >r«~'  v]|r»\\-^  how  ^nHni^Ilcss  is  IIh'  f!'n<!i!infi 
rtiiiciTiiiii  J  Hh  ;!Mp;:nfiun  of  ihr  aii^fl  .-hf;i  t  Inn^  liis 
s^v(>rd.  nil   fiir  -niniii'}   oi    I  I;i<  lri;iir<  Tfinn^nlcMiTii.  ff)  nn- 

IKHlltct'    thnt     flif     Wf;   ill    *>!     (in«l     Woiihl     c!;!)!!!     no     [no ft' 

virlnns.  'Hie  frndihon  i-.  i;i?'  more  I'cccnl  liinii  (lie 
(■\c!!t>  to  wlnrli  if  rrlcrs,  aiid  owc^  \\>  oriu'iii  t<>  ;!  ^iifiiir 
of  Mich.'K^!  the  Arcli:i  iLucI  oi'ccteil  at  an  unknown  (j.iitc, 
on  the  h!uiic>t  plaffonn  of  llio  inansohMinn  wIh'I'c  tlie 
ini;ii!;c  of  the  (hMh<M|   l^niperor  had  once  >too(l. 

HiM'ords  of  thi^  ''.nnu'c  terrihh^"  arc  still  cxt.int  iii 
Home.  L(Ni\'inu'  a^jdc  (h(^  hron/c  fi.uiirc  of  the  nrchnn- 
U'cl,  from  which  the  ('a>th'  of  Sant'  Ani^-eh)  )>  in-inie(|, 
thei'c  is  an  iiisci-iptioii  in  the  church  of  San  Loi'cnzo  fuori 
le  Mura  (l(\scri!)inu'  how  that  e(hfic(^  liad  heen  repaircMl 
l)v   Fehiuius   II    *'<>ladio^    hostiles    int(M"  c^t   iras"    (amid 

tlit^  ehnii'()r  of  swords  and  onshiuo'hts  from  the  enemv'). 

<^  (^  , 

The  enemv  at  that  (ime  were  the  Lario'ohards,  who  had 
invaded  Italy  hy  tlie  Predil  Pass  in  th(^  Alps  of  Carnia, 
and  shown  no  mercy  to  the  (h'tVnccdess  populations. 
Of  uncouth  and  fearsome  aspcH't,  and  iml)U(M|  with  a 
lu(tred  of  w  hatcNiM'  hore  or  had  home  a  Roman  namc^  or 
a  connection  with  Konu\  th(\s(^  (iernian  worshipper's  of 
Odin  swe|)t  over  the  Peninsuhi  like  the  scour^'c^  of  (iod, 
tire,  l)h)0(l,  and  the  stilln(\ss  of  death  marking'  their  ad- 
Vance. 

These  are  not  conviMitional  phrases  sucli  as  are  com- 
nionlv  used  on  the  sul)j(M't  of  a  barbarian  ini'oad;  thev 
are  tlie  verv  words  which  (ireirorv  wrote  in  **  l)iah)ij:ue'' 
iii,  3(S:  ''As  the  unsheathed  sword  strikes  the  neck  of 
the  victim,  so  fell  npon  us  tlie  fury  of  the  Lannohards. 
As  thick  as  the  ears  of  corn  on  a  fruitful  held,  our  fellow- 

^   Litany,  in  the  sense  of  procession 


lot  wA\i)Kin\(;^  T\  Tin:  im)Ma\  (\\mp\<'NA 


1 


citi/cM^  lin\t'  \)CV]\ 


1 


trjiiii[ 


.Ir.l 


Upon,  niK 


1  (i•ll-^ll(Ml  ;iii(l  l.iid 


I 


)nnH'  oil 


[\\v  ^roiMid.     (  itio   lia\r  ccaxMl    to  cxi^t  :  our 


ca 


f 


r>  tia\( 


htM'ii  (li>i!iaiifl«M|,  our  Tiiouastcrio  vio 


lat(M| 


our  fariii.>  ( 


lot 


1 


it'a|)  of  ruin- 


r<  .\(m1  ;  our  cinn'cMc^  arc  i » 

1(1 


:Ut 


( )('( 


I 


)\ 


the  f 


Wt'  i 

oruicr  haunt 


1\('  HI   the  w  udtMauv^^,   where   t)ea> 


1  ^luouldei'Uii' 


,[: 


ot   men 


ri 


le  coniui 


( ) 


1 1  n  s 


numdi "   had   alread\    heeii    \)H'i\\( 


■te<l 


)\ 


Pel 


<i 


( • 


II 


n 


hi>    **  Adnione>tation"    to    the    di^entinu'    patriai-eh    of 

nder  that  the  Iowcm"  ela>ses,  deei- 


A 


(luueia 


I^ 


las. 


N 


o  wo 


inatiMl  at  the  >ani(^  tune  hv  tannn(^  and  war>,  hy  uiunda 


1 


I, 


tior 


fir 


1 


■tl 


md  eartlKjUa  kes,  >nai-e( 


k. 


1  t 


le  oe 


i(^f 


tl 


in  sueh  din-  strait>  tht^  li-'ure  of  (ireu'ory.  eonnnir  to 
ue  of  his  fellow-eiti/,eir>  from  a  Innnhle  mona>tie 


le  rex 


cell  of  the  (\elian,  a|)|)ear>   radiant   in   a    halo  of  uloi'v 


llis  attempt  to  eva 


le  1)V  fli^dit  the  eh'ction  to  tin    vaeaid 


see  having'    heen 


f]'u>trate(l,   the  rehietant   eenol)ite  wa 


•rownecl   in   St.    Petei-'^  on   SeptcMuher  !>,   .") 


>!)().     .ludi-'ini: 


e>>  (lUau- 


from  hr^  per>onal  appearance  no  one  seenuM 

lied  for  the  ta>k  of  >avinu-  the  eouidrv  from  anmhihation 


II 


e  wa>  sman  o 


f  si/ 


e  an( 


1 


<o  emaeia 


ted   from  vijiils  am 


I 


ill-ln^dth  that  most  of  the  tiuie  he  was  ohli-ed  to  recline 
on  hi>  couch,  hanu-inu'  between  life  and  death.  His  voice 
fe(d)le  that  hi>  homilies  wcm'c  usualK   read  hv  an 


was  so 


uss  r-^i 


tant.     In  a  letter  ad<lresse( 


hi 


1  to  Rusticana  the  Patri- 


cian 


he  mentions  w  ithout  the  h^ast  complaint  how  acute 


lvspep>ia  had  mad(^  of  him  a  living'  skelet 
^'out    had    cri|)ple(l    him    to    im 


on   am 


1   1 


lOW" 


mohilitv.    And    vet    thi 


ipple,    who    helieved    in    the   approaching    end    of    the 
world,  stood  his  u'round  unflinchin^iv  to  tin*  last.  sav(Ml 


U 


ome   an( 


I    Italv.   and    found    time   to   link   \\\>   name   to 


such  in-«titutions  a 


vive>  in 


the  Scl/ohi  (  '(U/foriuN,  w  Inch  >till  sur- 
the  '*  (ireuorian  Chant";  the  ilctjuld  ra-sfonil  i-^\ 
which  IxM-ame  for  the  (^pi>copate  and  the  ch^'ay  what 
the  Rules  of  St.  Benedict  were  for  monastic  ord(^r.>;  the 


ri 


TlfK    LAM)    OP    (iUKCORV   TIIK    (iHKA'l 


1!), 


SiicrdnicKfiiriNif'.  froi  i  which  the  present  missa!  of  tlio 
Catholic  Church  i>  (icrived;  and  the  evangelization  of 
the  British  lsk\>. 

WJKMi  w(^  come  to  think  that  the  anc(\stra]  liome  of 
this  i^reat  man  on  the  Cielian  still  lii\s  unexploriMl  under 
and  near  the  present  einirch,  and  that  it  would  Ix^  an 


(•(VSSIDK 


hi 


le 


easy  undcM'takmt^'  to  (  xcavate  and  make  it  ac 
has  heen  done  for  the  house  of  John  and  Paul  on  tl 
opposite  side  of  the  strcn^t,  for  that  of  his  mother  S\lvia 
at  San  Saha  on  the  AviMitine,  and  for  that  of  S.  C;ecilia 
in  the  Trastevere.  wc  wondcM*  at   our  own    indilference 


in 


the  li 


lee  oi  SUCH  uroUlenis 


1^ 


hi. 


coinniittiH^  was  fornuM 


I 


to  he  sure,  for  tliis  pnr])ose  in  hSJ)!,  under  tlu*  presidency 
of  Cai'dinal  Manning-,  titulai'  of  tln^  church,  of  which  the 
mavor  of  R()m(\  the  late  (\)mni.  de  Rossi,  the  Uev.  J)r. 


( 


I 


jiMsar,  and  nuselt  wtM'(Mn(Mnf)ers 


Tl 


\c  n(H-essarv 


fund 


had  alrc^adv  Ixm'u  collectecl,  and  the  last  arrano'ements 
perfcH'ted,  wluMi  the  unwarranted  opposition  and  ehau- 
\inism  of  certain  i>'ov(M'nment  officials  caused  the  col- 
lapse  of  the  scliem(\  Were  we  to  take  it  up  a^ain  under 
the  |)resent  enlightened  administration,  1  am  sure  that 
no  difficulties  would  he  raised  au^ainst  its  accomplish- 
ment. Anionic'  the  chances  offered  hy  the  exploration  of 
the  |)alace,  tluM'c  is  one  snfficitMit  hv  itself  to  instifv  anv 
expenditure  or  lahoi'  —  the  chance  of  hringinij;  to  liiiht 
the  portrait  of  (ii'cu'ory  descrihed  hy  John  tlie  Deacon. 
Idle  l\)pe  himself  had  pr(\sente(l  his  former  fellow- 
monks  w  itii  tlii^  toucliin<i:  niemento,  tliat  thev  mii>lit  not 
forget  tlieir  ]ia])|)V  common  life  while  he  was  adminis- 
t(M"ino-  the  church  from  tlic  pontifical  palace.  It  was  in 
the  shape  of  a  clypeus  or  medallion  set  into  a  plaster 
trame,  in  which  he  a])peare(l  clad  in  ])riestly  rohes, 
standino',  with  tlu^  hook  of  the  (lospels  in  his  left  hand, 
^vhile  the  right  was  raised  in  th^^  act  of  hlessing.    His 


19G    WAXDKRINC.S    IX    llIK    ROMAN    (  AMPACiNA 

tVature>  w(Tr  of  [\\v  true  patriciiin  ty|H\  inarkiMl  hy  an 
aiiuiline  nose,  hroad,  low  forehead,  j)rojeetiiig  chin,  and 

small,  f1a>lunu-  eyes. 

The  eonneetion  hetweiMi  (Irei^ory  th(^  C;reat  and  the 
lands  we  are  viMtinu"  in  this  diaptiM-  is  estahlished  l)y 
the  fact  of  hi>  having-  di>|)o>ed  of  tluMn  in  favor  of  his 
hrother  monk-.  He  mn>t  therefoiv  have  inherited  these 
vn>t  ])o->ev>ion>  from  hi-  ancestor-,  the  Anicn.  'Hie 
ori-inal  act  (»f  donation  i>  InM,  l)nt  we  have  in  it>  >tead 
;i  jKipvni-  ..f  Pn|H'  .h)hn  XIW  dated  v.  d.  !)Sk  conhrm- 
n,-  thr  ilcfd.  It  he-m-  udli  fht>  unrd..  '*  1  <>tlcr  to  thcc, 
;il,lM.t  n\   the  mnnn-tcrv  nd  CliMini  ^i-:niv\,  Ihc  r>.{;ilc  m 

uhlch    ^l:iiid>    the   church    ni    -^1.    (  ,  I'c-nrx     U  !  t  h  i !!    ihc    NcW 

/■,,    H..     ij,,.    T>rc<(Mit    vill-iuv    ..1'    >;in    (  i!'*'l:<  >rio_,,    another 

[1m--  fnrtns  nani.'d  'Ih.!)!',"  "ihr  lliUidrcil  A^i'es/  rlr.^ 
adjoinimr  each  mIImt.  u  ilh  ihcir  l.nildhii-.  nn^-icnf  rnin., 
nnd  .  olMinii^.  nil  locatcii  m  the  lcrnh»r;.  ui  d'ibur,  ahuiit 
twenty-four  miles  from  Rome." 

The  same  provisions  are  made  as  reo:ards  the  o:ronp 
of  hills  known  hy  the  name  of  Vulturella  eroAvned  hy  the 
church  of  St.    Mary  (the  present  sanctuary  of  th(^  M-n- 
torella),  a  group  which  has  a  history  of  its  own,  not  un- 
worthy of  our  attention.    Athanasius  Kircher,  one  of  the 
most  genial  archseological  blunderers  of  the  seventeenth 
centuPv,  relates  how,  in  the  year  1661,  having  started 
from  Tivoli  to  make  the  ascent  of  the  Vulturella,  he 
found  himself  at  noon  in  a  "wilderness  full  of  horror," 
where  crags  seemed  to  strike  the  skies  and  precipices  to 
^^  ], lunge  into  hell";  and  while  the  aw  fulness  of  such  sur- 
roundhigs  held  him  spellbound,  he  spied  through  a  gap 
wliat  appeared  to  be  the  roofless  shell  of  a  human  habi- 
tation.   ^  Ml  closer  inspection  he  found  himself  entering 


THE  STATUE  OF  ST.   GHEGOKY  BY  NICOLO  COKnUORI,  A  PITIL 

OF  MRHELANCiELO 


rl 


^    (\n<(^y\fi 


cliUi'ch 


of  great  antiquity,  and  full  of  inter- 


M 

^m 


in 


\  \  h    nf-^    « 


f  > 


< .  n ! :  ^ 


m^  r 


XT 


]nO 


:f!r 


( I' 


Til 


n !  -N 


r  I  ••! 


irrr    \\"(M'(^    p; 


f  ■  <    () 


f  f 


rc^vC'CH" 


f] 


le 


wans 


w 


i  JM  i  < 


(  > 


!i  r 


i  IM  I 


I  <  I 


!•(  »hi  Uii'^  >llrh    n 


1  !  '  * 


I    1 1  ^ rn    [  u   c 


lie 


\'p 


1  !  lie  Ik'u'M 
I    1. 


i! 


)  M  I  1  < 


(  •  i 


li  '  ! 


I'M-nlli  centiirx .     (  )n  ( 


(  '      i 


^crc'ciicM 


i'aiiiii 


\  1 1  n     i\L:< 


sl(  M  H 


!      CllVVi 


iiiini^'o  of  { lie  \  irifiii  n  [i<l  (   1 


111* 


r<M>!i  with  niouhL  \\  i 


nse 


»•«>- 


('\| )!■('>>!()!!  \\,-i>  Ih.ii  of  sorrow  •nid  rc^proacli  al  livr  i 
^('lif  (Mivii'<)mii(Mif>.  t^'roTii  fraii'montarv  iii^cripfioiiN  of 
iiiicoiitli  >|)t'lliiiu,  KirclitT  u'atlM'r<Ml  how  fatc'  had  h-d 
hii!!  to  a  sanrliia  vv  once  a   fa  iiioii 

■i 


oal    to]'  |)ilLiriii)ao'( 


niarkinu'  the  ^pot  where  (hi'i^t  appeariMl  to  l*L*iei(hi.s,  a 
h'a<h'r  of  th(*  Hoiiiaii  armies  and  a  niartxr  foi'  the  faith. 
( )n  reaehinu'  the  \inai:(*  <>f  dnachiiiiioK),  Kireher 
>|»oke  of  hi>  find  to  the  h>eal  |)i"ie>t.  who  wa.>  coinei-.^anl 
with  the  histoiw  and  ti'ach'tions  of  his  native  mountain^, 
and  with  the  help  of  the  Coidi  and  of  some  pion>  vii- 
la^HM's  they  unch'rtook  the  r(\storation  of  the  sanetnarv. 
which   IxM-ame  a^ain   and   still    I'eniaii 


IS  a  centre  ot    rv\\ 


uions  nKHdiniis  for  people  many  nn'les  aronnd. 

The  account  of  the  conversion  and  tate  of   Plaeidn 


Eustaehiir 
■  t    al 


IS  o'iven  hv  haoio^ra})hists,  is  a  tissue  of  the 

1)1 


most  absurd  and  inip()ssd)l(^  circumstances  tliat  the 
fancy  of  a  religious  story-tt^ilcM"  could  |)r()(luce.  Hut  a>, 
wand(M-ino'  throuuh  tlu\se  lovc^lv  mountains,  tlu^  studeid 
ot  the  past  meeds  at  ev(M-y  st(^|)  mcMUorials  of  th(^  h(M-o: 
.'IS  the  storv  is  corrol)i)rate(l  to  a  ccM'tain  extent  hv  ma- 

t 

tcM'ial  (hdails  which  can  he  sihmi  at  the  pr(\sent  (hiv:  and 
«is  Phici(his  Kustachius  is  the  recon-nized  head  of  the 
(  onti  (hnastv,  which  has  ruled  ov(M'  this  district  ever 
since  th(^  time  of  Imiocent  III  (119S-b21()),  I  liope  the 
]"(»ad(M'  will  not  ohject  to  listening-  to  the  version  of  the 
story  o'iven  hv  Kirch(M'  in  Part  I  of  his  **IIistoria  Kusta- 
chiu-Mariana/'  |)ul)lish(Ml  in  Rome  l)y  Varesi  in  KKio. 


-200  ^^A^l)l:IU^(.^  in  mi    uoman  (  ampa(.na 

Tin;  i>i:<.i:\i)  <  >i  Ki  >i  \<  mi  -s 
At  the  time  of  tlic  Kin|)(M-ni-  'rriijiin  niid  of  \\)])V 
Aiuicl('tu>,  tluM't'  liv(Ml  a  ualhmt  oMMicraL  Placidns  hy 
naiiic,  who,  lia\iii_u-  (listinuiiislu'(l  liiiiix'lf  in  tlic  Dacian 
and  .It'\vi>li  wars,  and  >liar(Ml  in  the  Kni|)(M'or's  trinniph, 
wa>  "ranted  a  leave  of  absence  and  retired  to  r(\st  in  his 


The  cliurc'li  of  S.  Maria  di  Vultiirella.    (From  a  sketcii  \>y  Ciovrnnii  Fontana) 


})V(  M  H  ']•[  h  '-    <  •!!     !  h' ' 


X'liltinvji; 


I     r;ii! 


ue,    lo-elhei'    with    hi- 


'';i  1  i  irlvi  'r  I  icI" 


\\  Mr  Tr;!  i;i  n;!  ;ind   hi-  f  \\  <  •  -•  »n-. 

(  )n<'  !!!<  •!-iii!i_:<  n  |)<  >!i  h-nriiin;^  ivniii 
tli;,t  .i  h*Td  of  -(a--  had  1  .reil  -r'cn  rtii  \\\c  cii-'e  of  \\\(' 
ii*'i_:hhoi-inu  fnrrNt,  he  oiildi-ta  iircd  hi-  tnllMwnv^  in  the 
r\<iten!e!it  of  the  eliaso.  niifii  hr  found  hi-  |»i-(»t:re>s 
barred  })\  a  hMi"«-  of  i-ock:  and  whhe  ph'innini:'  how  to 
overeonie  this  oh^taeh'.  he  heard  a  xoiee  from  a  hove 
Navin-:  "()  lMaei(hr-,  whv  (h)  \(>n    per-eente    nier"  and 


i 


Tin:    FAX!)    OF    (iHKCOm    1IIK    (.KKAT 


^01 


heht^hl  at  th(^  sairie  time  the  Lord's  face,  snrronnihd  hy 
a  hah)  of  ,uh>ry,  between  the  antlers  of  the  stag  hi'  had 
I)een  pnrsuin^'. 

''()  Lord,"  was  Plaeidns'  answer,  *'tell  me  wlio  voii 
ar(\  and  what  yon  expect  of  me  r" 

"(io  back  to  l{ome/'  was  the  lu^avenlv  command: 
*'in(juire  for  a  (diri>tian  priest  named  Johan;  be  bap- 
tizcMJ  with  vonr  wife  and  vonr  sons;  then  retni'n  to  these 
monntains  to  learn  what  1  wish  von  to  do  and  sull'er  fen- 


me. 


Flacidns  oIhwtmI  implicitly;  the  parents  were  hjapti/ed 
bv  Johan,  exchaii^inu'  their  names  for  those  of  Ensta- 
chins  and  Theopista,  the  sons  for  those  of  A^a|)itns  an<l 
Theopistns;  and  the  castle  of  \ultnrella  was  trans- 
formed into  a  >[)ecies  of  monast(T'y.  However,  the  era 
of  p(^ace  did  not  la>t  lonu'  for  tlu^  converts.  First  an 
outbrealv  of  plague  eariaed  awav  (wci'v  sei'vant  and 
labo!'er  till  the  h)nr  iieophyt(\s  rcMnainiMl  the  only  hvinii; 
ei'eatni"es  for  mile>  aronnd.  ldie\'  decidiMl.  theiH^fore.  to 
undertake  a  pil^runaie  of  expiation  to  the  l^a^t,  init  the 
captain  of  the  -hip  on  which  (he\'  wcim^  ero^>inu'  to 
K*^'\  p{  conceixiNl  -ihl;  an  ardent  lu\(^  for  TIkn >p!-ta  that 


■eiiiNrd    [u    pail    wilh   her    upon    reaching   hiiid,  flii 


1  I  c      i 

F!i]<fae]]i]m 


i  -< 


i\\ 


d   !ii-  <'ni<  ^ycvp  hd*f  alone  upon  a  barren 


nil 


(C  sail-   Hi-a  PI  H': 


hrh  )\\  t  lir  1  if  in  /(  a  1 . 
I'JiNtarhin^.  carrxihu'  (he  l»o\>>  in  hi^  aiaiiv.  ^laiicd  ha- 
.m  explofabon  ahaii:  the  -hMr(\  but  hi-  progress  \vas 
^uon  checked  h\  j  ^ficain  which  he  haind  in!po--il»lc  [.o 
hn'd  wifh  hi^  doubie*  bni'deli:  ->o,  leaxiliu'  'bheopn-f  u-  on 
the  bank,  he  c.-niied  Auapitu^  oxaa'  to  the  oppo-ile 
sliore,  and  had  jii-t  reaehe(l  the  middle  of  fhe  -ti'eam  on 
hi>  wa\  ba<-k  when  he  bc^hcld  a  lion  on  one  >ide,  and  a 
wolf  on  th(^  otln^r.  seize  tlie  childriai  and  di>appear  with 
their  pi-(w  into  the  bushes  among  the  sand  hills. 


jnj    WAXDKIMXC-    1\     IIM      IJ^MW    (  AMPA<.N\ 


(Ml 


-V      1  ;i  n 


t  ■  M 


Leff  \\il'cit'-<  niwl  cliihlli'--.   I'Ji-tnclnii-  w.-iihlenMl   \nv- 

thrr  ,•iln!l^•   the   co.-i-t    lill.    WcMx    .mhI    inoUorr.   h-'    !-.\-lcll('<  I 

^;m  it^n-.     w  Im'im'    :i     kiiM  i    ;i  !h  1     li<  »ii<'-t 

1    M  M  >■  I    ;M!i  1    -In-lttT.    .111'!    <'M!|  th  i\  HM-llt 
Iv  J  -!:m  h  i  1 1  -    i  I  \  ('(1    !'( >!     1!  i;i  11  \     \  t'M  1>, 

,;.    !h>.  k.    l»\     h\  <'    lifTjc.-r.,     \i  linfiiH    :!Th! 

.^  Hit'  missinirireneral,  Eustachius  ]unvr d  h^  Hh-    hp.m  i:.] 

will,  .iii.i  v,;!-  rrceiv(Ml  trinm  i  .li;i  11\  ;.!  U";m''  ;.\  ih*' 
rmirf,  tlif'  <PTKitf\  ;niil  Hm  jMiijih-.  :niA  rs -i  1 1 -!  j  f  <  •*  1  as 
c,  .n  i  tn;i  !!i  !«■!'-:  M-< -h  it 'i'  • 't'  i  li«'  ll<H!«;!n  .li'iiMc-  i»\  ILmH'!;!!!, 
who  ill   tlif   •iic;i!i  hiiif  h;Hi   -iiccriHKHi  lu  Ua'  ihiuiic. 

'J'ht'H     InhoWrd    ;!lh)(htT    .  ;  i  n  i  j  .;!  I--!  1    III    tlirF^n-t,    ill    ihf 

cour^t'ol'  which  thr  ui'iii'i'dl  >  ;i  llfiit  h  »!i   w  ; 


1  >  ;i  !']■( 


ntir 


,l;i\  h\  thf  ;i  j>[»r,-ir;inc<'  of  ;i  conplr  (.f  iin(\  ^K'llu.'ift 
Noutli--^,  who  wt'iT  m-a-tMi  ((»  act  a-  ^iiido  hn'  the  -nh 
dit-r--.  S«\'ii"(Ml  ])y  th*'  fnTi!|  »-hrt".  (hoc  I  \\  <  >  Nouni:'  men 
wriT  ul\"iiiu"  an  a  (■••oil  lit  df  Ihcii'  ^t  I'a  i  ii:<  ■  InrtiiiK-v  ^iiict' 
the  far-oti"  hour  in  their  chihlhood  wlicii  thcv  had  Imh-I! 
d('h\"(M'(Ml  tVoiii  the  jaw^  ot  a  hoii  and  a  woll:  and  a 
woman  ('h)tht'd  in  rai:>,  who  at  that  nionicnt  happened 
to  hrinu'  some  provision^  iido  the  camp,  overhear(l  tht^ 
>tor\  .  She  piec-ed  the  name^  and  (hate>  an<l  (hdails  to- 
o'ethtM",  and  was  eonvinred  that  tli(^  commander  wa< 
her  loni^^-h)>t  lm>l)an(L  the  \ omiu  uiants  her  sons;  in  her 
liumhh'  attire,  she  waited  her  tni'n  anions  the  crowd  of 
audience-seekers,  and,  once  adnhtted  to  IMacidus'  pre- 
sence, >lic  knelt  at  his  feet,  and  poured  forth  the  tah'  of 
her  own  adventures  from  the  moment  of  her  ahduction, 
throu<di  her  lon<''  vears  of  honest  lahor  on  a  farm,  till 
the  moment  when  her  fannly  had  thus  been  marvel- 
luu>lv  restored  to  her. 


idii:  LAM)  oi-  (dn:(.<)in    riii:  ckkat      ^30;- 


.lui'iiTiMf   Tabula  'I'yPVS  gua  Dtd-.u^t-a  i.^(tffia  Dnpara  £:.Jlachumir  aJ  J^hitftrvPtpcI^arta  gJifrn^- 


Jot   la.; 


TIk'  roiisccnition  of  tlie  cliurfli  of  the  \  ulturella  i>v  roiK'  Svlvestcr  1,  with 
tilt-  apparition  of  the  slaii;.  (From  a  vwlr  earviiii:  i?i  wof):!  preserved  in 
the  chiii-chj 


ri  ^] 


riicre  wci'c  rcjolcinus  all  i)\vr  ihv  frontier  and  in  the 
Roman  camp  and  stations:  tlu^rc^  was  anotlier  triumphal 
r<'turn  to  Hom(\  in  which  'rh(H)j)ista  and  tlu^  xotmir 
men  attracted  as  nmch  att(Mition  as  the  harharian  kinofs 
who  t'ollowcd  the  victor's  chariot:  and  Hadrian  made 
Kustachius  his  partni  r  in  the  ^ovt^-nnuMit  of  tlu^  woi'ld. 
Ilowcvei',  matters  ca nu^  to  an  unexpected  crisis.  The 
Emperor  having"  askcnl  his  favorit(^  w  h y  he  had  so  con- 
s])icuouslv  al)sent(Ml  liiiiis(df  from  tlie  tlianksirivinir  sr.c- 
rilic(\s  ollenMl  to  tln^  u'ods,  and  havini>'  been  franklv 
told  of  tlu^  hitter's  convtM'sion  to  Christianitv,  tlu^  whole 

t 

familv  was  sentencecl  (/(/  fcnis,  to  he  (hnoured  hv  wild 
beasts,  TheleaHMid  natnrallv  tells  us  that  th(*  wild  bt^asts 
refused  to  comj)ly  with  the  EmpcM'or's  w  ish(\s,  much  to 


« 


-21 U     W 


ANDFUIX^:-    IN    nil.    noMW    (  AMPA(.NA 


t1 


ir   a^t(>ni>iini<'ii 


t    and    roirrt^t    of   i\\r    i^vcni    mnltitiK 


«'.S 


ussciii 


lilfd    111    [\lV   ('(.ilXMlIIl.      >(» 


the  victim^  were  placed 


Il^H 


U.  the   l.iill   of   Plialan-:  hut    when   thr  execiitioiKM 


went   to  open 

four  \i< 

tl 


tlie   tra|»-do()i'   to   (■(^llect    the  a>he>  of   the 


ie\   were  nu 


■tiu!^,   tlie\    found   their   hn(he>   intact,  a 
rcl\   >h'e|)in^-  the  >h'e])  of  the  !U>t. 


Ihouirh 


Tlie  beautiful  ni()untani-ca>th'  on 


l)irth|)lace 
of  niarrici 


uf   tl 


( ) 


f  the  hero  ol  thi>  ^tor\ ,  w 


tlie  \'ulturella,  the 
\\rvv  hi>  tir>t  \t\irs 


1   life  were  spent   in   ha|)pine>>  and   in   pur>uit 

taineei-inu-  and    huntiiiu", 


iv    manly    >[)( 


)rt>    of    nioiui 


1 


was  (lrNC()V(M'e( 


1  and 


exca 


vated    in   the  \(Nir  17  ti  by  the 


)easan 


t>   of  San  dreu'orio,  on  a  >pur  of  the  ranu'c  ( 


>ver- 


lookinu-  the  vallev  and  the  Mte  of  Knipuluni.    'Idie  rui 


n> 


[ire  > 


till  calleil  Santa  Siuola.a  corruption  ot  Sylvia,  wliose 


name,   a> 


1    1 


lave  a 


Iread 


\    remai 


ked 


s    (  ) 


ften   linkeil   in 


local  tradition   to  that  of   Placidu-,  on  aero 


unt   of  their 


kin>l 


Itl 


lip  and  tlieir  common  iiex-t 


■lit  troni  the  Anicii 


ri 


plan  and  description  of  tlu^  (^\cavation>  o 


f   17  1- 1-  can 


H 


found    in    Alberto    ( 'a>sio  >    va 


liiable    book,    the    title    of 


\\ 


Inch -"Characteristic  of  the  viM-bosity  of   the  ciuhtceiith 


ceiiturx'  writer 


runs  a 


(  )|()W  s 


lllst 


orica 


M 


(Mno- 


rics  () 


f  the  I  jfe  of  Santa  S\  hia.  a  l{(Unaii  matron,  niotliei 


1 


oi    1  opt 


I 


[lint  ( ircu'orx 


the  (  ireat,  wdtli  an  illustration  ot 


her  lands  and  pos^e.s.slons  m  Latium 


crosXM 


1  bv  t 


le  tour 


a(jue< 
the  Mar 


lucts  which  carried  to  Rome  the  ilistant   waters  ol 


cia 


the  (  'laiidia.  and  the  two  Anieni 


land 


IIH 


1 


I 


)o>sessions  w 


hicl 


I  once 


belonu<Ml  to  the  glorious  martyr 


Saint  Kustachius,  who  owne( 


I  a  villa  with  baths   son  tlit^ 


\'ulturella)    discovei-e(l    m    the    yeai 


17  M:    the    | 


)res( 


•lit 


woi 


Sim 


k  dtMlicate<l  to  his  Kminence 


the  ( 'ardinal  Neri  Cor- 


titular  of  the  church  of  Sant'   Kustachio  in  Rome. 

es  the  reader  of  ('assios  ac- 
t   villa-builders  took   in 


nr).")."    What  most  inipre 
count   is   the  pride  which  ancieii 


TIIK    LAN!)    OF    (iRKCOHV     THE    (iRKA'r 


-2(1. 


dct'yin^'  inipcjs.sibilitie:^.  Here  was  a  villa  built  ou  a 
shoulder  of  I'ock  iK\-irly  three  thousand  feet  above  the 
.^ea,  among  virgin  h>rests,  acc-e^sible  only  b\  dcviou> 
paths  and  nnile  tracks,  beautified  and  ornameiit'Ml  on 
such  a  laxish  scale  as  !o  cast  into  the  .shade  man\  of  the 


f  1 


I  ni 


he>{  mansions  ol  1  usciiium  ;,nd  1  i bur :  porticoes  ot  (  )ri- 
eiital  columns,  cxijuisite  mosaic  floors,  swimminu-  ponds 
liiicil    with    marble,    walls    (hH-orated    with    u'ilt    stiicco- 

.  apartments   furnished   with 


relucts  and   Ircscocd    oaiu 


I 


w 


rmmg  aj^paratu.s,  terraces  from  the  pai-apet  of  which 
tli(^  eye  looks  down  into  the  \^alle  Kmpolitana.  two 
thousand  f(>et  below,  and  I'ano'es  o\er  the  liill:^  ol*  Ca.stel 
Madania  and  Saracin(\sco.  as  far  as  tlie  Apennines  of 
('ervara  and  deraiio,  shiniiiLi-  with  a  fresh  coat  of  snow.'' 

In  the  middle  aii(\s  a  luonasliM'y  was  founded  within 
the  roofless  halls  of  the  \  ilia  b\   the  followers  of  St.  Hciie- 


s  wilderness 


h)r 


diet.  'i1ie  coui^re^ation  lini^'ered  in  tlii: 
number  of  years,  until  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  centurv 
(a.  1).  bSSd).  when  the  t'cw  survivor.s  were  deprived  of 
tlicMr  shelter   bv  a    conflagration   whicli   tnrncMl   the  old 


losoice 


int< 


o  a   neao  o 


I 


if  asl 


les, 


■1 


tl 


ucn  was  tlie  violiMicc  o 


the  flames,  and  such  was  the  haste  of  the  wi'etclied 
monks  to  escape,  that  nothinu'  was  saviMJ,  not  (wen  the 
utensils  of  the  I'efcM-toiy  nor  the  provisions  of  the  larder. 
Cassio  describes  the  findinii-  of  a  (piantity  of  spoons  and 


k 


mv(vs,  ot  a  mass  of  toastcMl  Ix^ms.  and  of  the  <n'an, 


irv 


with  its  earthen  jars  still  full  of  wheat 


iA[)riI  (I,  UMMl.)  Thi' ruins  of  S;inta  Sip)la  were  so  maltreated  })v  tlie 
peasantrv  in  1  7  1- kdeeeiv*^!  in  their  (Expectations  of  tindini:  the  \nn\v  of  the 
holy  woman,  that  it  i^  hanllv  worth  while  elimhino- 2722  feet  to  see  them 
HI  their  pre.sent  ernmhlini,^  state.  Tlun-  can  be  reached  })y  a  direct  steep 
ascent  of  two  hours  from  the  ( )steria  d'  AmpiLilione  (on  the  (  eciliano  road) 
hy  a  Ion<i:er  and  easier  path  from  the  village  of  .^an  (ire^orio,  hv  the 


•r 


<  "'>ta  del  Lam:)  and  the  Monte  Pairliaro. 


WANDI.UIMi-    l\     llli:    liOMW    (  AMI'M.NA 


i; 


r\  i\  ('->  Hi  ;i 


(.1     llic 


rliuivh  huili  ii.  lh(M'i-!itli  .'(Mihirx  ^mt  tlic  ivni;ii 
•'riu'ruKr  nl*  <rvoni^  \\v\iu\^\rr.     It   i>  iiuiili.MUMl    in  ilic 

111    ihr   li\  (V^   <  >!*    I  J'<  >    111      7!>."j     ."iikI 


« •nil- 


It    w  ;j  V    \ crx    I'H'li    III    prodiiriiuii-  «»i 


The  Ainiu^'lione  Valley  with  Ceciliano  in  the  distanre.  the  mountain  ot  Santa 
Sifjola  on  the  rij^ht,  tlie  niediieval  castle  of  Anipiulione  on  the  left.  'Ihe 
path  leading  to  the  ruins  of  the  villa  of  Eustachius  is  distinctly  visible  in  the 
illustration 

iiitMli;f\-;,|   .iff    iM-foiN-   'f^   hnl(M)iis  ni(»*]*'r]iizati(ni  In-    Xii- 

.f     iiillillir   of    \\\r   (Mirllt^  «  li^  h    r(Ml- 


tui 


iiu 


(  alii'\  ai'i   a  L    Li 


i  i '/ 


; !  I!  j    !  ]  (  s«  a' 


.!  Mai   rn  ]'\-t  ■(  1   i  n    li  ki  !•!»!'  •   'a    <  •IK' 


<  M  ) 


i        t 


.1 


tlia    f;i  ImTII.-m-Ic     ;if.     lllf*    (^\  |  h  •!!<('   of    (   )l  h  >!  H '1  h  ».    h.-iifXrH    \u 

he  flit'  -(»n  nl'  U.-i  II H  )!!<•.<'(  Hill}  . ) t'  ' Ti  1 -< -11 1 1  If !  1  .-iimI   L<»rtl  m! 
Aliii'liiin  ;    w  111  la  t  w  n  ol*  tlif  col  mini-  of  t  ha  nave  Im  >ra  f  ha 

ilixTiption  :    *•  M]-aata«l    .'it     fh.a    a\|»aH-a    of    tlia     L;m1v    ^fa- 

],h;iiiia  for  tha  -.-ih  ntioii  of  liar  >oul  and  a»f  the  >oul.>  ol  hi^r 


TIIK    lAXI)    OF    (iHKCORV    \UE    (WUIXT        .>(>7 

liii.shiind  an<l  ahihh-aia'  Anolhar  iiix'ription  a!i^ra\c(l 
oil  tha  nhi  lta>tar  urn  a  hi  all  -ii  j)|)orta(|  tha  liiah  n  lt;n'  ^;n'N  : 
"llara  lia  in  tha  paaaa  of  (  lod  tha  hodia-  of  fha  holv 
ni.ti'tyr>  l^ii-t;!ahni>.  Hiaopi-ta.  and  thair  -on^  A^;i  pit  n.s 
;in(rrha(»|)iNtn>.  I .  Popa  (  o'lasliiui.s  1 1 1  .  .  .  Ii.'!\(asacn 
with  ni\  a\t'>  and  [(Mjaliad  with  m\  hands  thaif  falias, 
nnd  linvo  inalo^od  fheni  in  tliiv  ni'ii  toucthai"  with  ;in 
.■maiaiit  apitaph  niantionin^  thair  nania>."  Tha  tra<h- 
fional  s\  inhol  of  tha  ai'O'^^  Ix^fwa^Mi  \]]C  i\u[]rv<  of  :i  -trii:- 
still  towers  a-  a  pnnnaala  al)o\a  tlia  paihniant  of  the 
!.-|  <■<•!(  !a. 

But  it  i-  finia  to  ri'Mirn  to  the  l.-ind  of  St.  (i!'ai:<a-\  .  .'ind 
to  tha  powarfn!  rati-  winch  h.-i-  riilad  o\ar  it  -na-c  ihe 
nn*  Idle  .'iL!'!'-. 


>i\f  I 


\    w:h  I'lLd]^  in  raakonin^  flic  Cnwl 


( ) 


ne  of 


die  foar  ohlc-!  :inH  holnc-l  fnnaiic-  n\  h;il\  ((_\)iona;i, 
^^■-aa.^  .ai;!n!.(  oa  ti),  ii !  M  ioi  ia  h  fhcn'ciaini  fo  da<a(Mid 
from  [(m  \icii  must  beacciiad  cunf  ariino  salis.  A 
corduig  to  ilia  j)rofessional  pedioTee-n.dca?*^  m1  liia  six- 
teentli  and  seventeenth  centuries,  the  Anieii  must  have 
l)een  the  most  prohfie  race  in  Kome,  havina^  oiven  hirth 
to  []]«  r^Miiti.  tlie  Pierleoni,  Iht  I^rnni^jp:  na,  and  tlie 
imperial  I  h)useof  Hapshurg.    Johan  Siofricd  of  Hreshiu, 

abhof    of    {\ii      (^i^farainn     !nonn<ffWW'  r>f    Z^^'a!f]1;d.    'WTote 
in   MH's   i\\«i   I  ic;  ii  jai'ous   xoiansa-,  "Ai'SMM'    Anici.iaa.  -cu 


iranaaioii'ia    Aii-ina'    !  m'shci  i  ,ti  mi 


O  S  I   (   I  \   (  ' 


>1    \a  a\  . 


iia  cn^o   Hi 

;i  -    Vi  'a.i  T'  is 


tavor  t»r  tlic  1 1:(  p-iMir^-.  Ih-  pomf  » 
tha  (aait  1,  i.s  ^harail  d\  M;irco  Hioniui  and  Nicol;!  K;ilti 
ni  ihair  i'asp(N-|  iva  w  (M'k-.  '*  (  lanaaioi^ia  di  CasaConta 
1^>()!),  and  "l>toria  dalla  laniicHa  Sforza."  17!)a.  W'hat- 
(^V(v|.  ^yp  i^^.jy  tlii]il^'  <)f  \hc>c  fntile  attempts  to  (>nvry  ])nak 
th<'  laniily  lii>tor\  into  tlia  classic  au'(\s,  the  fact  remains 
th.'it   tli(*  ("onti    have   nnnd)arad   anionii-  their  anci^^toi's 


-2()s     WANDKIUN'.-    IN     I'lH"    1M>M\\    (  AMl'V^iW 


sTiacr  (if  lis  \t';ir^  .  {Iir<'«*  ;i  iit  i  j  topt'^.  inrf\  cnrdnLiU,  ;i 
iiiHTTi  of  \!ith)ch  ;m«l  TniM)!!  |j!ci;i!i;!  ('«>iiti.  w'llr  ..} 
Hnciiioii'l  \  ;,  >f\<.'!!  {>rt'i'c'rL>  iii  lioiiic,  li\r  ^<-n;i  1< '!-.  <i!m1 
fliirfcrii    !(';!<!(•]"-  i>\   ^irfiiif'-,  nil  \;i]!;i!if  :!11<1  woiihx   «-iirvn- 


(•[•> 


1 


\\  1 !()  SO  (I'-^tiiiLT^n'^l^^''  <  i  1  i^'H  I  ■-<  -i  \  *  '^  ill  1 1  it  •  <  i«1  <  'I  ;*  '< '  * 


ai>'a  1 1  i 


•t    ilir 


(  '  (    I,  '  - 


H   '( 


t   '»   ■     I 


I  <    i 


i    !  ;  t 


]^T}<]r  twj]  MniliilM'!!  '*f  :inv  fnTnilv,  wiiluuil  briiij^iiig  llic 
Anicii  into  it :  vi  it  cannot  l)e  denied  tliif  i-  f  n  1>  i*  1:  as 
the  thirteenth  centurv  lliv  Cunti  chunied  a  rehitionship 
with  Saints  GreTOrv  and  F^ustaehe,  their  cardinals  choos- 
inir  the  "^titulus  Sancti  Eustachii"  in  preference  to  all 
others,  and  their  popes  the  nanieof  Gregory.  Even  to-day 
Svlvia  is  the  favorite  name  with  the  women  of  the  land, 
and  the  annual  gathering  at  La  Mentorella  is  the  most 
popular  festival  of  the  year. 

The  beginning  of  the  "temporal  power"  of  the  Conti 
dates,  as  usual,  from  the  election  of  one  of  them  to  the 
Papacy.  Innocent  III  may  have  been  over-indulgent 
towards  his  kinsmen,  and  may  have  distributed  too  freely 
the  gifts  of  the  Papacy  amongst  them,  but  most  certainly 
he  ranks  among  the  greatest  and  noblest  men  that  ever 
sat  in  the  chair  of  St.  Peter.  From  whatever  point  of 
view  we  consider  him,  the  catholic  of  Hurter,  Bosquet, 
or  Moroni,  or  the  independent  of  Gregorovius,  he  rises 
like  a  giant  as  a  man,  as  a  i)ope,  as  a  crusader,  as  a  re- 
former, as  a  victorious  antagonist  of  King  Philip  Augus- 
tus of  France,  of  Emperor  Otho  IV  of  (rermany,  of  King 
John  of  England,  of  King  Alfonso  \  H  I  of  Castile,  of 
K  ,^  iVdro  II  of  Aragon.  He  sustained  the  suzerainty 
of  the  Papacy  over  Sicily;  settled  feuds  and  controver- 
sies in  A.agon,  Hungary,  Poland,  Norway,  and  Dal- 
nmtia;    recormized    ihe  orders   of   St.   Francis   and    >i. 


Tin:    LAX!)    OF   fiRK(;()nY     IHE    CHEAT 


200 


A  family  pfroiip  of  the  Conti.    (From  the  orifjuial  picture  now  in  the  Conti-Torlonia 

villa  at  Frascati) 

Dominic;  annulled  the  Magna  Charta  (K15),  and  sent 
out  the  crusade  which  established  the  Latin  rule  at  Con- 
stantinople. Whenever  I  am  in  Perugia,  where  he  died 
July  17,  1216, 1  never  fail  to  pay  homage  to  his  mem- 
orv,  rep-rettino;  that  he  must  share  his  modest  resting- 
place  with  two  outsiders.  Urban  IV  and  Martin  IV. 


!  \     1']]]'     VlJ  ^M  \X    ( 


210     \\  WIM  hiN'  -• 
Tm'-   fnuiKlatioii 

>t;i|t'.    ,!^    il     \v  fiW    Willi    '.■i\iC"    tilid    * 


r  ■  V 


\    -  i 


\  ^  =  \    \ 


I  !  t  ■      «  !  i  i  *  '  I  !  \ 


>ll 


locnl 


;   it   ) r   i  \      M 


qcns 


('/^7/'/'/^.v,  ;]    Ml] 


ti;k 


I'i 


i  iii(  1»  ■; )!  'Ill  liM  i(  * 


)t  M      (I 


Ml '  \'c^; 


i-jOS.    W  111" 


it      I  \ 


1     i  i  ■  Ti  --*  J  M  ■  f  i «  > ! !  ,    :[ 
( •  ^ !  \  I  I  i   >  I !    1  )  (  !  1 1  - 


<  1,1  I  t '•-    !  !'<  tfi  1 


The  Porta  Nevola,  on  the  road  to  the  Villa  (  aleiui 
(From  a  i)lioto^raph  hy  Miss  Dora  Hiilwer) 

Pope,  was  made  lord  and  l)aron  ot*  Poll,  (iiiadaonolo, 
Saracinesco,  Atiticoli,  and  Castrl  Fanstiniano,  viz.,  of  the 
same  extensive  lands  which  their  former  owner,  ( Jre<;()ry 
t]ir  Crr  :if    had  t^iven   pnrflv  to  the  monks  of  Sid)iaeo, 

partiv  t     f5  «     MMni^  ,,,  il,,    (   Ijvus  Seanri.    TIm    Ijnperor 


i« 


Mm  i()\ve( 


I'M 


1;!  m 


ilvl 


()   ii  i.i  ix< '   U  -.'.-  ui    liii-  dijill 


la 


'ill}'  I  \vn  (Vr  (n]V(:()nY  'iiw.  ^;nr\'i' 


211 


scacchiaia  as  a  eoaf   ^  f  arms.  !1m    <   V  (^    IL  im  have  it 

uii  ci   rii'n  jni  rosso  (on  a  red  Held),     iiic   ii<Miurcil»i('  ana 


1  I  M  '^ 


a  -^ i     !  < '  1  »M  '^« '!  i 


lihi  h  \  <•.    Ml 


Irhaia  ilLJi'ln.     havii 


U  i  ' 


-.  I 


]SlS,  wht'ii  tht'  hi-fnnc;!l  (hii-lix  lH'ca?]ie  \h('  prnpcrlv 
of  a  >('!l-!!ia<  Ir  man.  <  ho\  anni  Torhania  ,  f  he  urea  t-ura  la  I- 
lailitM'  <>1*  ihr  prr-^riil  owiirr.  Hiikc  Lcopdldn.  niahr 
\\tM»N('  (Mihuliirncd  (•;  fr  fh(^  \  ilia  (alcna  ha>  liccn  at 
k-a>i  ^a\('<l  i'roHi  uLlci'  dr^lruchon. 

Tli('  \  liln  C^itiMia  ]}•'<  on  a  ridu'^'  conniM-fin"   I'oli  w  ilh 


I  ia*  (    nllr  i^'a  1 1  .^li  a  ia  hi  >.  at  t 


a  1  (  M  > 


t   nl'  Montr  >anf '   Alluaio. 


a    hi  hi  I  !na  !'k    aa^iK    I'aroo-iii/r*  I    iVoni    Kona'    it>oll'    \)\    the 


!'i  a  M  ;  I 


iiii  in 


l<  I  ! 


^    \    \    •  :    f 


sruann--  oi  I'a'  nhMHaaal  (■a->M«-  '!aii  rrowaa-s  1 1  •- 
'\  i !! '  I  M  'a  i  il  \  oi  1 1  la  ;>ila  1 1  a  i  n«  »t  pa  >>  i !  !i  not  a  'at  I  n 
\  a  lies,  as  is  sliow  n  1*\  t  he  renaina^  of  i  *a  (  h-.  ino^a  io  pa  \  a- 
iiiaui-,  ami  water  reservoirs  In-uii^hi  la»  li-hl  I'laaii  Lime 
to  time  wifliin  the  bonnchtries  of  the  park  Tlie  road 
wliieh  leads  to  it  from  Rome  —  a  branch  of  the  ancient 
I'lienestina — was  made  ajj^ain  fit  for  travelling  by  the 
last  Conti  Pope,  Innocent  XIII,  in  17^3.  The  oate  of 
the  villa  stands  almost  exactly  at  the  twenty-fifth  mile- 
stone from  the  Porta  Ma<>:<>:iore.  No  records  have  l)een 
kept  of  its  foundation;  it  certainly  existed  m  a  rudimen- 
tary form,  probably  as  a  home  farm  belono-inn^  to  the 
ducal  |)alace,  at  the  time  of  Leo  X,  who  dated  from  it 
in  151()  a  bull  investing  the  sons  and  heirs  of  his  host, 
Stefano  Conti,  with  the  office  of  "maestro  del  sacro 
ospizio  apostolico,"  the  same  that  is  now  held  by  the 
Ruspoli  family. 

Al)out  fifty  years  after  the  visit  of  Leo  \,  Porquato 
Conti,  a  veteran  of  many  wars,  spurred  to  competition 
bv  ika  liianv  villa-builders  of  his  own  rank  in  life  who 
about  tkat  tuna  vcrvc'  ]>]nnninir  oi*  knam'-  ont  the  won- 
ders  la'  1  aja'ai'oLi,  Hagnaia.  Ikanar/o,  'l'i\ok,  Frascati, 


. )  1  , ) 


w  WDi'inVf .-  i\"  Till"  n<n]\v  {'\\]v\(:\\ 


;ini!    I''.  (I'mi'II' t.    ^M>_:';in    f!if    fi-nn-r'U'iiKif  mn    «>!    fin*   li 


M  >  M  !i 


1.1 


i  !  1  {i  >    ;i      pit.'tt:5ul'C-^i'<J!  i  I ! 


tin-  lfa.im_:'  y^iwl  \\;i-  It'ft  (n  iKidiro'-  owu  (]r<v:^u.  At 
{cci>L  ilii'  place  sIm>\\>  at  {irr-^riit  |cn>  ;i  rl  i  tiri;i  1  i  t  \  iliaii 
aiiv  otiior  cnnfcnnpora  r\  |  (KN.-ui'r-^i'oiiiM  I.  lli-  adxi-rr 
oil  tiif-^t'  iiiatfci"^  wa^  tlif  >am<'  pnd  .-iihI  arh^f,  Anin- 
h;i  It.' ( ';i  r*  •.  wlMdi!  We  ^liall  ■-<m)Ii  HM'ct  at  rra-^rafi  a^ 
tilt'  1 » 1 1 !  I  ( I « '  r  < » l'  1 1 1 « '  (  '  a  !-a  \  1 1  i  a  .  T 1  m  '}  !  1 1 1  i  >  t  1 1  a  \  ( '  met  i !  i  t !  m  ■ 
^;ll(»!l'^  i>i"  tilt'  I'ariic^t'  [»a!a<«\  w  licrc'  Aiiiiihak*  \\a^  d 
(•i.n>ta!it  N'l^itor  wliil*'  T"  mn  pi;!  t»  >  wa^  paxiiii:  In^  ('(Mii'I  to 
liL>   lut.lU'c  <luclir>^.  Nhiiaiitr    I'ti  l"!  U'^t '.      Ill   a    Ic'tttT    (latf*! 

Jimt'    (k     \')i>:K    Anuil^ah'    ni'L^'r^^    h]<    pnfron    <>{'    V*>\\    to 


a^tcn  ttif  \\  oriv^  <  >}   t  lit-  ; 


,M  Iil(■ 


t  .    •  »t  lirrw  ivf   '"  1 


<'  h  >ini 


tain<  ail* 


-<.   I 


)<»!!(  N    a  1  h  i    \\  a  1 1  Ti  a 


aiMl    M'f--   alrfa<i\' 


ilt'>!L:-iM'<i '"   woiihl   miiain   iih'jess 


( 't  a'-  »a  i  k 


;.  I  lir   . 

a<l<i-,  "  t  lit'  r;i  !)l  (if-w  .•irr«'n>.  t  !n'  « l(>\  cent  ^.  t  hf  w  <  •*  >.  N.  a  la 


the     Li'arilfll      [rlTact'--     alr<';i<l\       la  a  I     <»llt     nv     hllill     .n't'     \)U[ 

r(Ji!!f!H>n  t't'.-i  tin\'.>  ui"  a  \ill.i.  What  wcarcin  nurd  ui  U) 
in.akt'  a  ^t*n^.'!  1 1<  >n  <>n  tli!>  Iiim-  aff  f\t  ]";i  x.aL^'.aiKM^^  to  ca^t 
into  the  >liaalt_'  «'\(ii  tlic  |]<»><lit't  It »  ot  Mf^^cr  \ii!in>. 
'V\n>  rof'"'r>  fn  tlio  rfffMifrl^  fnuntrx'  <(\-if  whifli  \  icinn 
()r^ifii.  wIh)  liail  ^<m'Ii  ^("r\Hf  inhltT  tli<'  •^;lIllt'  tl;iu  witli 
Tni-ninito,  wa^  huiMiii::  ;it  tii;it  tniif  ;it  !><  an.-iiva »,  tha 
ancient  P<)liiii;i  rt  nini.  .'i  xilL-i^'c  <*!'  ^iHitlitTii  I\t  run  ;i  now 
I H'lonLi'inu'  l<>  tilt'  Horuiu'.^r.  (  aro  >iii^i^('<.t^  ;il>o  ior  tlir 
N'lll.a  ("a  ten  a  a  I'lcnn^li  \\Mn1inill.  ;i  \  t-n  t  il;i  t  ini!'  or  cot*!- 
mu"  a  [)[)a  ratlin  nunlu  of  \^t'i  --^iii'rt--  of  ranxa^,  an  inland 
m  the  lake  niinlr'  in  iinit.'itlon  of  tlia  ono  jii^f  di^r-ov- 
ci'tMl  in   thf    l)atli>  of    (aracalia,    and  la>tl\    a    lixtlraiilic 

t.  « 

'    Dt'scriht'-l  l>v   i''l,i!'ii?iiM  \  arc.i   in    Mr/n.,   -?!"?.      It    \'.;i-   :i  ^["'mI    biofk  ol 

:n:\Th\t\  \'tT\"  i[i'i''h  !ii'iai;<  N-il.  rfM)r('s(Mi' ni_r  ;in  i^hiiiJ  <i!i  Mm-  -!irt;i<"'t"'  <">f 
\shi*'h  '.S'tT*'  !''l''  ifi»'  I' I!  I'l 'Fir! !-  iit  >.!''.(T,!i  liMrn.ir!  'ijur-i'--  A  -.In;*  Lulrfi  wi!!; 
[■);i>-<«'n_^«'r>  ;i !  M  )f,i  f' 1  to  h."  -"M'rF'niJ"  !')['  the  i'^KlIiil,  I  \l\->  < 'i  i  I'h  »i  i->  j»it'('<'  \s  a  ■' 
Drtjhahlv  iilacf'l  iFi   tli»-  nii'Mi''  nl'  tiu'  friLTi'l'iriuiii  ur  ^unntmii^  jiuini^ 


than  the 


oro^an,  tk^-fincd  In  Ins  mind  to  rft-ufc  innrc  Mii 


a  ■    !  I     M 


^^   i  1«  5     W't  '  I't  '     {(  i     In"     >{'{']{      if 


t  ■    I  .  o  W 


"^  Ijcile  Fra  nta 

C()nnfrl('>  ^tnknur  tlif  honi'-iH'!!^.  l"'oftnnat('i\  .  these 
|dan>  ot  (k)nl)liiii  ta^ic  were  nut  earned  into  exeeiithai, 
Torr|natn  Conti  havinir  once  more  joined  the  inipei-iai 
army,  and  >o  the  \  ilia  (  atena  \\a>  left  to  depend  for  il^ 
beanty  on  two  (»f  Natnrt^^  Ln-(\af(\<t  irifts.  al)nn(k'!nee  <»f 
wat(M'  and   wa'alth   of  vc^cf.Hion. 

\  iolante  l^'arne^e,  m  the  me.in  time,  (k'Noted  her.^elf 
[(»  the  l)nil(hnii-  of  h  einn'eh  on  the  outskirts  of  the  villa, 
under  the  name  of  the  Matlonna  della  Pieta.  The  alt.ir- 
pieee,  a  inarMe  oto!!|>  ot"  the  Mi'^iii  and  the  lliMJeemcr, 
i>  the  work  of  Ach'iano  Sehirati,  a  .^ueee^.^ful  imitator  of 
Aliehelani^'elo. 

l.otario  1 !.  tlie  <  onfitlential  me>>(Mi^'er  of  Pope  ( 'lem- 
*i!t  \lll  to  the'  Pmp-ro!-  Iiiidolf  II,  and  other  eonrfs 
t)t'  (lermany  ant]  It.'ilx.  for  the  com'ln>ion  of  an  alli- 
ance auain^t  the  Tiirk^,  has  al>o  left  a  souvenir  of  hrs 
lowe  lor  Poll,  a-^  de-erihed  m  the  following-  in^erip- 
tion  .set  up  in  the  ehapel  of  the  (hu*al  palace:  ''In  the 
v(\'ir  of  our  Poi-<l  HdS.  Behold  on  the  h^ft  of  this  alt;ir 
the  mosaic  iinauc'  of  Pope  Innocent  111,  in  the  act  of 
li^tcnin^  to  the  dovc^  which  ali^htctl  on  liis  s1ion1der 
on  the  (hiy  of  In^  coron.tlion.  once  x/t  up  in  the  triknne 
o!  St.  Pet<'r\s.  The  othe-r,  on  the  ri^iit,  is  tlu^  portrait  iff 
Pope  ( irciiorx  IX.oiucsct  up  in  the  facaih' of  tln^sa  me 
ehureh.  Th(^y  were  liiven  to  Lotario  Conti  as  tamilv 
T-eh'es.  tlie  first  ky  (1(  ment  \'lll  in  the  year  \:)\Hk  the 
other  ky  Paul   \'  in    ](;(}:>." 

1  he  last  ev(Mit  to  ke  chronicled  in  ronnoetion  witli  tla^ 
A  ilia  ('at(Mia  is  the  vi-it  p;ii<i  to  it  in  the  spian^'  of  17^2.') 
ky  the  last  pope  of  the  ("onti  kiniily.  Innocent  XIII.  A 
i>apal  progress  throni^h  the  (  ampai^'na  in  those  (ki\s  was 
a   wideU'  (htferent   affair  fi'om   th(^  matter-of-fact   occur- 


^,^  innkc  flit'  <ii-pl.i\  "t'  h>\;iiK  hi  IIh'  'MTa^iL»ii,  iMHtk^ 
v.rf.^  wnfirii  ;i!i'l  pnnU  i--iirt|  whh'M  hrln  ii-  tri  r.M'cTi- 
.f-ijr[  tih'  WMiidfii  !i!  -ct'iic-.  l''rMiii  fin-  [hmiiI  <>!  \  U'w  Um' 
h  Hirii''".    -  'l'    1  Mtmrrnf    \  I  I  I    h  .    Poll   ;i  ihi    t  h.-i !    oi    1 


*■<'!!  t 


1  •  >*■('![ 


Avenue  of  cypresses.  Villa  Catena 

Xii  lu  iWto  d'  Aiizio  in  1()97  have  become  (julte  liis- 
torical.  The  first  is  (les(Til)e(l  in  a  work  published  by 
Chracas  in  Rome  in  17^23;  the  second  is  ilhistrated  in  a 
copper-phite  enoraved  by  Alessandro  S|>ecclii  from  the 
designs  of  the  architect  Tommasc^  M  tttei,  wlio  liad  l)een 
instruct  <i   bv  \hr  T^orghese  family  to  prepare  suitable 


L..i 


11!!,   f„\vn  (w  r;i:Kr,()i>v  'fif|.;  (iin-:.\'r 

f''^'  ^^H'  l^^p(>  nihl  his  escorf  ; 


215 


'"^'^i^'^"  '"•  ^  ^-'  ^  *'!»■  <niu  nis  escorf  aiul  rrinnn-.  w  iiiie 
hiv.ikiiig  tiirij-  juuriR'j  iur  llu-  lii-hi.  iii  tlir  Hor-Jir^p 
fnrinlioii^r-  of  Cnrn^i-rUK  A  Mnall  riwr  \v.-i.  .li\,Ttrd 
tViui!  if-  cnnr-r  Inr  IIm  w^itcriii^  ui  hu^:^c^  ;(ii(|  hca^i^  of 
iMirdcii:  cavo  w  rrr  d  ii;  !?!  l!i(>  rock  foi"  the  Mnniiri^  of 
vv !!!(',  ICC,  an.!  iiicat:  -fahics  wciv  j)!iilt  fo  acconiinuJale 
i-:J()  iior^t'^,  al^u  >l;nii:  ilcr-li(Miv(>s  for  oxen,  calves,  and 
plus,  l.ar!-ack>  for  the  (inanan  (iiiards,  a  cliurrh  h  u"  tli«* 
rclrl)ralioii  of  the  ma--,  .-oacli-lion-tvs  for  }ift\  traxrllmtC 
r-nrriaires,  while  al!  th*'  hrirhM  an-  and  art  {iva-nrc-  <-( 
l^<^rL:\\i-^r  had  hern  ran-arked  lo  hcandfx  (hr  ;•  pa  rf  tnmls 
'>t   fhf  ponfdieai  j'lK^-f  -nid  liiv  affcndi!!^  rardina!-, 

lnh«H..n|    \111    ha'f    U.ane    !a    Hu;   .Poria    Ala--iurc   uu 
the  iiiornnie  .u'    \pn!  ^G,  and.  havinir  lialfed  a!  fhc  foi-ti- 


fi. 


Auin^hezza  for  the  mid(Li\ 


nirai,  a  ^Uc-l    o 


f 


the  Miozzi,  reaehed  the  l)oundaries  of  Poli  at  sun^cf 
n  <  his  brother  Lotario,  at  the  head  of  a  company  of 
cavaliers  dressed  in  purple  and  gold,  offered  him  the 
keys  of  the  town,  saying  that  from  immemorial  times 
the  Conti  had  kej)t  them  faithfully  for  the  Holy  See. 
To  this  loyal  speech  the  Pope  answered,  expressing  the 
hope  that  he  would  be  al)le  to  keej)  them  for  many  years 
to  come.  Then  guns  and  mortars  were  fired,  bells  rung, 
and  shouts  of  welcome  rose  from  the  peasantry,  who  had 
collected  at  the  Villa  Catena  from  every  part  of  the  ter- 
ritory. As  Innocent  XIII  entered  the  gates  of  the  villa, 
the  happy  retreat  of  his  early  days,  his  sedan  chair  was 
surrounded  by  eighteen  cardinals,  the  ambassadors  of 
Spain,  France,  Malta,  and  Bologna,  three  representa- 
tives of  the  Roman  nol)lesse,  —  Carlo  Albani,  Lorenzo 
Giustiniani,  and  Sforza  Cesarini,  —  a  retinue  of  dig- 
nitaries of  the  Apostolie  household,  and  a  company  of 
Swiss  Guards.  We  may  judge  of  the  cost  and  eares  of 
such  a  reception  from  the  facts  that  pope,  cardinals, 


;nnha»aaui^,    iiohleineii,    prelates,    and    offieers    were 


.!    ■•:    ]K!];itia1    vr<u]n)('r<    h]]]]\   for    ihr   ueeasioii; 


tll.lt      iiif     ^'^^    i^^      ^    '  ^^''   '''   '"      '' 

arms  \\<'r'"'  rjii:!  f-MT'-i!   \\\   wmmiIim 


W  { -n-    i  Vi  '.  In  i     H  »r 


The  approach  to  the  Villa  Catena 

the  train  of  servants,  and  shops  wliere  the  peasantry 
couUl  find  refreshments.  And  if  we  consider,  fnrther- 
more,  that  the  visit  of  the  i'upe  lasted  twelve  days,  that 
the  park  was  li<,dited  every  night  with  myriads  of  Vene- 
tian lanterns,  that  orchestras  and  hands  were  kept  play- 
inL^  ii)in  sunrise  t  .  .unset,  w^e   marvel  at  the  ability  of 

r  .>iraiii,  Mirial  as  well  as  financial, 
.,.nu    nf  the  (I'll. ''s  ap-'Mit.  Tnii^f^ppe 


^6 

tfif-'   hn--f 


;i  I  h  1    ^^  *  •   ! « 't ' 


( '1  ;i  hi  1 


»  i 


!    t  it 


I'M 


fl 


't  ■(  ■♦  ■  I  )t  n 


1     •       ! 


(  ii  r  '  !l  1    1 '  I   I IM  \  s  • 


^  i  ■ 


[\i  )\i    w  li'ch    coiiiiiii'liiLa'au'^  i  !a'  ' 


•\-rnl    h  '  111*'  p'-t 


(  '  i ;  i  X 


>    lin    :n-  ription,  in  a  frame  of  <;ilt  bronze,  was  set  up  again   in  the 


'nil      LASl)    Ui'    GREGOK\      !  m-     ^.!:{:.\T        217 

Am'Hh  r  i»f)iut  of  interest  in  this  charTnini^  district  is 

the  sfni  m  hrilen,  weather-worn,  wind-  \«  hi    luin   of  a 

clHii'ch   uh    tla-   ^^iihiiiiil    (ii    iin-    (   ollr    dr^li    A>fihrlh,    or 
Coiir  ""^nilf  '   /\!!U-«'lo.   !!!    w  hirh    i  }l»'    i;i-!    NlniMJ  of   f  he   hrfcf  1- 

^■ai  1  i'aiic'clli  a^aiii.-L  ihe  i-hiirch  w  a.^  liiailc  ii  n<  l«'f  f.  hr  pr.  >- 
f<'{'fi(»]i  of  tlif  Conti.  T]\('  v\un>  can  1)c  cn^iK  fi-nclhtl 
hv  can'iiigc  ii'nin  '1  i\oli  to  San  drcgorio  and  Canape; 
ihrncc  on  toot  h\  ;i  iiionntain  pat1i.  wblcl!  Icnd-^  pn^f  •{ 
Mohi^'onai  nhitforifi  ;in<l  ;i  u  n  t('!'~f'('>(i'\'(  tl  r  of  a  later  'na' 
in  ;i  I  *l;i  ten  II  crow  tn-t  j  o\  l\n'  n -n  m  !  ns  r>f  a  nnMlia'\-n  1  {^r- 
hhnl  \-i!hi^v  aiMJ  of  tho  olnirrh  of  tiio  FraiiroHi, 
In  !'i HM  I   1  nio  ■■    - '■■» ^ ■■  ■- ■     • '      ! 


,  ( )  \  \ 


i'he 


Or'! 


iiirifui'u.ui^'h  a  i   or  f-^rfx'a  tor\" 

Hsc  sec! 


( \ 


V    <  !    f 


on^i  \ 


I      \iLii       ho\t 


n,    l)i--oiaiii,   J:  rail    iiciic 
,l(.|p  (  P)ir,ifair   is  altoo-ether  nl>scure. 
in    Apiiiia    about    l'-2l)4,    when    i 


i    niniM  H 


o*i  l''ratirr!!i. 
ra .  a'id  |-'raii 
lir-i  appeared 
*f    zealots. 


influpuced  by  the  ideas  of  poverty  nf  liu  } Aanf  i<f'nns, 
formed  themselves  into  a  brotherhood  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Pietro  da  Macerata  and  Pietro  da  Fossom- 
brone  and  adopted  extravagant  ascetic  habits,  which 
soon  degenerated  into  license  and  opposition  to  the 
Papacy.  They  went  so  far  in  these  directions  as  to  have 
community  of  wives  and  a  pope  of  their  own.  To 
escape  punishment  at  the  hands  of  Boniface  VIII  the 
Fraticelli  migrated  to  Sicily  with  their  chief,  Pedro  Gio- 
vanni ijiiva  da  Sirignano.  Clement  V  in  the  council  of 
Vienna,  held  in  1311,  anathematized  the  memorv  of 
Oliva,  whose  bones  were  burned  at  the  stake  together 
with  the  c.v-rotos  with  which  his  OTave  had  been  cov- 
ei'oii.  I'Aofi  so  severe  an  acl  ui  r^prc-Muu  did  iiul  mark 
tlir^  rn  ]  of  f]i(^  licresv. 

c 

front  of  the  casino  in  1840  by  Marino  Torlonia,  the  father  of  the  j)resent 
owner.  It  says,  "  In  memory  of  the  welcome  an  i  happy  visit  of  Innocent 
Xlll.  Lotario  Conti,  April  ^.>(),  17^23." 


'■^IX     W   \ 


\  I  '  t   I 


l.N 


I  I 


\i  \ 


\< 


\ 


Aiif'tMf'^*  l>r:ni( 


(   'S 


il 


Will 


I  i  1  <  •■ 


ICS. 


1     <  > 


i  1  M  i 


I 


)«'!!< 


!   i  ! 


»  fi  H  ( 


t  ■  \    i  \  « 


)   ■  1    j  (   i  I  i       Ml 


11       t   I 


(  '      I   ■  i  i  -v  i   I    ! 


HI     ;  i 


!        \ 


A)iii.^ 


ihf  J 


t  ■    i  M  I 


!'!.!  11 


il 


!!!•!!■ 


!  i     i  t 


r:i  n«  ■!-.(  •;i  n    i  »f«  m  n 


]"lrt 


1  *      .         !  i 


(     i  i     ) 


w  ;i  -   » 'k'i,  let  i    ;i  !  i  I 


M  >      M 


1    \:W 


1) 


» •    i  I 


i  .   !  ,   •  ! 


A      !  h 


Hli'i^lh 


!! 


l(  ■    (  1 1  h  "I !  \     «  I 


<  M  I 


W 


Tl 


I  H 


ih  ihrir  lir;Ml<jn 

ttvl   ill    1  [-^1    ;il 


I     1  r    -    i  ' 


M 


<  >  I  n  ( 


r   An- 


<'!'*.     t  > ! " 


(     w  ;  I 


!  M  »\\  !  i     1  «\ 


I '   I 


!  1  -i  ! 


«•     M 


( ) 


ij    1  !<  M  !< 


1 


\('\     W  rr« '    l:  '  '^  <  '1  i    ^!  M  "i  {( 


|-r:it 


i-i 


Cll 


l.\      |)llkr    >trt';il!<»    (    otiti.    .'ilMl     nifx     --Ucrji  HI  t  MM  1    W  i  H 1     hlfll 

PojM'     I'.iili      i  I     III      1   Mi(i.      (    o!l- 


!i     f  hr     tri.i  1     m^f  it  iifri  1     I  i\      I   o| 


Ml  li'I'i  h 


ilh'ii"   friiip 


!  M  - 


(  M  ;i 


1 


\    aim   a-aiii.- 


[  II 


iv- 


r  \    \\  t  'I's '   h 


h'ntl  \ 


(   < 


M»r!ir-  \Vi'V('   h;)  li- 


lt'< 


l.'f; 


1  I- 


»!'    ;i     1  »<  i'H  H  1     ( 


->r\  r  1  i     \  s  •;! 


1 H  t 


!  ) 


1 


I  !! 


f  A 


Ili^r         \\' 


j  "  t  'h  ),   ;i  11 1 


IN!  M-i--(ni(vi    rn 


1    fr 


•>(  t      ( 


1    . 


f » 


(^     fM^TM 


tl 


i;i  \'  1 1 1  _:' 


M  M 


ra 


tlif'd    the  (lurl 


l\     M 


i  t : 


i  (  M(  »       (  ) 


-1  i! 


1 


\  (  »  I  I  M 


(tl    nit'iiK  tria  l.>    (tl    till--    ^loi'H  >ii->    tariiilv 


tVdtn    t!i''     I 


HTc    ( 


].■■  ( 


(  )!!     i     < 


IVcf 


f '( 


»\ 


\ 


1  ■  f  M  )  I  a 


I 


s.-,s 


i 


lllll      lf!i 


I  I 


I     ill     I'^iiJ      lj\      lliliorrilt     IJl     to     ill 


('     i  n<  H  h  'i! 


i  •  I 


//a 


<  M ! .  ^'1  11  a  nn'c 


1   V)(N'-aTi<('  tli*-^  r]iK'a1   palaco  ol    \\\r 


(  >r(  !■>    n 


I 


'..: 


)      !  i 


( 


M  1  a  '  ■  1  M  >  M  >      >^  i  n  (  )  (  1      i  1 


tlit^  <aT]ir  na  lar-(»  that  n<  >\.\-  fori 


a  '  f  t ;  M 


11    that 


•ollllU 


>  n  II  a  1  t 


f     i  i  a 


i'ra  !!M'  t<t  t  hr   !''«  HHit 


!  I  ! 


(  I 


1 


riir  '1 


oM'r     ( a 


(    o! 


H  I 


t      Oil      t 


f      Ft 


llli.^     o 


!     I 


!  lira 


lit    triiiph 


11!     tl 


i    •     '  "N  I      )   -  ( 


(     '( 


I  a  1  o 


\  ir  of   a  roh 


i  ( •  i  n  _^-  a  1  i  <  1 


t('<  tiirc  of  thr  t  hirii'ciitii  c-ciiLur\,  with  h*rak 

thin   hiuh    1  >iitli"«'.sses.  lias  In'on  |)rocl;nrn(Ml   i)\    l*rtrar 


(-■n 


"  turi'i>   to  to  orhr   111!  lea 
fornir**]    part    of    a     ra-ft'i!;if 


na  iiic  111 


H'     \\i) 


(  '! 


i     It   )' 


r      \\ 


ri.l).     It 

r 


(VM)       O 


'! 


\\  1 11 1  ■ !  1     1 


(']♦'*  af( 


V  >^ 


t       I  M 


■t  M  'Il    n 


a 


I 


(  »  I   I  (  '      Ul  "I  K 


M 


/a 


IK  )t  h«a'     (    oil  t  1     I  X  »|  n',     (  I  fa^i  )!'\ 


IX 


( * 


II  t 


nraia-.-t  h<aaht  of  t  ha  (^nii'iiiah     In  the  Torra  (h''  ( 'onti  wa 


r       i  ,  \ 


f     \  \ 


I     I   » 


vdouY  TJiv  rnr\'r      219 


u  <  a  M  ■  =  a   !  I 


<  1         ! 


r     \\  ! 


(^  f('\v  r\']-:fh\^  recor*!-  of  f] 


i 


a  ra  !lh<iMa 


ever  (w 


H  ■ ;  H  a  a  '«  M 


u )  n  a 


\\ 


1  i  1  ii:^  u 


i  11 


IV 


M    i    if 
f   '   J    f ! 


I  I 


f    !    t 


a  ro  h  i  i  no f  a  a  1  o 


r  f\ai 


I  i« 


t) 


ke  of 

hr>[ 


re 


<  -i  t    t  tn    Sr  nf  ( 


*M     i  !  n  H 


'  '  1 


H  ■    I !  a 


a  H'  •  h 


'  s 


n  \\  ( '( 


I   at    intta'\ 


a  i  ."^    j 


A    ii-hha'  < 


Ma 


or    <  l;i  \ 


Ma  t  too  \  liiainl  iiionf 


1  -^  «  a  1 1  \ 


i'     1  S  ( 


i  ;  1 


Il  a 


d     \Um  •  xs;. 


I  ['!  nax 


( » 


I 


1 11 


i  >  i 


a.\  !!   on    t  h« 


r  ^, 


«  a 


in 


1  I 


\   ■    f 


w 


i!^    a.>    na\i! 


>c(ai   M\"« 


(I  i 


Pofrafo] 


■^    n  'a  K^   0 


r  (  H  - 


)  '^  a  O  : 


(  n  n  n ah 


(  ont 

St    J 


i \   a  la -a i 


1  !    <"( 


aes, 


>o  nnian  auniirta 


1 


X  >   an 


I  H     [  i      j  1  ! 


■^[)is(M!  ])v  \hr  l{oman<."  —  ]- 


la  n  \    ha  !"(  a  i 


<  a\  ars,  siK 


tl 


ir   olir   i  * 


01    far  Ir, 


o n I!  I n < 


i  !«a'a  I 


!  i 


n  !  (  > 


I    ,^t.     I 


•a  -n  a  'a  ,^  <  i 


I     P 


i  t-)\ 


ian\- 


ri  t 


<'  «■<!!!  jHHnl  o!i(  fnur,  at  iaa-t,  of  the 


ia!i\   0( 


OC.^ 


! ma a'M  n >  o 


I 


!  I  ! 


('Var 


f! 


r  •>}) 


\ 


<a 


1   on! 


(  t 


M 


•alis 


a  N  I 


la  1  >a  -i   ic' 


.f  ( 


{  01  i  oa-f.nit  mo,  ((alam  inonLUiiaiit 


."^ 


\ 


n( 


I 


\i 


clolc 


a 


on  a 


i  a  ■<  i     [MM! 


vian  aT]i])l]]'fli(\'ifr 


a'  ('(Mint H 


nti 


«. '( 


of  Sixtu.-,    \,    maita-tiH.k    m    !.'>S!)   Uia   ro^lorat 


(Ml     o 


{( 


aolinrma  aantn 


1  a  i '  I  a  i 


hvl  M 


!'{ 


^  ->!  a  M'  w  a -■  1  M'i 


I'H  »n>   ill   onn.^tM  jiirla/o  of  a    t  w  i^t    it 


na< 


two  third-  of  it 


^  !  a 


t,  t 


na  i 


ha't^  of  \\ 


'('(•{']  \  {'{\    .'it    a'  hn 


Had  a  nnaa  r  m 


I  i 


^'    \ia\\s   ol    (lie    pinar    takon    ill    llu'   >i\taaiith   caiitur\ 


In    tart,    tl 


M  'l'*  '      \\  !  ']•( 


W 


>   a(Mit]'(^<   of  (li^infc'iia'aitioii 


I  nor    <  )na    w  m 


c  a  I 


(•  M  o  1  a 


Oil    from    tha    -ixth    to    the 


ai; 


( '(  H      o 


i  •  -V  n 


t  ■ :  I        ! 


•alio  (M    oa^-rah( 


: !  i  a  1  a 


not 
'■'I'-hini:'    fi-om    tho    thirtcuaith    to    th(^   sixtaanth.    T! 


a 


iav(' 


CVi 


kiaaration.N   raiiiicA    ha\a    haan    prod 
pn-ssiiro  froin  a]»ov(a  nor  ]>\  >trokas  of  h'dit 


i-V\i 


n< » 


;t^  ^onia 


ha\('  >nooc>{rd      -  \)\  uicdiajval  di>|)kav>  of  hi'c- 


So  fi.iiii.'tl   bcccUi^e  cXiicik   one  hinuired  iV-el  liii;} 


I       w  l!  Ilui 


'it'  uva- 


estal).    The  rrncks  prodnroi]    \ ,\-   iho  r-nrtliMnnlN 


o   nh'M'nr-    n 


n 


UfHT.'H' 


:!iri\   hMirtM   i^lnti 


H'lilll  1 


!lt;il 


<  '-r   r\  isicra    Hi 


inoramic  view 


(1! 


^'  ''!!•'.   [1.  ,),),  line 


la 


i  u 


!  [ 


ii »_;  lie 


) 


2^0    w  \  \  '  H  in  \^ 


;  \ 


i;u\iA^  I  A.\ii*;vi.:\A 


wnrk<  for  which  the  column  was  used  as  a  frame,  nor  by 

u    M    :;}      f  want  *n     !«  struction.    Such  cracks  and  such 

cii-'  ij;!ft'![H'nL  ui  IIk-  -  irai  iiiai'l)le  blocks  can  i>l'  a*.  <.  oiinii/»i 
for  .>ni\  Ml  'Uu'  wav,  —  "1»\  a  !  f  fil  aif  m--  f]i«']!i  N^  a  vnrfa\- 
] ;  kr  n  h  a  .  liit'nL  *ai    iliaaarth.      laailalia    i  ai  -  '  h  ■-<  !"i  '  •<  ( 1    ina 


n    ^a 


!  n  '  >• 


A  r<  •}  n  \  *  '■-.  1 !  a '  <  i  i 


a '  p 


!       : ! 


('i  i  i  t  a  "^  la*  !  la  1 1  !  ( I  n  \t  a'*  ■»  I  n  a 
In'  <l!'a\\in_  hark  nitai  fnaii"  [a'.ipra'  ^nckrU  tlir  hh)ck- 
[\iitl  kni-fil  f.  )r\\ar*k  aial  k\  !ikhn_:"  up  Ha'  u'ap--  w  i  1  h 
nt-w  kk'ck-.  whali  kail  k*  hi  Ha'  ^!!naai.-^  kand  ui  ka>.- 
rala-i"-    iaif-^ak'    anH    i\\r    cwrM'    i)\    tkr    ^hnr^    in^alia     Tie 


The  ruined  church  of  the  FraticelH  on  the  Monte  Sant'  An^elo  alx)ve  Poli 

was  compelled  to  bind  the  whole  column  with  steel 
bands,  wound  with  hemp  and  wool,  so  as  not  to  injure 
its  surface,  and  to  erect  a  strono^  scaffold  to  lift  the 
blocks  into  place.  Vial  for  this  work  he  received  a  com- 
pensation of  railv  tliree  hundred  nnl  twenlv-lhree  -audi 
and  a  half  I 


!  \X!)   OF   (iHECiORY   '!!!!-    CliEAT 


221 


'Die  })asilica  of  Constantine  shows  to  the  present  day 

tla    *  Ik  .is  of  the  earth(juake.    This  great  building  was 

stk!  n!i;irl   in  fkt'  IhniaaTitli  ff^nfiji'v.  n^  <1in-iv]i  la'  ara'tain 
fkii'i-iian    frescoes  i^i    Hail    iMa-anl   Hi-an\(a-,Mi    k\    \kik\ 

in    i^^h  m   Ha-  a|>;>e  of  tka  t',i-i   h-in^vapk      In   f  ha  followiiicr 

atai!U!'\  Ha"  roikfpse  (>!  fka  s^anltrii  raikn^i'^  <»!'  tk<-  laive 
and  wc^i  an-^ic  !>i"uUjj^hL  the  ba>!k,('a  to  H>  la'aNcat  I'nnaai^ 
^fafa.  Ilaro.  nu'ain.  V  a  j-an  j)r<i\('  fkat  thaaolkipse  w  a - 
e;ni-a(|  ky  an  aa  rHa  pa  ke  shork.  A  kluck  nf  nia^cairx, 
-^*'iuinnu  ]\\i)Vi'  Hian  niia  IniTidrod  tr)]av.  fck  lV(aii  Hie 
n<  M'Hi  and  n|  Ha'  aa-l  a  i-ir  (  ai  f  ka  j)a  \  .anaai  t  ol'  t  ka  ViiVii  in 
l*'ni>.  jn-l  a!  ik«'  Irai  i  ^\  ikr  naii'lik'  pkin  al  l\()Tn(\  and 
\r\\  ciii  !i-(>|\  (ail  .  >i  Ha  jMTjirhs  krnkii'.  a-  if  an  ini|iart 
(■'nnni^  Imai  H'la  M>nHa'a>i  ka. d  [ai^kck 
<'!i   I  >|i  H-k   !n  {  Hal  <  -n]   \  a    a   ^i « 


1      1  I      ^ikaw  ;i  \  <. 


Til. 


'1 1  ^kn  \'i  -a -.a.  a  n;  »H  iri' 


se<-k<a!  of  w  ka-k  i^  ^[\\\  ui  sifn  al  Uia  h>p  uf  Hia  kiiiuknir, 

'i  ka  da*  \r  of  \]]o  fnf  n  <[]-<  a')]ie  —    tlia  k  aifft'riiHl  aa-!i!nr\-  — 


is  « '(  ai  fU'int 


i      I 


a    a  n t ) i  n r ■  run 


('!  n   I  fa'   !  »a  \  lai  !<  -i 
i 

1   1 


(•i'.'sl     h\ 


-adt  '!%•!  I  !<  Ml .  W  ken  ika  ijaaaiv 
*'!  H  ^'  k<a-!i!!i  Paaiv  wn^  alrondv  rov- 
ki\«a'  «a'  rn i*fM-!i  ten  fee(  fka-k.  Aiid  lirrr,  a!-*. 
as  ill  ika  case  of  Ha^  d'on-ta  ^\-a  aiaiK-  ujMa!  ikr  C'nnH. 
The  area  (  f  Hi-  I orum  is  described  a-  Ha  "uanlen  of 
Torquato  <  ,)iiti"  in  a  document  of  1.3,}5.  llaia,  in  Hie 
time  of  Vu\-  ]\ .  the  fragments  of  the  plan  of  the  city 
engraved  on  marble  under  Severus  and  Caracalla  were 
discovered  by  the  architect  Giovanni  Antonio  Dosio. 
Count  Torquato  made  a  present  of  them  to  Cardinal 
Alessandro  Farnese/ 

The  Coliseum,  however,  is  the  building,  par  excellence, 

'  The  Forum  of  Peace  has  another  connection  with  the  subject  I  am 
discussin«ij  at  present.  If  we  may  beh'eve  the  evidence  of  the  chroniclers 
of  the  sixth  century,  fearful  "boati"  (roarings  of  the  earth)  were  lieard  in 
tlie  Forum  for  seven  days  in  the  year  408,  under  the  consulship  of  Bassus 
and  Philippus. 


^^22  wxxra'iuv^':-  iv  tiii^  itomw  fwnn^.xv 


< '  I  i  I 


he  face  of  which  fln^e  disastrous  contniiT'iH  n  -  have 

t  \n  tlie  time  of  tin    1  Li  \  laus 


>rfii  n-i:  i:>ici  cU  uiic-  s  '^  'mi'  , 


n\'f*    r\'(M' 


loc>kr<i     id     Ihr    ^!V.itr>f     ol      linl!i;i!i     al '  ^  p!  i  i  H  m  •:!  !  f«  >-     li'Mii 
[l]]^     IX^illt    nf    vie\X'.        1      WJ--     1<'*1     !!!\:>t'i[     f'»     l  ll  \  « '-Nt  i_;;i  h  •     iti<* 

;!  !     t  )i*     t  lir     "  fXcrrj  »U     iV"  Ml!      t  hr 

(M  litct  j   1  .\    I )('  l{l)^:^i  ill  I  \\i-  iir^l 


ihlf.-t      1! 


( 


If        j  H 

i  I"!  Ill  H  ■!'  •    <  't      I  h  M'i  *■>!! 


\  Mj  !  1  1 1  it  ■    (  > 


t 


il^  ■■15 


[■i^lliilhi.       \)\).    IT    •^.), 


f 


I    j  i!  -j'r     I  1  \  t  ■«  1      11 


i 


(  )    (     !' 

j>n.i-lfr\    i.'i*   ^L    C,icilh-'ii,    Hi    tilt; 
tci'i"iiird   (a    ti     '  ti'i'ra'   liioin-    iiKiXiinn-       *•!    firxrii   ti;i_\s 


(]m  !';i  t  !<  >]l .     l)<"-i^;ni     fn     <fvn'f 


;i  i  if  ■><  •!!  I      ( ■h  !'(  Ill  H  -M  •■ 


li  ir 


•>;  i  ->  i  f 


recoi"'!-  *»i  I wi 

siil<    fMin]||_^!  i     III  iiT'  »'■■>     f  n 


t   M    !        I 


t'  i  ih  1 


I  lit-  (  »lif   1  »\    I  h  -!■ 


•<;j  h  ^  !  \       flit'      1  1  H  «^i      1 1  M  M"!  HO      <  ■'! 


j  V(    '  ^  (     I    ! 


( ■<  tint  '1  ^.    i!  i »!  »;i  n  t 


<  1 1  !  ^         I  M  ,'  !  ^  "^  <■ !  ' 


cres,  i;!!!i;!M'.  !i i>,  ri'i  I  j 'i  uiU.^,  iin 


>:i  riKii'i*!  n     1111  '  KiH  -. 


ill  1  <  1    t  r< -h i« » !'-•  <  li    f  1 M '  « 

nil.  \  i   !  \\        t  'iM     I  !        ill 


i  hj     1  )ii  i\  ( ■(  i    th*  ■    n  M  (--I   1 1  i  ^.t  -f  r»  H  i  -  Ml 
M'<']!!<»r-.  ImA'inf^"   fhnn:iu-r(i    Hm^ 


M  '  ^ ' 


■■       '■(  "I  i,  !  I  !" 


I  h 


h      -M-t  ■      <  P  U  \ 


»[  inn^. 


M  I I'l  ■  M !'  M  '^^   ! !  ii  M ! I  'i  I !  M 1   ( )i  I    }  ne 


fill  Inw  ill,;'  funni  1  hi  :  "'  I    i  m  h-!'  IIm"  !'i  i  i«'  < »{   <  h  if 


,  1 1 


1 ', '  ( I  ■ 


(  <  >  "^  1  I  I  "^ 


II    ;!!!<!    \ 


JKM  li  U^.    j 


(ft ■!( ■ 


(  t 


flic  (  'if\  . 


«     >L 


he     .trr!!;!.     lllT     pUiiiU  111,     .' 1  1 

\  '■liv  i--jn.   'Hit'  oiit'  II!  j-  ks 


111.     I  .     Hi!  !'il>    (  ';rcin;i     L;i  h 
'  lie  >ll  (  »>l  I'i  li  ■(  i  i  ft 
L'liL^    *>1    lIi*-"    •^I 


;  1  \  t  ■   [■(    I  I 


MM 


i      1  ) 


I 


t  •      ^< 


M  • «   I  ;  1 


r(.rr|->,     I  )?•!']  CI  hi  \      fii     fli*'     f -M  f  :i  >-[  r*  ">|  M  1* 


!P 


I  \  r    I  )  I'l  t  \  (  ■(  1    t  •  \  !  •  I  ! 


t  I 


if '-f  I'll*  ■t"!\'t\    Mriii<!« 


v,  » 


I  M    I 


(  ■ 


1 1<  'iniiL:'    f  iiM    rt'i  i;i  i  r-    x\  ffM    m;m  -h    f 


M  ( »   i  n  ■><■'■;  I  Mit  )Ti<    '  iM  ■[!- 


<  )      i  J  1!  !(!'■(■«  !      M  i  !  t  1      h  !  i'{  v 


'I 


M 


I       I  1 1  l( 


iicli 


I    M  i    I  \(  ' 


I  i< »!  n;;  li     1  )v'ri(Hi 


i  M  M  i    1  ( ) ! !  ^' 

dates  lV<»'M   fhc  Iiimm  <»!   ^tHu}    l\m_:    1  hf  h  h  «ri<  ■,  ,!!i<l    i!'*»ni 

the   \  m;i  !'   .^ns. 

]ii;i    '  ' 


)«' 


.\  iiMi!    t  !if    i  irrli'ri    l>;i 

■  1  *  *  ! 

)«  'I  1  (  ■-.!  M  j  «-  .        <  ',  i  Ml  ;         I  !  1  v(  •!'!  1  M  '( 


f 


\\   1 


•  '  !  M  I   i        ■-*  -N  fTcU 

liM     h"M'H<!, 


^  Compare  Corpus  Insrr.,  vol.  vi.  n.   17()3. 


TTI!     !   VXD   OF   (HIECOHV    Till     t .  1:1  AT        !2^3 
^'Dcius    Mariiis   Veiiantiiis   BasiHus,    prefeci,    consul, 


etc.,  ha.^.  i\H  un>,ii  IK  led  at  his  own  cosi 


f  1 


]  >!  H  I 


n  1  ]  I !    \  V 


'ckfd     \  I  ;<  )  \n 


M-  nrf^Tin  ;nid  the 


\ANDI    TEKHM 


\S    HVIXA. 


?> 


^^"i  -  int^hiiMhii-    [liM:>M  aiid  uiiier 


i  i  n  i<  j!'    m;i  i;i  n  1  i  i  i< 


!  I  it* 


\  h;Mh 


ni'o  |HM']i;ips  exairirerniMt 


UiL!'    1  !  i  ■-!  -fl  hi  M  »!  I  ^,    I  !  M 


1  ! 


^^^v  ,.,..■<]  in  { (lese  l!;if  I 
<'^i  *'l    }  iif  aiiiphilhr;i{  tm   w  ;i-  |  >v: 


i'-nil\  111  tad  in  Him  rMlilii  r'onfnrv.  wh^n  BtMir  xm-<,|,'  hi> 
''■'^^*'^"^'-  "(^nannini  .faiHt  (  'nJi.MUs  .taKii  ri  1(omim  ; 
tjUandn  ratirt  (  oli^cu-  f-atlf  (  ,•!  Henna/'  Wlir]!  Mini  \,,rx 
^^''^  ^f  r^'din-rd  fo  Ik  preseiil  ^!a!e?  H\  Iha  cai'llainakn 
^>=  1;H!).  nf  whinii  Pnl.ai'nii  wn^  a  w  diie^^.  n^  ^hnwn  ])v 
^!''"    !';"■'     <!i'it    -(xHi    affri-    \\M    lind     Hir    iM-Mih..    ,a'    pop,. 


(    ! 


t 


^an    \',    [{m'    l-'ra 
't  -I !  mi^'  n\an'   I  iir-   <t)' 


f  n  ,! 


Ml       t  ■  N 


'^hmm   and    liK-  ^.    V.   (^.    H,    .{'Kir- 
•''*"  ''!"   i  Ih'   TallMn    -lanl  :  'Mr   larM'tal.) 

* '    *  n  n  n 


M)loit    Hi 


h 


^'}     »»1    iiu'    (  uii.Mauii). 


I . 


I  <  I    !   i  ^ 

r    Alnnl/  ' 


ans 


c'  i  i  I  <  'f-  and   !  1 !  ( M  •  a  a  I  laiei's  I  <  •  m\  m  -m 


i'l  a  "i     1  { .       \    dt  H  n  n  a m  L    ati 


1  1.3/    j  Ml  i  a  i>! 


l>\      En 


\i)\V     ()]}(' 


C<  '^1 1  i'a(  •((  ip  a  h  MiM  <  ■<  a  I  h  i   mm  ! 


f-arl  !  Hm^ 
^"v  <  if]"  (  w  f .  !  ia  Mi^M  nd  li\  m  inn;- 
■'''''d  ^'I'd  iuiau^-lwu  narUuad-  t>l'  ^toiie  in  ihe  -paMf^  ()f 
nina  nuHifh^.     And  wIsMn.  a!  fliM  t^lnM-  nf  fha 


•a\'i 'li    ( 


( 'f ' 


n  Mna 


t '  I J  n M  !':'\ 


H 


ii    i( »  -^ i 


a  n<  a  I  it  a"    - 

d   his  Caia 


t  '*  a\     n  1  a 


n,  I 


ians\    >lt;li>.   ui    t.-.\iia  nation, 
d    up    ai!-aiii    A\af1i    !Vav|t    fnafMi-nd. 


^"^i/  ''"'K  |Hac(^  on  InM  liiwii  iiiiK  n\  i-ndiauiia 
'■>^  ilm  U'ar  ITnd.MiMM!  i-  Him  Ind  i  ha  I  ii  i -(oriaii- lia  ve 
^'*    fnanf  a  M!    ifi    m*  amMcl  f  ai    w  h  h    j\ 


('(">(/<>    \  ak'>iu,    a    ni)ii  dai  i  p(  ifa  r\     tiaii'i--!.    ^'■■'-    ^"^^ 


\h('  IfMlowinLT  nifafMNffiiM-  naaiMn-aiahi  .*(  » 
*'  •"^'•ida\  .  ld«d!Mnn-\  d,  ITUd,  u-a-l  uf  ihc  l*nri 
l*<'nhiiMal    cMrMniaaiN-    ii^    tin-    SKdiiia  fln-ihnl  \i 

^-  ^h,    \\  hih'   111-   I  h  thness  (  1<anMid    \  I 
n  a  •    \  (  a'^a    id'' 

dn'ha  !  aaid  )n^  MunMid  !  '  ^Sa  \  c  ■ 

'  In  /.'  Irr//.,  September,  187(5. 


«  n  nsa 

.  na . , . ;   i      i    . 

,  I  ■»    a  a  ! 

n  1  a     a  \  M  n  L 

iMa  { iMi!  — 

1  .. )' ' 

\\  a>  jjroiiouiiMiiii^ 

T 

! 

r*''!!  ad   pcrdirdaiitius], 


<  aiiM! 
ia    ladniies   ■td    nnlii^   \\(v<  ]')cv]}vAf:]^   im'i 


id. 


■?-3i     W\\l  H   !:i\' 


i\    rin 


I  i  \  !  \ 


\:    r  \  \ 


f  }j  r,  ■(■  -! if  )!■]-;»  Wi'in''  fi^lt.  <n  \-inltMif  \h:^\  !  i !« ■  \\  1  m  '!«'  niiflirMUT 


1  <i  h    (Mil    ( »I    t  h*"    •■!!<(  1  H 


I    i  ! 


t " ;  I  \  i  t  i ,_    Nit'     1  <  t  P  i  ■    ,  M  •  >  I  i  t  ■    «  ' 
1,    I'^!';!  ■  1  <  * '^t  ■*  >    \;iit'"-H*,    I  i;n  •  I  H  M ! !  ■<  1    {i*    ih-    < -fi  t^-^i  i  !^    ;it    (ii.it 


i<  >•  i 


;i  M  If  ■ 


h-    Pi;! 
a)  osci 


i^  1  < 


N  ;i  \  *  iM:! 


I  f  f  !  s     t 


;f  IH  1     t  M  ■hi  'If  1 


I    I 


(I   \  \  t  ■  -^  j 


M  1 ,  f  t    i  1  M  •   \\  ;i  I  f  r  r;<  n 


u\cT  llu-  ril<^e  c)l  iiic'  i»a^iii.  1  -aw  alx*  liii'  iH-in  v  ^i  lla_' 
(•lun'fli  nf  ^iii^'  V-o-Hno  ail' i  InTnini's  (>^>pli<k  nn  flip 
Fontana  <h  i^aattio  Fiuini  follow  the  uiidulatory  heav- 
iivj-  of  the  earth." 

In  consideration  of  the  fact  that  tlie  disaster  had  not 
been  attended  by  a  loss  of  human  life,  Clement  Xi  or- 
dered a  thankso'ivincr  service  to  be  held  in  the  church  of 
S.  Maria  in  Trastevere,  to  be  followed  by  a  procession 
of  penance  to  St.  Peter's;  but  the  venerable  Pope's  bad 
luck  was  made  conspicuous  once  more,  for  the  fiood- 
fijates  of  heaven  opened  upon  the  pageant  as  soon  as  it 
left  the  shelter  of  the  church,  and  the  outpourin<j:  did 
u()[  cease  until  the  procession  reached  the  gates  of  tiic 


1  1r'   iji(K'k.>  ()i    .>ti;lu'   tli.ii   U'ii   iroili   liirl   (jii.M'il 


r  i !  \u  i'(^ 


<n-;!  n  f  *'(!   ]  }\    (  'It'tnri;  f    \  I    fit  [|m 


^  <  ■(  »n  h":i 


•f  nf   I  (  iT   flh'    1  )!]  1  !  i  I  i  I! 


ui'  IIr'  l\nlu  ill  KiiH-Ua,  thai  iii'auLilul  laii'iiii.;  aiai  iiiMor 


inir    statin!!     nil     \\ 


'I  ><"']'   I't'ar]!    of   f]\f   rivr-r   v/lih-li    the 


!  tl'i  '^nli  f 


(  • 


f  n  r    1 1 M  •     1  i  I  n 


hi '!'a  f  h  Ml    }ia>    >rrfi    « !«  a  !  mil  >|  it  ■<  i    fii    mai\a    rn()ni 


i  1!  aa  ' 

tlia  Pniite  Ca\''  »ur. 


'fir*    nf     hri'llT''^     in     fllnihaai     Rniue, 


'j'hf  cnnf  i_:'ii  if  \'  (  h"  f  hn  !a  la  1  nf  f  Ir(^^-nr\^  the  (  i  f*<*a  t  tn  tlia 
aif\  of  PfaiM'^fta  aia!  (h*-  hi^.lnl'U-al  cuiiiiLTLiuli  which 
IhhiikI  laial  an*!  nif\  f(  »i^'ff  hai".  m  (•la-<--ia  fniic^  a-^  \\"«m1  a^ 
ji!  fh»'  liihldh'  a"<'>,  h'a<l  u --  In  ^fiaK  aiatthcr  r'haractnf- 
i-tir*  ii\  thn  ('ninpHL^in  fhaf  c^f  it<  iiinin'  r)rani«\-^  nihl 
[)hir('>  .)f  pil'Tiinauta     >tarti!!::  fmrn  thr  nracha  ni  (  'htuin- 


iifi'  i.wn  or  c.KhGOR^'  Till 


n. 


Polygonal  walls  built  after  the  Pelasgic  occupation  of  Praeneste 

nus  OT]  tla  Inarderland  of  Umbria,  a  credulous  man, 
anxious  to  learn  his  fate,  could  appeal  —  provided  his 
purse  was  well  filled  —  to  those  of  Feronia  at  Civitucula, 
-biiio  ^ospita  at  Eretum,  Juno  Regina  ;if  \\  h,  ih'rcules 

'icLur  ai   liiuu',  r*afinin   I^r!niiij;"(Miin    at    p!';rT](^<ff\  For- 
tniia  F-Miavjris  at   Annum,   AL^lr!'  Main 

•^n^"  "^n-jHta  al    l.aiiUvnnn.   Arfrtni-    'V;,i 


■iniiin. 


•J  N  plica-    I  .afia  f'*-   nn    !  m^'    Mnn  ^^   Tax 
Tei'i-aciiaa  ,    \; 


n  Fa  -a  a  I  Nan?], 
n.  J  n  pi  iar  A 1  i  \!  !!•  at 
ili<-nnn-  nii  ihr  Ainiitr  Alarm,  and  Aphi'n- 
'^ha  at  Afdaa,  (n--a|n<  niaiiv  iiiinnr  places,  the  .^itr^  af 
'''  ln<-li  •*?■*'  nairknd  |o  IJa'  piVMaif  da\  h\  heap-  aiul 
^^1<"1!!(N   i^'   \n{i\.-    tarra-<-ntta^.     ( 'oTIlpcf  i  ( inn    inn.t    ha\(' 

bec! 


n    kcaii    afnnn 


!  I 


Irn in  the  nicv 


lliese   nnpn.^tni'^,   a  in  I 


■aniiL'^^ni   (ha  a,r-rf//a,v    ---]nn>t   ha  \  c  I  a'oiii^'lif 

^'h(Mlf     a     cnli'-Mh'ra'i  sin     railurhnl!     i)\'     ilh'nnaa     IllhaHs     fha 

l«'.'nh'r'>   jniiiaii  ui  a  -UiairaLc,  Uj  ralain  ihnir  hnl.l  nn  the 
nia  fkaf. 


Tl 


>  aluiiidani'e  of  orack'>  in   the  (Janipiauiia,  which 


^::i.    w \\\n.\:i\ 


\    1 


in'    1 : <  ^ ^ 


\MV\^:\  \ 


rwv  I  wn  (w  cuvcimy  'viiv  <;in'\T      227 


}: 


UllK 


!  !        i  ■< 


con  In'! 


ITK    '  'i'i- 


'■ ;  1     f  .    (  » 


t    t 


>  I 


M   t   i        t     I         !   --" 


!      M   M  ' 


f],       -fl 


( ■ :  I 


li! 


les, 


i  I  Uu  r  i'ii 


i        ( 


>— 


til    i  !  1 1 


l,:it 


{  •( 


n    I'll 


)i  K  •.!  !  t'( 


s\-^it 


i  1  i 


1 1 


I     '  '  1 


!  )V:\  r\ 


1  -;M     !  t 


i  '!  i 


i 


i  1 V  1 


I  r  t  ■  \ .  i  I !  ( '  < 


(  .r 


('('(•(. 


in 


(  )        M  ■  M 


ni  M\       ii 


r    [>l;ir(">    i>!     MnnfH 


A 


n!<\*(  !!■> 


iMTicii   liM/aii 


f\ 


)>(»■>( 


I 


( >    h;i  \  « •    i  " 


!   ( "r.'M  !(' 


( •  1 1 i  1 ^( 


t\     ;)    -vUlMTIi;! 


f!ir;il 


Ttowc!*.   ;i    „•  "  1 .   .')    i  M  i '  >.   < » 


( •    ^  Mi 


(  > 


the  a 


or  1< 


<.tM 


(  I 


111     W   !  I  !(  •!  1     I  I  It  'X      \\  t  '!  t 


I ' ;  I  (  1  \     i  <  » 


1  ^  W  t  *!'    1 


UK  >!( 


lit 


[  I 


f    ( )fn 


(   ■      <    !    !   i  *   '  "^ 


I  I  n  -N  ;  I 


kc(l  1  >\   t  hrif  w  <  tr 


"^  M  11  >    »t  '!  "^ 


(  ) 


rii.'  I 


(•l;i-^!;i  1 


i\      M  »>( 


t 


I'i^lli;,'!    ;i  1  X  )(  !r    il!     Holl  licfl  1 
tr;!l    IhiU    r:i\\    he   !r;icf.i    tV(. 


(  I  vcvcr  lu  x.mLlirni  iiliw  ct'ii 


t  ) 


u 


I  i 


!l 


1 


fht'ir   I 


H  )     \    '  '■(  » 


\\  it'   ui    liia"'< » 


a  if  li    ! 


t'c!  i  iii:^ 


1   w  (Ml  <!<'!'  nil 


f;i-t'  fo  -^t.-iirr'  1)\-  T]ir;nr^  (^f 
iir\.    wcfc   ;i    riici'   liiiitiitMl 
1  fo.'ir    i»\    tlif  Lirr.-it   !r;itn!-«"^ 


1)1 


n;itnft'    ---  iiKMint.-iiri^,    cnfinii^,    n\( 


r^.     l;'ikf'>-.     IniT^t: 


\\';i  [<'!• 


th.'rrnnl  ^priiiii" 


VOh  ■.■|  IH  M'S 


<  <  I 


lilt 


Vr( 


)()"!< 


11 


i('\       ]!hll\H 


liirh    t  !m-\     (-11- 
1ii;iI!/(m|     tlh' 


){)\\-pr<    lillMTflll     ill     lMf>r.    «](■    »lf< 


tci     t 


i  IH 


M  'i  1<  ">   •  '< 


tlh-lt  tih 


1  r   w  I  i  I    \\  ;i  ->  ;i  -^<  •( 


■  t ;  I  i ! 


lie   I  urn  11^11 


li.t 


hi   1  HH  Irllliri  1   Iii;i  !ill< 


:i  I  H 


■  < .!  i  ih 


I 


•('•>«    t  > 


\\<tiihi  t itt'i\'iui\' 

( >i*  rs'!i_:!( >!i^  fM\ 
i'ul  anion.:' 


inl 


\i 


lit 


It 


I ■>  )t '( 


M   t  -^-^  i 


\  (■       (  ) 


tlii"<:>U"li  liM  »t  mil 


•t 


I'-onK^     .'l^TKV 


r 


1 


fia 


ii>   a  ^    !  )!■*  »|  )< 


(flit  res 


Icrx  .     TIm'  \\v(')  nio^t  nnch-nf  ann   {h»\^ 


('!  - 


thr    ( 


I  1  t  M 


UK  |nr''«ti(  >! 


I 


( » ra  t  "h  '^ 


I) 


(  H     t  t 


I  lit 


I) 


fit 


la  i  t!\     <  i!l<-    to    I  iH'    "I  '<T'I  lit  III    <  >I     I  il«'>r    M'< 


1 


f    i'C'K) 


n   a  I  H  HI  t    I  )( )« It  M  la  .   It » 


I  lit  t 


\\  rVt 


ill* 


I  * 

hM't'^t.^.   r 


s   salt      ft)    I H 


f 


t  ■     !  I  H  >■ 


t    ^t<  )riii  \    iM 


I 


( I  )i 


M  1   w  a  ^  t  )t'i  it'\  <■•  1  l<  >  u 


)  "1  \  t  •  I  i  i  -  a  n  --w  tT 


t  liriMi"li  f  Im'  ni^t 


() 


t '    ira  \( 


)a  n  t , 


( )f   alt   <  »;i  k    w  h  h  h    ft  >\\  crft 


1  al 


,»(  »  \   t 


t    r 


If   I  f  »fi  '^ 


1 1  ■  t 


1-1  !'!f!    \\  :i 


n  t 


;  i 


111 


i  )l  lici  > 


(^  -rxxsc^s- 


->  j«  M  !       I  » 


!  f  M'    iia  ni*'«  1    r^iill 


II 


w  Ik  ill!    1  it  )li  MT    ca  II  > 


t  h  iii!\\  ;i-lM''  I  n't'f .  \x  ho 


t',.,.f 


1 


1 


r  conrll  i<  on  Tin 


w 


»a  It 


•t  tiint 


w  on 


I 


Si)  N^nir* 


\  liKii  iia  \  t'  1  >t't 


)r"-Tnon  ]\<('i\  It  I 


ci'i  irt'it't 


!  M 


t  t 


ii )-( 


)ri  tilt'  t  ai   I'M'  l: 


( '    "  !'(  »i  ilK  1    W  I!  1  u 


cnni''"  t 


<    !      !    1   i  i 


1  i'     I  1 

»ia  V  o'  f  lie  wni* 


I   !l 


'i ) 


1  i 


1!' 1  i  !  i  M '  '  >ra  ii 


dies  of 


i  '( 


i  '.        !   i    U  li  i\     O  1 


iOi 


/ 


(  •  U  > 


u  a.^  ciiK';:uu  lo  iia\  i 


1 1, 


t  »-.<■!!    Ins  a  f 


M    X       f  ' 


I    Ihlcr    the    Hi* 


I  ( I <  ■!  a  r  M 


t 


O-t"     It '('I  I  11 


--    the     I 


'  ■!a>! 


;  i  n  s 


ohoNf    the    >l(f    i>!     I   raair-fo    lo}'   ttlio   of    llicir    --rt  tlcnifMlf: 
altractctl    la*! 


- 1  >     If  1 !  U  •  il     o 


\  it>  f'on  I  Ilia  !i(  lini^"  |)o>-itioii  !>n 
tlir  ni.'im  line  oi  roinnmnica  tion  hctwcrii  tlir  'rihr-r  and 
tlir  Iji'is,  hclwcfii  I.afinni  and  ("ainpanla,  .•!>  1)\-  {'('rtain 
l(jainrr>  ot  naluix'  winch  .sccinc'd  to  portend  the  prc-rnce 


( > 


f  a   ii()(]   1 1 


('!  < 


)'< » 


Tf 


■\!'!i    vfcniN   prohaith'   thnt    thn   pha 


ce 


\\ 


w 


cadx    (  H'C!  1 1  )H'« !    h\    a    ft 


<'('( 


I    Mil 


»r  t 


C  OJ    Hit'   >lCUil. 


l)cl 


tun  I  ha\  ('  tloscrilu'd  a-  t  he  lifst  inhal)!tants  of  Laiinin, 
<»r(     an\     lonauii    ctjloni-tv    hnahMl    on    their    eoa-t    or 


( a '  I '  >  -  e  t 


I    their    hsoinhh-irx     n ion n tain-;.     llantiiN    i 


! ;  I  n  M 


it 


n  I  o  n  ij   the  e  1 1 


/,.., ,'/ 


II 


I     IK 


i    .^, 


I 


e'-  oi  iiM'  hit rhi! rni Ns,  and  >er\ius  nientieais 
ler  ( »!'  the  Sieiih,  who  (h'i'eiit  h't  1 


»ri  I  a  •( '  t  a'  lea  t 


Pra'tieNfe     ai;ani-t      ihr     Ai>o]-m!nes     or     Latins.     The 


se 


e\('nt>    nmst 


la  \  r 


happened  m  the  sixteenth  eenturv 
hK^forc^  file  ("hn^tian  era.  and  the  oraele  nmst  haxc  Itc- 
<<>n!e  popiihir  halt;  oeloi'e  the  toiuidn li(jn  ol*  Jioinea 
Ciecrt*      ^iv(^s    fh(>   followinn-   trnth'tional    aeeonnt   e^f   Its 


orii'ii 


N 


i( 


Mill' 


e  1  U 


ti/i'i!  ol"   hn'th  and    i-epnta- 


t  i(M 


w  ;  t  >    w 


rn<(l    i)\    ii'etpHiit    dreani^   to    Itlast   awa\ 


1 


1'  1 


aeee  ol  I'oek  w  (iifh   w  a 


t<*   oe  loiiiHJ  at 


t   n 


i  ^  )oi  11  am 


icd 


i  »W' 


to  liini.     Tlie^e  tlreain-  he  fch-detl  lo  nian\   ot'  his  I'el 
eiti/.en-,   who  hiiiuhed  at  inni  I'oi'  hi>  >nper>tition.    .    . 
Th(^    dr(\']nis.    h<*w(na-r.    eonfinned,    and    to    eonmiand 


tl 


na'e    siieeeet  let  1     ineiiaet 


N 


iiinerin>.    nnieli    nlarniet 


it    la>t    coin  oh  ( 


M  I 


Pal    h.'ixini:'   hrok(Mi    f]i(^   st()n(\    loin 


u    n!ii!ii»er  ot    wtHMhai    hahel^    ni'-enheti    with    ni\st 


ent  ais 


tt 


en( 


<"l«  )^e( 


I 


le   place  w  fici'e  the  tiiid    wa^   math',   laex    ni- 


tl 


le  >>anet  na  r 


\ ,  i  •>  I  a  I « 


in  i-reat   xcner 


( Ml.  a 


Dc  Dirinatiouc,  ii.  41 


^■i^   Av\\])rinxi:<  IX  Tiir  nmiw  (\\m\ 


\  t 


\  \ 


J  liuii 


]     I 


vi    a  1  i  <- 


)\ 


a   st;it 


« '    ( 


1  J I 


liiU 


!    i    1  i    I  >       I  < 


t  i  i  i 


h 


<'!"t*\\"  lit-ir 


*, ' 


ti 


<■  f;ivt\  li:!\'n! 


■  r    f  r  1 


vrii 


A 

forf 


i      (Mis' 


O    H  '  \ 


i  'f.         \\    ii! 


>>;  r 


•nf 


\\.i\    t 


■t\    f  M't  h 


i  (  i 


1    f 


t ■      ^(  M  ) 


\  tT 


!1<|     tV'Mli     it-     \\  <  H  H  I 


)()\    w:!<    I 


M  't 


Kt'pl     <'\t 


1    w  ti  irli    t  hf    h  »!'(  ni!t'-(»"l  I  mi:    h  )f  ^    h.'i  \c 

icr."      'I'll!^    fr.-Mhhnl!     lini^t     li:i\r    htMi! 


Ml    I  1  It  M 


»rt';n 


iimnL;'   Hi«. ■    \\<ir^ 


MM'      ■> 


\i)  i\ 


(  I 


1;i!! 


( ) 


<  ■  1 1 


)(  M  •        '  > 


r    I  M;ire 


'11 


U'    ca\L',     iiiV    WW: 


ll 


Hi     Wliicli     In*'    <>il\«- 


)i)\     \\ 


i\r   > 


I 


.*  I  n  ( 


1     !1 


lit'     i  I 


nf 


\  i 


i  H       _, 


Wrl'f     I 


(  »(  H      t  '"-■^ 


..  V    ' 


i 


\  I'M* 


fr.i    .i^    I 


1 1 1 1_( 


i<.  n<  "-(nHM-;!  I  n\  <  > 


*  H  i  IlN 


M  '!'    <  > 


H"    "•( »(  I 


■!!•("    •<! 


i  i 


I  !"  \  «  'i  I  (  I  i  1  ■^     ^ 


tat 


t  '     (  t  [      !  )!'(  ■->! 


1  •  V  :  1 


!  h  »ti 


f<  1 1  f 


<  t  ! 


)l,i  \  ( •(  j    in    t 


\^  1  a'K  1 1 


I  I        ! 


f      l'>i 


I'iJ 


!  ti 


t    M  '     (('(■('  f  it  h  !f  1     tit      !'( 


^       M    I      i   -^  (  '   -  -v 


t  '(  '  K( 


t  "      <  ■(  I  M  1  i  ■        I  ) 


tl 

n 


Liry  CH)IH'I  li^iuli  ;   til, a    iiir   nrark'  ul    l*ia'iit'-tr    w  a  -   uii</  « »! 


Mi) 


f 


M( 


!(  S  \'< 


!    fi'MiM    [f*<-k»'r^'    aiul 


>ui>}.'/rlu^«/    ii^    ill*;    iia[uri 


i  a 


( ■  >  -s  ( ■  n  <  ■  i  ■■    i » 


1 


J  a  ( 


c^S 


I 


ex' 


t  '     H  M  • 


H 


api 


M  a '  * 


1  ia  raa  !  >U 


i    ^ 


M    (   1  a  1  -<  h    1 


» ■    a 


I  a  M  > 


!  I  i< 


I  ! 


I  H  a  H  ( 


M   1  iMl 


>a  la 


1 1 


I  \  :i  1!  [ 


t  ■    I  » 


t  '    ( 


!'(  ••  !  ! 


«  a    a  !  a  t ' 


1 


iu; 


SCi;!  M! 


/     1 


\\  uui  i>    ui 


|.  M  M 


Al 


M    ui 


//a,  a  a 


Cia.^.MM 


1  i  t.  ■  a  i 


\\    X'aitlO 

1 1  a.'    \  al     i 


w    I 


*  ■    > 


1 1 


\ 


aiiu   iji'c- 


!!!'>■    !? 


|] 


ji  I  a.M.i 


seve 


1  i       ! 


as 


IM    ! 


■Ill    -f  V 


<  a'*  ai 


( >  a  1  a 


1  ]■ 


1 1  a  -  f 


■ir 


!  T-,T>]'{)n''ai]Ti 


-t  la 


>a  M  ( 


la  i  \ 


( » 


Ml      1 


(MM 


III* 


(  '      i    * 


Siinfa   M 
hasc      1 


M  •  i    i      I  j  <  ■!    i      if 


i      •    '  i   I      I 


1    >  ;  't    M 


f    '  i    'lis  


!    M"       ( 


w 


i 


>ra 


(  a  1  (  a  "I'i  1 


la    \\ 


1   (1 


;.>1M 


iaaL 


( ( 


t     f  1 


)  1  ,  M 


a  M  •- 1 


!  1 


■< » 


V    o 


f] 


le 


iii\  iiv't 


C.'l  \"« 


M       I '-  >      C 


•a 


a  a» 


ra    tii'.'    iii\.-«t 


(  '  !    i  t 


•  ■    I  a  a  <■  a  a  I 


!  a 


*  a  t  r- !  1 « *  I 


1    aral^a^   if,    aial 


I'M 


<       f 


I  V 


)a  M  K 


t  ■    Mi  M  a  1  i 


i ) 


(]• 


i ) 


i  a  < ' 


!  i 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  MODERN  PALE^    lilNA 


<^^OVERING  SITE  OF  TEMPLE  OF  FORTUNE 


THE   LAND   OF   (.RECiORY  THE  GREAT 


!229 


southern  slopes  of  the  Veronese  Alps,  —  men  of  Pelasgic 
descent,  who,  having  discovered  this  awe-inspiring  glen, 
consecrated  it  to  their  gods  under  the  name  of  Pan- 
theonia,  from  which  the  modern  Val  Pantena  is  said  to 
be  derived. 

The  oracular  cave,  which  no  man  of  learning  had  en- 
tered since  the  days  of  Sci})ione  Maffei,  its  first  explorer, 
is  connected  with  the  crypt  of  Santa  Maria  delle  Stelle 
by  means  of  a  passage  so  low  that  the  visitor  is  com- 
pelled to  advance  on  his  hands  and  knees.  He  hears 
ijt  f^r^f  ;i  di^tniit  wail,  as  if  n  victim  wore  monninir  nt  the 
api'iij  n  h  of  its  fate,  and  at  the  next  inn  !  of  ihr  hmnel 
\}](^  \v:]]\   ( 'luM !!j"('^  into   thufisior.  as  it  ;i    w  tiuic  iicx-aluiiib 

\  r    i  irX-OlH!.       All     IM  M^C    ■- ! «  >p^    ^t 


\\  ( 'I'o    t  St  '1  hi: 


r    i 


h  '    « 


■;i!Mf  !o  [jii^  r.s\s',  a  i'uiiiid,  rui'k-lu'xm   ii^iii   with 


t 


;,  nirln'  lor  \\\r  -tnlih'  of  Hit*  irod.  fncinir  tlir  ofiliot^  (»f  ilif^ 
(.•hiiniicl.  Hro^riaiij  r(.nhl  not  liml  out  tlu^  secn^-  of  tiir 
]>l;i(c  in  nil  j)nrfi('i]1nr<,  n^  ]\c  was  not  |)r(»v!(h'(i  with 
|;H!(lor>  and  totvlic-:  )ut  liaxinu'  noticed  a  fine  runnini: 
!i|)\\.-ird>  from  tin'  d«»!iH'.  and  laixin^'  ttvNt(Ml  [\\v  uri^at 
;icoii-ti('  |)o\\<'!'  of  tiir  caNc.  lit'  hclicNC-  that  tilt'  appli- 
cnnlv  wtTt'  drcoi\(Ml  in  thi.^  \\a\  :  In  Ihr  llr>i  j)!at'C,  thf 
\\;iiliii-',  nioaninu.  an.d  roarinL:\  wliid]  nvc  hcnvd  to 
tilt'  prt'.^ciit  da\,  art,'  >  iiil)l\  tht'  ftl'tM-t  of  a  waterfall,  the 
st)!nid  t)f  which  Ntrikt\<  t1io  ^ido<  of  tht-  passage,  ^u'taitly 
;,t  {ir>t  and  thi-n  uilh  inci'tN-iNcd  powtT.  Dt^aft^nctl  l»y 
tho  sonntl.  and  chiUtMl  in  mind  and.  lu.dv.  \\[v  ai>|)li<-ant 
\\a>  madt'  to  knorl  he  oi-c  the  u'otl  and  >latt'  his  tpiotit)!!. 
An  aoct)iii|>lift^  coiKiah'tl  in  a  i\'t.x'^-^  al)ove  tht.'  dtnnc 
wonld  >h)\\l\  ai-tioiil  itt'  amoiuait)ns  words  of  answer, 
which  came  dt)wn  the  lliR'  in  -tran-'c  and  ni\  .^tt'rit)us 
tones.  lm|M»>tnrt'N  i)f  fjio  samt^  natiift^  w(M't'  pi'actistMJ  in 
other  oraeulai-  >a  netnarie^,  as  in  that  t)f  Ilerciihvs  the 
-Teat  custodian,  in  Rome,  whert^  a  chiltl  et)nld  enter  the 


2;ki    W.WDl.iaN^-^ 


IN    1  Hi:  !:< 'M  \\  (  \Ai!n^:\\ 


I 


h  M  H  >  v 


,  hI    h\    .i!i    .  )|H'!Mii^    m    Hh'   Ikj*  k   o 


1 1  it  •    !  M':!  < 


,1,    .J 


(1    ;ili-\\Lr 


1    i  i  n 


'  >,  - 


(■      i>cll(»\V]lliJ 


.HM-.  x\c!v  .»M;ii!itMl   ill   Uii^  u;iv:  Thr  ;i  |  .|  .1  ic'i  !i  t  u  ;  i  . 


•(  -^    X 


iVnltt    ..1     thr    frniplr    ;  H  M  I    U';] .    pi(MVMMl     lA     : 

ir'itill"     Willi     ;ili     li!lH.T-!-«HlI!.l     cIliMlitM 


ri  »n  I  Hi  i  i 


!      I  » 


|,!.,,,,  ,,  |,,-Mi.iiM!  .,f.lr:i-A  >'v  '\y}   l-^''--  "•  H"'  -'l'-''^"-  "' 

the   illlO.      'I'll''   l-.iV,-    urrr   .■ithrr   ~lhk,-.l    .l-UM    :M:.|    llliM-- 

lu    1)1-    i-.iriii''l    :i>a:i>     i'V    Uh' 
,.,iijl,l   c-r.t!  \    1  M'  .  i!  .1.1  mr.l    iiv 


1  1 


\\  i !  H  1  ;  t  i  (•  ■-•* '  ( i  j  »p<  '^1 '  * '  >  '^ '  *  ■' 


.,  •> 


(rrlir!';!  t  !  n_:     (ipjtn^ilf    rUl'l'l'IiL^     ill 

1 


« ■    n  i  h  ■ , 


(ill! 


.   ,f 


\     -H' 


11.  I 


a  M  1  1  th  •    I  jr  \  M  -r.    c;!  -\     i  o 


\\  ilh 


•(  lU.i  I      !';i<  ■;'  it  \       -1  »«•;.  k      Ml       !i  i-      p!;!f«- 


1 


Cr.ni!iit'iitin^  '-n    fh-   p:i-;i-<'   In    Hir  lux.k   •»!    Daiii.-l 

xvlii.-li    >p(N!k^   "1    thf    inipM.fur.^   ..i    [\iv    pi'i.-U   <'l'    l^^^U 

uh..   -..Mhl    ivriit.T   til-   (.■n.ph'    kx    ;,    mmt.'!    p-^^nLT^^   nnd 

,.;,[     [h.-     th-h     "I     thr    Wi'UUir^.    ikaiitmrlk-     tv!ii:i!'k^:    "  It 

111  .•  1  1  1 

t  h'-^f    1  'Th'^f-  (■(  )uk  1   ( 

t  hi  'V      ( •(  ti  I  it  I      \\  1  Ih     t 

WIm-ii  tJM'  t.'nij.k-  Ml'    l-:^rMl;!pMi-^  :it     l-i^  u;«-  ^iipptv^M-ii 

k\     urdrV    nl     (    MM-^iiMlliih'.     ih'-    Im.!1m\\     mI'    fji.'    ^f:itM.-    U  n  ^ 

f.Hiriil  fn  foittn!!!  Iinniiin  Immi.'^.  TIk'  r\prr.>>ioii.-^  ii-«  *l 
}a  ChMTM  ;i!m1  Mnrr.k.iii^  in  iv^nr.!  t..  thr  li-!i!-(-  nt'  tlii^ 
twr)  Ik.rtuM*-  ;il  .\ntinni  nii.l  PiM-nr^U-  h/ii'i  n-  h.  .-..n- 
i,.rtiirr  tliat  knth  ^tiitiir.  iiai^t  h;i\.'  krrn  nrticnki  tr.  i ,  mt 
at  It-n-t  rnjiiikk'  (.!'  ihHklni^  ..r  nioxnii:  thr  r\t-.  W  hru 
thr  mni-r  .»!'  .Inpit.-f  Amnmn  wa^  rari'i.Ml  m  prora-Mon 
ni  ;i  -Mn.k»i;i  ot*  LT^l'l.  I'l''  itnaMMrx  x\;i^  point. m1  .ait  k\ 
thr  u<m1  inni-alt'  nfuhkn-  !ii-  h.-n-!  t..  tlir  ri^lit  i>r  iha  laii. 
I  See  ihf  liii. .  fit!,  .  h  i;,;,  r  .;  1  onteiK^llc's  II istoi re  des  oraclesy  enMod 
*'Fmirhrrir<  (]r<  oracles  iiianifesteiiunl  tiicouvertes." 


Ha^  sailia  araoiint  !<  irivnii  of  tha  -talnaui  llrnM->  .it 
liaiiUn-k.  LiHian  m  ^n^  trratiM'  of  iha  ;r<»«l^l<'>^  ^}  ^"-^  *'"" 
5;arls  that  hr  (Hk c  >;iV\  tha  ligiiiv  of  Apollo  k'uvc  the 
vacrcd  couch  on   which  it  \va>  carried  m  procession  and 

i\\   in  tlu'  air. 
'  We  nurst   not  condemn  too  scvcn^ly  the  crcduhty  ot 

the   Pchis^lc  an<l    Latin   races,  when   we  renieniker  how 
fond   the  clioscn   pcoph^   thain^ehes   ware  ot'  con>nlhnu- 
the  orach'  of     Baal    at     Hki'on.      Idie    (hv-ire   to    h>re>ee 
cvvnt>  in  life,  and  to  read  the  future,  i.>  innate  in  man- 
kind.   Fiftv-MX   h)rm^  of  <h;vination.   kna)wn   a.nd   prac- 
tJMMl    hv    the   an(ienL>,,   are   reristeivd    in    arclueolo-i^'al 
inanuah^.     In    the   ke-'innina'  appeal    wa^   ma(h'   in    rood 
laith  to  expriienee  aUil  to  tha'  practical   iudu'mcnt  r.l'  thr 
ahha-s  of  a.  }!-ikt\  w]io<(-  n^plics.  based  on  their  kuowUmI-c 
ot*    turn    aral    thin^-^,    \\rrr    u'ciirrallv    found    to    kr    true. 
Later,    when    thr   kinir  of  -oiuc  of   the.^e   w  i-r  a)ld   mm 
k(M-ame   known    kexoud    the   koundarie.s  of   thtdr  native^ 
plare.    impo-^lurr   rr(  pt    in,   and    oracle^    hecame    a    per- 
inanrnt    in-titu!iran    thr   secret   of    their    working    keiug 
tra!i>nutted    frrun    t'alhra-    to   son,   from    pi'ic^t    to    pne-t. 
Nce(llcs-  to  ^av.  thr  r(^>ponscs.  whichever  wax  they  were 
ol>tained,  wriv  Mikjcct    to  a  rharrr.  and  a   hirh  our.  ky 
m<-ans   of   whah    popular    sanckia  rie.>,  especially    tho>e 
ot"   Lamiviunu  Ncmi,  d11)ur.  and    FraMuvste,  scM-ured   an 
almost    kikulou-   iHwcnuc.     When   Octaviir^   I'ound    him- 
sv\i  in  financial  -trail-  at  tlie  time  of  the  (h\  il  War.  "'  he 
korrowed   -uoiaw  from  the  temple-,  fnmi  the  (ktp)itoliue 
at  Rome,  from  tho«^  of  Antium.  of  Lamivium.  of  Nemu-, 
aial  of  Tihur.  m  wkicli  cities  theiv  are  to-day  the  m(»-t 
at)nn(kant  -tore-  of  aon>e(a'ate(l  mone\  ."  '     But  we  need 
uot   (|Uot(^  In-toriral  rvidnu-r  wluMi  W(^  liavi^  ])efore  our 
e\('.-  thr  r\  airnrr  ot   kirts, 

'  Ap[»ianiis,  Civil  Ward,  trnii^.  hy  Professor  ITor.-av-  Wlnt(>.  v,  'A. 


1  ;i  1 


f-l  V\\\;t 


\]\\\li  lilUlU 


Mil 


I  '  I  )i  >l    (  M  (, 


< 


I  !  i  ft 


,.|  r\\\\vr\\  Within  ill*'  piX-iilii/l-^ 
of  ihr  U-inplr.  \-:\cV\  lienor,  .■tlllivll.  cniiXrliL  or  vi1ln 
rr^t^  OTl  niitHiUr  inuii<l.ith.!i.>.  'l\iC\  Vu>r  Hi  >^}  r  j  .^  .'i !  u  1 
[rvvurr^  up  the  ^1o|h'  nl  tlir  niniilitiill!  to  n  IZ-n^it  lici-liK 
\hr    AlWrVrUrr    r>\    \r\c\    \>vl\\ri^U    the     lower    U-ltf    ;i!i<l    llu' 

•otmid.i    IxMiiu"  li\^'  !iiiiMlr»'<l    l*"<'t- 


|)l!!lKicM'   nt    thr    li|>|H'I 


Jbroiit  ot  tlie  lower  terrace  uf  the  Sanctuary,  twelve  huiHlre<l  feet  long 


The  lower  terrace  had  a  frontajre  of  twelve  hundred 
feet,  and  the  whole  establishment  covered  an  area  of 
about  eighty  acres.  Such  figures  of  length,  breadth, 
and  surface  do  not  mean  much  by  themselves;  but  if  we 
cover  that  sj)ace  with  structures  of  stone  and  marble 
exquisitely  cut  and  carved;  with  colonnades  of  the  cost- 
Hot  hreccia,  crowned  with  capitals  of  gilt  metal;  with 
hnndreds  of  ..laUu  >  .  hiselled  or  cast  by  Greek  artists; 
if  we  consider  that  the  only  mosaic  fl-nr  yet  exhumed 


THE  TEMPLE  OF  FORTUNE.  DETAIL.  INTERIOR 


t 


mi:   L\ 


\  I  >  * 


)P    CP.VCi  Hl\      VUV.    r,\i\:M 


9f^" 


» 


M        If 


ir    ii  i* 


n })( »n 


r  I  M 


i  ) 


']■<     \]}C    -plH^vf      ili     I 


«*     Wolfi 


ions  w 


!  i  ( 


11 


\  I  "> 


t 


\\  (^   fna 


t'    i>rcn 


^    M  '  t 


( 1     ;m  ».■>(  M  I  H  '< 


hnihliiiif   nini    oi'iui  iiieiil 


of  tlir  -real  :>a!hi!Ui'V.  'To  hf  >un',  con  1 1  )n  ri>on  ^  with 
Hindcni  nndcrtnkniu-  of  llic  >anK'  iiatur<'  inav  Ik-  ims- 
,  ixM-au-c  IIm-  \aliM'  and  the  potoiitiadif y  of  inonov 


cauii 


were  alto<adlirr  dilfci-ftit  in  tlio^e  da  y.^ :  yet  I  eaniiot  1m'!] 
r(M-a1liiiii'  tlie  fact  tlial   liir    rchmldinu'  of  St.   IN'ter'^   Iki^ 


(■(  )^ 


t  tlic  ponliliral   trtaviiry  ahout  (a'^iit   inillioit   pound: 
nd    St.    Petcr'^   doc^s   not    coxrr.   anin^xe^   uirlude«L    t\N 


o 


ti 


n   (  >  o 


f  t 


M 


111'   i 


r  a    o 


he  te!n[>le  o 


f  1^'oi'tune 


N 


0\\    e\"e!'\ 


tn 


ne  ol  >nl 


)!ir.>e>,  t 


Kain\   -iH-iit    on    thai  .>trLK-lure,  ironi    the 
tlir  Ahifoninev.  wa^^  drawn  ont  of 


i       o 


tlh^  I 

tafo 

Jndii'ed    i*\     t 


,)1    er 


e« 


iul* 


eiuN  jjil^rini.s  seeking  t 


(  !     n 


t! 


'\    nieari-^   o 


f     file    e(de])rated     sarfrs     Pr^i 

\\    haxc   (■(Sine  d((\\n    to 


fl  I   St  I 


ii(V, 


v\\     u  !i 


I  i 


t 


It 


[ur^wa^rN  inn^t  ha\  o  heiai  « 


I 


iinnenth   uri^ati^lactorx  .     i-i^}' 
fiHMition^  the  folhea  ing,  -ixcn  lo  a  deputation  frons  Home 


t    the   tl! 


lie   o 


e  seco 


I 


\\ 


ir 


lis  ^^11   l>.  e.) 


M 


(I  i'ors 


Irl 


U  ni    sitii 


r  i! 


1 1  1 1 1  i 


I    '*  Mars  shake-  \\\<  <])ear") 


\\ 


oh    w 


)re 


Ud 


.IN  a   \x  a  laiHig  o 


11 


iiini  ha 


wn- 


\anor  on 


Lake  I'l'asinierh',  while  it  r(^f(M"red  inoro  iik< 

ha-ta'  Mafti>    in    lh(^  sm  aioL: 


to  the-  \ihraii»>n  ol    tfit 


I 


HhO      O 


h»N(-rvat(irv   of    the    Keu'ia.  a*^  (U^sn 


1 


hed 


\ 


r:  I  - 


t  ■  W 


l\des,"    p.    7S.     A 


»ra 


hd>el   di-^coverfMl    in    ISTf)  noa  r 


A 


lana)  f  near  I  iir  <  jraoic  « >i    .v) 


\l)onri-i  '  conlani-  the  wo 


l']sf  lijuos  (sic)  perj 


hUs'i  /* 


■'  > '  ( 


I   ill.    i-rl 


l(     NiUI     I 


)i  ii  I 


f, 


((  ' 


H  ) !  ■  "^  < 


W  11 


N    \aa'\ 


:tl 


t  !  >'. 


(•\\  >een! 


t^ 


)  !  H'  la 


nne,   but    iheeti    (;an>t    not 
kin*'"  in  eoniinon  sense. 


a\V     1 


ooii  a 


Idle   thonght   thai  laladou-.  >hni-  of  money 
xtorted    l.\     mean^    of    snch     hkatant    ini j)o>tur(\-    doe 
t    r(dl(M-t    ei'e<ht    o  i    tlie   intelligtMiee   and    |)e]-.sj 


no 


Mca< 


tv 


►f 


oT   men 


llenee  o 


inu    \  «: 


I        ! 


At-   are   unwihinir  to  relv  on  iiie  e\i- 


f  tl 


le 


r> 


I  nt-iirtures  ol    rraau 


f  1 


,te.  Idbnr.  T.rnin- 


^//,u     WAMMiaN 


I'll!.    laAlAX    rAMI'\^.V\ 


o 


othr 


\\ 


cachinir  tlie 


I,,    ,1.,.  ,,c-mfns  uhi.-ii  ,Mv  !., !   iM  Ih.    j. i-.nl   .i;.N    M--.n- 

t!,,..,.  .;,iirtu;ir!<-^.  ill  «-,-iii,^  ;nM  i..x>.T.>  alia  liiil.^k.  ,<\ 
a.tnn,>iiiii-  MiMMlihr^.  -..-ii  -II. ■  ivi-n-MMihr,-  tlir  nflrr- 
;,,,.   of   ..lie    l;.niil\     ';,|!,,-r    than    ul    -nr    iii.iivi.lnal      At 


1  trl'i  (  ><  I  i 


1 


f  ■!!  n  M  ^   M 


'  !  <  I" 


of 


1 1 


! 


1  i   !    ^1 


ii-;iSS 


rr-rof(),s  w'cw    iinn^:'   ;ii 

the  CremenK  nv.r  ImiidnMl  and  niiu  iy-eiohl  it^i  i)clc)W. 


1 1 


ol  i      I  1  ! «  ■      i  i  1  !  M  1  11  1< 

most   reaches    the  bed    of 


rr^ 


Til 
.indei 


I      .    H    I  -^ 


was  first  discovered  in  the  time  of  AU^x- 
b.j.j    i(,()7)  hy  his  nephew,  (^arcHnal  Chi^i, 
together  with  the  temple  of  tlie  jroddess.    An  eye-witness 
of'^these  excavations  describes  the  temple  as  a  beautiful 
structure  with  fluted  columns  of  the  Ionic  order,  and  a 
frieze   carved    in    trophies    and    panoplies.    The   altar, 
"with  ficvures  of  Etruscan  type,"  was  still  in  situ.    The 
strata  oi  ex-votos  were  so  rich  "that  the  whole  of  Rome 
was  flooded  with  terra-cottas  ...  in  such  quantities  as 
to   make  several   hundred  cartloads.    There  were  also 
bronze  fif^nirines  and  sacred  vessels  and   mirror-cases, 
which  wtM-e  stolen  or  destroyed.    I  have  known  ()f  one 
workman  breakinf,^  marvellous  objects  {cose  insigni)  into 
fragments,  to  melt  them  for  knife  handles."  '    The  mine 
has-been  exj)loited  for  three  and  a  half  centuries  with- 
out showing  anv  trace  of  exhaustion.    In  the  campaign 
of  exploration  which  I  directed  in  1889  on  the  site  of 
Veii,   the   property  at  that   time  of   the  late    Empress 
of  Brazil,  I  was  able  to  make  a  rough  estimate  of  its 
dimensions:   two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  length,  fifty 
in  width,  from    three   to   four  in  depth;   nearly  forty- 

^  Memoirs  of  Pietro  Sante  Bartoli,  published  by  Carlo  Fea,  Miscel- 
lanea Antiquariay  vol.  i. 


'I'ii!:     \    \\T)    OF    a^WdniiS     Tflh    uKLA'i  237 

fr>iir  fhdu^n!    I  rMibic  feet,  left  after  many  centuries  of 

11? 

!  •  i  i  I  !  'M  i  •■ '  i    . 

llnninii    uiiUiVi'    liiiyy    iiul    riK'ii-'rd    wilii    liic    iap-r    OI 
centuries,  and  ttir  (-r.;i\-ing  for  a  r('\-ciati<>]i  of  tlir  fntiiro 


An  altar  found  within  the  Temple  of  Fortune 

by  more  or  less  superstitious  means  has  not  been  sup- 
pressed by  the  evangelization  of  pagan  lands.  The 
sortcsy  having  been  almost  forgotten  towards  the  end  of 
the  empire,  came  again  into  fashion  in  Christian  times. 


i  .  \ 


^\.  {h,^  {  ,i,M-k>  inn'if  u-t^  *•!  the  IILmI  o!  Ilir  (  J.iyssey,  flit 


'  ;U'     ^ilK  1      III* 
;i  kil!'^    tin"   iU'^t    1  !!H'  nil    W  ll  H- 


(  »    It '11  i  IlL 


M  -n  I 


i  -^  I  i ;  i  !  1  ^     11^*'     tilt' 
}     !  ;i  1 1<  h  til  i .    ;i  !iu 


el!'  r  \  ( '  --    !  ■  t  •  -.  t  (•  i  1   .  i  ^   U 


(•    [■(•ir  I  N 


luli- 


cjiticu  nl'  I'litiirt'  .M-ruri'fiHT-.  >t.  An-n-tii 
tluiii  nTU-(^  to  tin-  lnri!iul;i  nt'  dix  inn  t  u»i!.  l^\<'!i  tlic  >lh-ipi* 
,,f  tlir  t:il-lft-  \^;!-  l.orrowvd  tVoin  lic.-i t li(>iii>iii,  iM-'inir  cui 
in  Ih!!-*!  w.hmI.  or  rix'  m  the  lunn  cf  l.i-ciiit>.  ;i-  (h-<rilKMl 
in  thr'  iini!iitt'>  (»f  tlic  (•(Minril  hcM  .-it  Anxt^nv  in  ATS. 
'j^l,,.x  u^-rr  raUcJ  nh/7,  >•  .v(///r'/.i/-///// .  jn-t  ;i-  the  nn-imts 
unv  wont  to  -po;ik  <•!'  th(^  .vnr/r.v  miiili^nni  « n-  thr  N*ir/r.v 
/';•,/  fn  .sfiin!  .  Pnpnhir  in;nni;iU  rxpl.'iin.-d  thru-  nicnnmu', 
jik,-  [\ir  ■•  Lihrn  (In  M,-ni"  ^Bonk  nt'  I )  Tea  u  i> ;  ( )i'  Ihc 
pn-M^nt  .kiv.  (niincil  ;ift.T  r.,uncil  (M.n.hnniHM!  tlio  iim- 
of  <nch  iMH)k-:  knt  -< .  nntni'al  i>  the  trend  nt  hnninn 
iKiturr  U^wiiv^l-  the  .hxin.-itmn  nl   tntnrt-  ovoiit.-,  thnt   tii(^ 

;n-t^    ui'    onr    of    tho^e    C■OUii(■il^    rokdo    hew     thr    ;i>M'Iid.|ed 

|,i.li()j.>   drew    an    (»!nen    <  .r   a  fr>rew  ;i  r!unu-   I'roni    rerlain 

wnrd>,  (.f  tlir   latnr-ie    h'.M.n  ol'    the    .k-iv.    and    .k-rahMl 

to  nienlinn  thtwnaait    in    the  otheial    j)rneee<hai-^  ui  tlie 
meet  mg. 

Idirre     are     two     eellfre^     of     Inff're^t     to     he     VlHtfd     ;it 

|';i|,..tnn;i. thr  lo\\er.   whieh    iiiehido-    the    h>nini.    iho 

h;,Hhca,  tho  M.iarinin.  thr  a-rnrinm,  th(^  temple  whore 
the   iv.jM.n^e^   ^xero  uixm,   the  caxe    ni    whic-h    thr  ..nies 

XK,.re    kept    in    the-    ho\    of  e.live    Wood,    itnd    the    ^nrnrl     pa  ^-- 

^a-e  eoimertm-  the  tomph-  uith  thr  (  ;ivr;;ind  tho  nppri-, 
,.,,mpr!>imr  t1ir  ronnd  >hrnie  and  thr  h;iron!;d  pakn^e  oi 
the  Harhrrim,  m  ;i  hah  of  whi-h  th<'  hiinou-  nio-air  tloor 

]<    Tinw     rxlni  t!t«  d. 

'fk,.  tornm  i-  repri^-ented  1)\-  tlie  mr^dorn  pia//:i.  tlie 
l,;,Mho;,  hv  thr  eathe-dral  rlmrrh  of  >.  A-npito.  The 
sun-dial  (h'M-rihed    hv    \';irro  .'ind    lUn-tratrd   h\    Marne- 


c  hi!  ^  IS  engi 


1  ne   aTarmn 


'avc^d  nhove  the  entr^oirr  duur  oi  liie  basilica. 


hH^asuna  in   wiia-ti   !hr  frrv  p:od  fe 


sorfilrrfi     wrrr     -toirA 


v\  -i  \     in    -^a  1  r-^    or io! mn  1^ 


Oi  .h  i !  i !  ro  i '  r    a  *    n  i e 


1S7^.     li   i^   a    \-ai!n.rd 


nmniripalit  \  .    \\  <i-   Ai^rox  rrro    i* 

c-rxpt    twrnt\--onr   feel  deop,   hnniren    wi.ie,  op<-nn.-  nn 

ll,;,  hn'unn  nndt^r  ihr  ve^tAude  of  the  teinpha  :i  ventaiile 


->V^  '    .  VV^I^vvJfli'     —  .■ 


;a!TAMl[liAA>  '_^x5^^i;AA> 


y\  I  1 1  ■  ■ 


Coliinnadf 

•  •  • m 


Site  of  Xew  Museum 


1^    s? 


Polvional 
Wall 


•T-T^ 


i 

^  Brtsilicii 

i 


-ti 


^ 


I 
I 


J=3 

Min  Dial 

Plan  of  oracle 


Treasury 
Forum  Excavated  VJ<)7-r.K)8 

Foro  primitivo 


r„,n    lacni-  thr  ,i....-   nam-    Ih-'   a.lilr   >L   .Vniriii^    nn<1 
j\l     MiTsiein-  n-  ili.    Iiiiii>iri--  of  tlu.->  aTuriuiii. 

•[•|„.  ■rruipiiiMi  l''.M-t!i!Ui'  rriiniu-iMii;f.  nscfl  until  lat.-ly 
for  a  umr  .rliai  an.l  iuiiilK-r  ruoin  tor  the  i-|H--(.i>al 
scniinarv.  w  uw  ol  thr  must  |.ovf(H't  siKM-imcn-  uf  Italic 
;,,vlntiTtuiv  c,l  Milla'..  imic  lo  !h-  foun.l  in  .vntra!   Italy. 

■  Varro    l)c  Livgua  Latina,   vi,    t:    >L.nKvh,,  -  ih    „„   antu.:,.simo 
..,.l,„.i.,  ..^.rr  recentemente  sr,.,.crto  i„  Pnlc-.trina."  in  .l,ma/»  /«W»to, 


iNNk  p.  ^80. 


Its  apse.   V,r\\-V.    nnt   n!    thr    !:■, 


\    i   '      I    !    M   •  K 


ha--,  llii'^-^'  recesses  or 


iiil'iiC'>»   t  i  i' '    [ 


M  1 


rn,  ,>,■  .  >t  \K  iiifh   n;i 


M  '(  •!!    :!    - 


1 1 1  ■>  ]  r  f '  t   t  s  i 


i  M 


i  , 


that    witlisn    it-    ^^; 


th«"    ino-nua    Tinw 


I      I  IH 


It  •    t  ;f  < 


Ki  rDiiiai 


,1;,,...  u.-,>  ,l,M-,Aviv.l  ;it  Hm-  !..■-, niiiiiu-  "I  tl"'  --vn- 
;,,,,,!,  ,,,,,,irv.  I'riiuT  F.amr..  (  Vm.  llir  louiui-r  ut 
th,.   Ar,a.lrn,Ki    .In    I.m.vi,    lii-l    .  1--.  ril hm I    it    in    Kil  k 

Tllc    .■.■ivlh-l    c.'lnlV.l    rnp\     W.'l^    Ur.nlr    mmMI    lifter,    jl     Hu' 

,.X|H-n.,-     nl      t!,,'     C.vai.MV     (    .^M.MO     ,ia      I'o//".     ^vl,nM. 

„,vana,lr     ruWcrUnU     ul      ,-,  n -hu..!.)^-,.  ■,•,  1     .IniNMHU^     w;i^ 
,„^^  ^„,^,,1„,,1    tn  tlu-  Hrih.l,    MiiMMUii  l.v  II, c-   l.ih-Mr  Aii-^ 

^,,.tu.  Fnink..  Canlnuil  Aiuln-n  I'.'-vth.  IV.^l-r  "1 
l'-,i,-tviiKi  in  1  (;-,'.".  -Mi.  r.>in..vr,l  llir  HcmP  t.,  UullK', 
.,v,n..-  HI  .•xrlm.iu-  tnr  ,1  t-.  !!,.■  .li.-ipi-r  -I  -•  A.::iiMto 
"  tru  Miun-h  v.'^tniniN-  In  thr  iih-.-m,  tini,'  IIh-  jM-inn- 
,,J„N  ul  I'a.-^lrili;^  luM«i^  iH-n,  -,l.i  I'V  Vr^mrr<rn 
(,,!nnn;,.  n„  ,l:MMn:^^  Hi,  Iti.iU.  t..  Crln  I'-.tImt,,,,. 
i,r.,tlMTnl  l'..jMa-rl..n  \111.  fnr  ll>-  -mi  nf  ..-v.u  Imih- 
,1,-0.1  'IThI  -..■N.-ntx-iur  ili..il.sUi.  1  -.u.li    ■Irn'-Mi  "^i'    "i     i^"' 

l,;iv  in-    Im'.-u     iiia.lv    .  ,i  r.  liH..  > -i  ^--"1 '■     ""  '  / 

,  ,,,,„,;i,,,|  1,,  ,.,-f,.T.-  flu-  TtKi^aic  t-  it>  aluuni  ;m.mIi..:i, 
^,i,,';,  U  !k-  reman. -!  un.iisturl.r.1  f.-:  'l.^  voars. 
11  ivinc  li.'-n  reiTinvi-.1  once  more  !.■  Ituiuo  i-  i-  -^  to  l)e 
suLiuim-.i  I.,  a  fresh  resloratioTu  it  is  now  very  (iecently 
exhibited  in  the  hall  of  the  baronial  residence,  to  which 
the  exquisite  remains  of  the  upper  temple  (.IMes  For- 
tune) serve  as  foundations.  There  is  scarcely  any  relic 
of  ancient  ar!   v.'Mi  has  b.-n  .ikhIo  the  .subjea  of  so 

, 'u,  i,.;,iiu'a....M!^-versy.    An^anasms  K  --her  .■..n-ul- 

.j,rr^.>!:!  t!i.-  vicissit.nlr.-  ui  iui'Mi:.  ,  (  animal 
Ih      murii.'^     -I      M.-xainl.T    !..    ti^'    '>nu-lc    of 

\\)\ I (1 ,  r\  •ill-  iii   na-  i i re 

of  kiUa:  MoiilhiUruiu  ;i    jK.nora  iiiir  4vr[rh  -!   Sin-  <  MUr:.L; 


«  ■!'*  •<  ! 


f    * 


roh^iia*'. 


Ti  W  .    L  \  \  n    t 


1       !  h 


idlLuuill     i'Hl^    i.REAT        241 

Nile:  Winckelmaiiii,  the  nKrlia-  r>^:   Ilalen  and 
M,,iH-hn!-  a.    i:a^i't:  riK.npxa  tlir  .Inppin-  of  uh.',it   tor 

fh.^.nppU  oi   Uuiuaa>arihaUaaxa  thr  jnnfnrx  ui   ILniram 


aia^    ypiu    th'/ 


run 


lo    |-at'j»h;inln!;! 

Tha  nawaia  inMlt>nh{raiy  ivprar^auU,  \n  ;i  -k^tah}  N\;iy, 
scciia.s  of  thr  louAi-  naAhlh/  an^l  nppar  vaih'V  of  \hr  ^ili^, 
..nlivonad  uitli  M-mr-  nf  aiViualmii  hy  niraii-  of  the 
lljn-hi  of   hinU,  of   tha    Im/VAUil  of   haa<.  of  th(^  arau  iiii- 


General  outline  of  the  mosaic  floor  in  the  apse  of  the  Temple 

or  .a  .Vr<     nnd  of  the  peeking  of  fowls.    But  its  most 
striking    feature    is    the   reprodnafi.Mi    r.f    twenty    wild 

^f,,;,..^^   hra^U,    vsini    their  names  aaju'adr.i    ai    Creek 


.! 


iters. 


-s      i  Miaparii!!;   tha  n<pc('\  and    ll 


a     ! 


a;!  a  la 


-.  ui  ilicse 


t     I  <  '   ;  M  ■'  '•  '  '  1  '  i  '     - 


oi^   w\\!)i:in\^.-  i\    ini.  human  ^  ami'v^w 

i\ru  ol  ihriii  l.v    iMi^niii-^  Hi  In- 

\,^ny.^n->rl^inrvrns  ^-1>-  Ahiinaliuni 

'M.  ninl   n.u^ulvnu^,  linilHTiih.iv,  tli;it   Hi*-  iuitn- 

rnh'    .it    tlir  tiin*'  <»f 


il..-    li.-ihn'.ill-r-   tf\t.  nr 


1  l.-iiiniiiu  \\  tiH-ii 


1 1  ( 


;i(     h'i 


.;ill    it  all   illii>fr,!tioii-|)! 


t '    <  > 


H 


rcl    riihrr   i'\    liini   iliirctly 


tl 


;il    'M 


1  1 1  i.>t   'Acior 


t    f  ! 


(■    ex 


(.■\f  ill"'' 


nV     '  i\     III''    I  )<■!  il 


( »  t  )e  se< 


!     MM 

111   (  (  i!  i  -1>  i' 


I 


\.-il 


t  ( 


f  )\ 


i    I    !    I 


>  I  1  II 


.  (  ■  (  )  \  t   ! '  <  '  I  1 


;,ii,i  ii;j.  ,.!i!\   witliin  IIm-  i 
ihr  liiaiii  -r<Hip  "l'  ivmain 


j  s(i!)  I  ix   ,1  I*  H-;ii  nii!  in 


;iri:ni . 


t     v\       !  1  ' 


! 


.  \ 


ri't  'i:'i  1 1  ;*  r    ill    ^i  la  [  "  a 

r\     M  a  1  I  '!  1   !  1 ,!  I  n.  I  _ '  ■• 


ha-  !  M'ti!  \  fl 

i  ;i  ( -r  <  tl  I !  a*  -•  'a  I  a  a  ( '  *■ 

w  it  ti   a    ft*  >inU''  1     baalv,  j>< 


i].r(1  n<  a    ra|  m  >-iH  a'\    *  a   t  ^ 

'       •   ■  '     x\    ill 


\\  (  .    \  t  •;!  r-    i  >arii    !"' 

■  ' ). ■!(  aiLl'--.      I  1  a '  < ^a  \  c 

lil-.M'    rrrr--.-;     aial     iN    lln.a' 
j_  I  }i,-  cMva  il-.'ll"  la!  \  ma  l'"(ii 
I  j   I't  'j  )!■(  '-fill-  f  i  a  •  ^a,  I  r- 


Till  ai  r 


I ) 


'      1 
\\  1 1 1  •  1 


,.  t  ,}•(  ,\  iijc('  w  a>  na  ni 


*   ' I  a  a  a\  I i  i  i  a ' . 

;nnnii _:'  \\  n  a 

l'^-  \  !  it .  iV'  a  a    \\  ha 

t   1^  ;il-(  I  re  ha- ret  1  1* »  ni 

nalil 


■(  )-«    t  I 


1  I  i 


;iiM,tlaa-  (latail  <»!'  Hia  M-.an- 

Mi-    iiiiainial-k   al    Llia    loWr 


icl  I  as   Ma  ft  a -el 


Ai'-xaiali-ia.   a    aoTi-pa-ia 

curiitT  nl"   tli«'    }Hatn!a\ 

\<M-nT(liiaMntla'tla'nrv  In  Iris  aXjM  aiia 
f,a1una-tallin-ua-pra.ti-<-.lint]n-wnv:   qia-appia-an 

havini:   ^taf.a   hw  .|Uc.la.n   -la  laliniT  . -r  kn<-lin-    in    Ih. 

tha   mxlila--.   ill-   i!ic.>^ai!v   \\  a> 

/•//■/,  ijiis  ill  i-liarL^o 


iUiau'a  (> 


a  I  )>a    i  M  a  <  'I'a    !  a* 

tl-IIlMnltt.a    i,V    an    :irrnin|  .li.r    l.>    1IH>    •- ' 

„i,h.',,l,VV-Wn,Haa-ial    tlM-nil,.MM-,Ml    nl    th.-M.rrt    paS- 

■,ov     The  aii^\\.T.   .Irauii    al    i-aii.lnn,   fmn,    tlir   nix^lu- 
'   vntaclr.  wa.  n'a.itn  thr  MM-k.T  frulii  an  n|M-nin,u:  alH.v. 

the  apse,  the  voice  <>i   Hm-   ..M'-e„::er   a-u,-  pn.lr.M-^ 


lai  M  \ 


'llfi:    i.AMJ    Ui     iiilKi.OllY     lilK    (.UKAT         ^4:> 

alttiv.i     ana     a^idc    iin  :.ianuLa>    .ma     nwv-uinv    ]a     tliC 
ac(ai-la'  aiTa  na'-nia!-!   ..f  tla^  ])lace. 

Ainontr  ilic  lii>lnra-ai  in^VMmHi:v-  known  In  liavr  .fuod 
oil  tins  inc. sale  f\cu^v  h\  iniv^l  of  a   ra>|)ons(a  m  llir  later 
pcriud  of  tlif  I'.nipnv,  aiv  Severn-  Alexander  aii.l  .Iniiaii 
the  Apostate.      !'.'>  tl  e  lir-l,  iiuiiiirinu'  n\  helher  hi'  >honl(l 
be  ill)!*'  to  <-eape  li.)ni   the  nia.iiinatious  of  lii<  cou^m 
llela-ahaln-,  the  an-wer  \va-  -iveii  from  Mr-ilV  .Kiiei.l 
,vi.   ss-,*i:    >''■   7'".'    /"'"    "^\/" '•"    rumpa^-'tu    MnrrrUn.-i 
,ris:   uhi<-h   nia'\    have   l.een   inleri>n'te,l   hy   the  Mi.|nirer 
,,,    ,,1,,,.,,   ,1,.,,,   ,;,,,,   .,,,i.e  — l^erhap-  a>  a    proini-e  ol    a 
l.rilliant  eareer,  il  t  lie  .li  l!i<-ultie>  of  the  moment  eoiihl  !  .e 
Stimeh.iw  overeonie.     A-  reuar.i-  .Inlian  the  Apo.-lateaie 
seeiu.-  to  have  ex, Tie  1  hnn-e!!   -o  ..ner-elieall.\   m  reviving 
the  fortr.nes  of  I'ra'n.-le  that  a  -talne  wa>  raiMMJ   to  him 
,,,    ,|„,    ,•  ,nini,    the   p.ae-tal    of    xvhlell    was   <lisrov<Te,l    lU 

l(i.")7.' 

l?v  the  iroi!v  of  fate,  thi-  ancient  and  veneral.ie  ,-!ty. 

'   of   >neh    a    ^oiiuess, 


x\hi,-li.   plaee.l    lualei-    the    |  la  t  I'onai:', 

ou-lit  to  havrha.la  liapp.van.i  p.'ae.'fnl  life. -tand-  to^re- 

UH^.l  amon->t    tiio.e  ll,al    iiave  MilVere.l   mo-t,     Wiiether 

pau-an  or  ( 'iiri-tiaii.  u  liet  !ier  xvkin-  the  help<if  F.,rtnne 

or  of  St.  Auapilu>,  A  lieliier  repnl.liean.  imp-rial,  or  pon- 

titi,,il.  I'raMie-le  ha-  perio.heallv  -ntlerd  -neh  .h-a>ters 

ti,;,t    «,•   mar\el   at    tiie  xilality  which  i-  -till  keepin-  the 

,,i:M-e    ali\e.     In     li^     i;.  C,    a    con-pirac>     havin-    heen 

.st-irlcl    am,.m'   the   -lav(><.    live   hnudred   of   them   «ere 

rx.ruled   in   the    puhla-  held,     in  SI    the  death  of  vonn- 

Marius  hnvini;-  indu.cHi  ihe  rr;ene.>linian-  lo  -urre'ider 

at  .li-creta.n  to  Snila.  lueUe  thousand  of  them  were  ])ut 

to  death,  the  eitv  u  a  -  de-tnned,  and  it-  terntorv  uiven. 

,,,,  i,,  the  enlar-cneiit    and    imin-ovemeiit    of  the   -anc- 

tuarv.     In  a.  o.   I  Ihl  the  medueval  city  was  stormed  and 

»  Coi!![uirr  Ci^iuis  I  riser.  Lif.^  vol.  xiv,  n.  -^OU. 


x>  i  i     w 


whi'tUN^.^  IN    rin"  I'* 


>MA\     TAMI 


\  I 


V\ 


M         '  )  \       i  ii 


r       H. 


J  !  )|  •  ■       *  * 


1 


1,1 


Hi-lin| 


•»  ( I 


I  I 


!^;i  ;t  lit 


Mil 


i  _  <l  i  I  ;     i 


r\  f  'I  It '« 


it^  rnin^  ^vil  II  ^;i  it,  \^ 


( '  ill 


t'  I  n 


!f\     It 


t '  i  i  i  t 


i  t 


1^,     ]jj)^    T'-tHltM'i 


'O 


ice 


n  k  !  t 


) !  1 1 1  (  1  ,  ;  I  !  1 '  1    ^  p  1  ;  !  I  l\ 


r      t 


w    >ur\  1\  <  T^  \\  ti"'*  U 


r<  Hiih 


lurt 


( "    r ! !  n  !  t  1 


!i   of   tlit^  M;i<l<)min  nt 


A 


(  '  1    t     !    i 


h     liii' 


1 


:i;iin    hrh.\\ 


11  ;i  rlii^icr  >'!'  Init-  t 


( )  \\  1 1 1 < 


f  j  H '   !  1 ;  1 1  n  < '  <  > 


r 


Civitn^    Piipiiii-    wn-    iriv(M 


W 


<  t  •>( 


('\('ii    \\n^ 


\\  tin 


h   tlir  uiilortuii.-itr  city  t'\|K'ruM 


(■(M 


thr     I'.'lte 


1    in    1  [M    .-it    tlir 


l,;iii,U    of    [\w    inoxo 


l-lhlc     Ic-ntr     <.t       1m1-V!1!'1 


1\\    tl 


i< 


patriarch  <•!'  A(iuiU 


ilria     Car.linnl   ( .  innviti'llo   XitrllcM-l 


inor*'  criKM  an* 


('    \\  vrU 


1 


o      > 


1  vnKlictivr  tliJtii   Sulla  liiniM'll. 
■  h,.,!  citi/.rn.^  f«.r  tlicir  n11(--laiH-r  t<.  the  ( 


()• 


oHl 


\\  I M  i^c   ca  ii^« 


tlirN    had   cnil. raced   iii   the  uai"^  tm 


11<  ICl  ICiH  iCilCt 


<  •  ~ ' 


tin 


t  the  ])n|>:ii  poN^cr,  \  itclic-c! 


s\    (    » 


rk  nf  dc-tructmii  !• 


Ma!-ch   2iK   1  h"»7,  and  h. 


H 


r   1(Mi\' 


hi 


\>  pur.^uc* 


( ) 


A- 


ipil  u^   a  !H 


iihx    that   net  cNcii  the  -rav 
1   the  rathcdrid   church  W(-re  ^pai'cd 


t   <()  uuiuert 


t.  hch-.  it 


(     (  X 


t  u 


1   it-  !■ 


CiM 


I  \   lllU    I  H'Cll 


tir 


rrfi  M  t\  e( 


1 


t.)    ( 


I  )ru( 


■tn.     til 


( •     1 


(  a  1  i  e    c> 


fl,,.    \i!cllc-ch!.    'rin-ce-    \ear 


\rV,  nn    April    -i.    1   lUK  Tale^tiMt 


w  a-  re\  ciii^tM 


I  ^'      !  M  '  t 


n    .tran.-h'd    in    the   (lun-eou-  u 


w 


t'  Auu' 


, <  e^c    h'^. 


e  i  (  ) ,    II 


te    IM 


\    nrticr    c( 


ii 


(  I  M'Ci  ! 


in* 


a-   ca  !npa  lu: 


lNu»e    I'hlLient 


he  cai'- 
l    Cartel 


Colon ! 

tiUIi 


1  e    a 


ric>uviu(^u<   a 


thnr 


( I 


I  111' 


1) 


('-^( 


ilU, 


» M  <  a  1    n 


t  t 


f  T 


le 


\  ii<  '  \ 


l,.,l  the  cit\  .-it  the  hc-nnnn-  < 


f  the  Hint 


tcenth  < 


ea  n  r\  .    a 


er    1 


t      il<Hl     Cllit'XCt 


)cri<  H  I   ( « 


(     pr'*-'" 


t  \     UUP' 


a 


rule   n 


n 


M 


IM!  !  ! 


H'll  re 


\   t 


<  ■(  » 


\-('r\    intta-c-f  uu!'    acciau 
irt.   ju-t   !  >ef<  a'c  the  Na  | 
ht-  I  a'cai-lil  ahnut  a 


t    .a'    t 


('    haro 


)(  ae(  a  M < 


ne\\  ta'a  ui 


t;na  c( •  a  ut  1 
ni-    ieudal 
th,.  h!-tnr\  <»t'  the  Cani- 


I   t  M 


pair 


I'he    I 


Maiua^  V    p*  )\\i 


le  sa\ 


>   < 


Xiii     UnW 


\er\ 


tth'  inhaat^r  tn  that   -l    tia'  M^verei-n 


lie  lias  the 


nil" 


ht  of  hte  and  death,  and  adiuini>t(a->  j 


tta->   iu>tiee  without 


A  SECTION  OF  TITK  MO-      iFLOC^r  ON  A   i.AUGEK  SCALE 


THE  LAND  OF  GREmnv    Tin 


,  ;,  ', 


\T 


2 1  > 


aiMKal.    The  prisons  are  beneath  the  palace.  ...  A 
Te<rhnrn\  of  infantry  and  one  of  cavalry  compose  the 

..[^  r,l  .1  !l;.  Trinceof  Palestrina.  mul  Cnn.  i  -cutpllari, 
h\^  in;i^tor  of  the  Lur.c,  li..>  ih-  r<m.in;iii.!  -'  n,,!!,.  A 
,, ,,!!,.,■  ;,iHi  ;i  .-MPI:!'!!  rr.^iflp  iis  tli--  cilx.  Ln!  thr.-,c  ix-i- 
Mirni^  ;mv  i:,r  iiuin  l.-n,^  r.Hni.lHe.-'  Th"  ;.uihor  Hi-'M 
,|,,.,.nl„.~  IIm'  .■ipnTt-iK-nt  nf  r;ir(!iii;il  >ri;rrr.u  iiroUhT  ..i 
tla-  pnurr,  i,r..UT!r,l  i,y  -ixv..  miu.II  Imvim-Ii  .Tir.nrm  of 
tl,,.  iiMwt  ciirinii-.  w.,,rkin:iii~!ii|>";  tli*^'  (lni\N  in--rn.  .ni, 
,i,ll,    ■•;,    ,hit,-  ,;iiiM|,\    .,1    ,Tin:Mni   ;iri<l   tr"!'!";  ^nnl   the 

,|;,|.      iK.l.-l.MMl.T.    ■■'■The     iml,-     I,.'     --tV^.     "whirl,     WUS 

t|,,.,|  ,,|-  rrl.,-Mi   \"I1L  i-  :ni  .'X;irt  TlKxh'l  of  tlir  hi-li  .■!li:n- 
ulM.   I'rl, ■,■■...    th<L-  arc  tnui'  hvi^l.'.l  n.innui^.  tlic  -ihl- 
i,,-  of  v.hirh  ni.i~l   h:ivo  Ixvtt  ol   uivat  (■xik'U>c;    bul  il  i- 
tnlio  iviaeiiii..-iv,l  Ih.it  rrlinii  ivmin'.!  tu  riit  v-(.nc  v(';n-;. 
.,,,,1  u;i^  iint  M-rupulnu^  in  the  IlKiilrr  o!   lirpuhMn.     Thr 
a,,arlniriit.ol  ih-'     .ninvniul  i>riucess  on  thr  llnor  ai  .nve 
.   jn-o  >.-iKiratr,l   K\    an  npcii   li-rracc,  which   i^  truly 
.irli-hllnl  JMr  llic  x-icv,   ;i  .•njnv-..    TTcro  i>^  n   naiutm-  in 
fr(>^rn    1a     I'ictrn   .!a    (orti.ua,    ^^ila■h    -ivc^   a   complete 
h1.„  o!   Ihc  :n„.;.nl   t.M.ij.hc    ...    In  the  ^acri,4y  luI  ihe 
chapel   ol   -anla    lio.alia,  iM-ncalh   thi^   terra. •.■   i~  a   ^  erv 
v,liiahlc  coll.'ction-  fine  vc^lnicnl^-.   relics  nelily   .^ei    iii 
..liver;   a  /-;.  U!  ..i,ur,,vc,l  on  r-.ck  crv-lal.  <et  in  silver  uith 
,.,nerai.u'an>l  -thd'  j^re,  luli.^  ..iuiie.^  uii  a  hase  of  jasper: 
suiallcal,in.-!-oi  N;,rioM^M/.es,ele.    Five  rnnm<  con , po.,c 
,!„.  ;irn)orx.   v^hica   i^   kept   in   -o-.l   onlcr  aia!   cont.i.iis 
nu.ns   nicn,orui~oi  liickravcrvof  the-cnirra  C  ulunua.-, 
.,i..|,   .,.  am,,,   fakeii    ironi   the-  Turk-  an-l    Moors.   .    .^  . 
'l-|i,.rc  I-  ewn  a  ciirns^  which  h.-lon-cl  to  a  >oun_'  ia.iy 

r  11    .  i-.o,,  !\  •    ll-    -IcH'C'  of  !i  i-  vci'\   i)reti\.  hut  there  is 
o    the  la  iiii  I  \  ,    I  U'    >n.i   '^      i   .  I  i  .     ] 


,,   !,,,!('  nu.rlo  ^v  n   iini-kct  hall  m)  near  Hh'  h^-^ri 


iiiu^i    ni-taiiih     liavo    ;H-fa-!oiuT 


]    tlir   dentil    i>f   th' 


1 1 


%;  f 


!       I 


\u  y\\  \  \    i   \  M  rAt.AA 


1.1  link  ]v.  vain  now  for  liiose  family 

\se  irlorious  me- 


f  ! 


the    Xctult'-'l     ^•r;l!li->     aiV     IH*     hMl-.T    W  .  i  h  i' |  M -<  ,  f .     ;irp{     Hm' 

fninih   rt-ih--  h;i\*'  Ihth  -nM  tn  Jt'\\:5  i'ur  uiie  Lweidirth  ni 
thi'ir  liiarkrl   \alia,\ 


(_IlA.P'rEll    V 


THK   T.wD   (w  rjcrijo 


M(_)X(  I    (lit'   llMiMciil^  of  tlir  ('\nlutiori  of  liiniiaii 
^(H'i(M\    in   La  limn    iinno   ,s|rik(v>    llir   vjndrnt  as 
^    ^M^    t'ni'<ih|\    a^    ihr   su|)(M'|)()>i{  i(  >n   ot    tlir  Altin'V    oi 
(  irniiahaa-ala  ^m  1  ac  Tiixaila nuin  of  (Ju-ci'o.    I  ^)H';ik  iii 
a  u'ciua'al  --onx-.  ht-cau^c  i(   i--  not    {'criaiii   that  tin-  v\alU 
of  r('lic!ilalr<i   ina-nury  upon  wliicli  the  al»l»c\   n'>t-   are 
Ihr  ^anie  wilhiii  whirl)  llHaoralor  liol^]   h\<  *' Tn^fiilair' 
iiicc-tiii"^,  hut  iuv    ii\    pui'po^e    it    i^   ciioii^h    t<*    takr  tor 
irrantod  Ihat.  n<  in   aiificMil    liino  ('ic('ro'>  \illa  \\a>  the 
"atlraction"  of  thi>  (ki^lrict,  --o  the  Al)l>t\v  of  droltalor- 
I'ata  con^t  iiiitiv^  iiow  if^  iiio^t  ooiispioiiou.^  kiiHlniark. 

Ahhot  (iiu^r|)(;K'  ( 'o/./a  ill  his  (li»('i*ta t ioii  oil  this 
j^,,|,j,.(.t  >  — ^  ;i  ^ukj^'et  dear  to  hi^  brother  monks  >inee  tlie 
time  w  hen  (  ar«liii  il  (ark)  HarlKM'ini  had  found  within  a 
^tone*>  throw  froi  i  their  eoii\(Mit  tlie  vilka  of  (\  Jidius 
As[)(M'.  i-ich  in  inar1)l(^s  of  ev(M'v  (hv<eri|)tion-  — dweh-on 
the  inaiiN  j»oiiit>  of  <'oiii])arison  hetwcen  the  two  pkaees. 
"IIer(>  where  Cicero  and  his  iiiiesl.>>  (hwotec!  their  time 
t(,  the  vtu<i\  of  CrtHdx  j)hik)soph(M-s,  the  (ireek  di>eipk\s 
of  Saint  Ha>il  liiwc  >pent  tlieir  viuils  over  the  l)ook>  of 
the  hol\  Fathers.  Ileri^  wher(^  (^ie(MT)  and  Taienllns  had 
eoUeeted  a  lihrarv  of  standard  works,  which  the  haial 
of   time  has  dispicrsed  or  destroye(L  th(^   Basilians  had 

'   (iiu>('j)po  (\>zza-La/.zi.   //   Tnscuhuto  di  M.    TuJIio  Circrour,  Rome, 

18G(). 

^  Gio.  Batti>ta  (it-  Ko^si.  iiirirchc  (irrhcologtckL  ml  icrntorio  Tu^culdno» 

U<tn!t\  SaKiiKci,   1  S7  k  i>.   l!K>. 


!  i   i 


\'\i  i  -N-1 


248    W'Wrn-niVr-^    TV 

f,  I    .1  another,  SO  rich  ii^  Tuaniiscripts  aiul  paliiiii>^t^b 
tb;,t--iu.pU'    of  tlu^ftsandsi.ii    M^.n^^'-m-coninvn- 


aiui   PiM-,^    m;iti\    ;-h'ni-hi!i^    . 
1  h'V"'    \^  hri\'    ill'-    ' 


t  !  \Vf^ 


;t  s  Mt       I  i '  i 


(jif    uiaiul'    had 


r  (  M  i  <   '  ■ ;  ' 


^  ,1'     •!  !'!        \\"1 !  if!  1      !  Ki  \  ' 


( '  J  H )  ■>  *- » '  ^^ "~  5 ' '  n  ' 


.f  n. 


t !  n»  '11  !• 


-^       .   I     i 


;   )|i  ■(  'I  '.     (   M       :    I  i»  ■      'Mil 


!  I  i 


(•   !  iPi  M  !'a 


!    \    1 


♦        t    t 


t    >I        111'-       I     ^'^    •       i 

1  )]'i  (    i«  ♦■r* »!  1 


i  «  '  i  '  _- 


-.:;!'-      ! 


. a  1    ft    (  h 


1 ;  I    ^  !  I 


nihi  (il'  Mil  n  !<  1  Ki'uiu^ii  ai  iiiil-a,  1 1 1  i. 
'■/•a  !ii''  niM'  ])r(V'Tan-f^  r-()11<M-!  t.  ai 


(1,^    iixr.-    r{    do   rlK'i:^-a'-iru\ra    ri  i  ipT  i  i  i  1 1  ( ">    ^i    l-    <  «  H^Ce. 


!;'•    t'la  i    '  »i     i 


N  Tusc  n,  n  Hi 
iht.     ■Lawyers'   Cdsi 


hr  i;.i 


1     1 

■i  *a  '  M 


]  ^     taction     1'  {he 


m1   luvonia  liic  "  Lilicolii  ^   i  in^   i'  i^'i*-i^» 


?» 


Iln-     (';i 


1  \ 


a  1 


!  t  ' 


\  i!ia>  and  .-••aii:es  nej 

.,nJ     ■a.'M'arih-    Hi    aaairl.      Hv    ref(Maa  I :__: 

1 1  a  ■    (  '1  a  *a 


I  Ti  a  ji 


■^o      IlKUlV 
Xniia    Jiilia, 


i  a  n 


^jaano;s  ai    ^  a^ 
ii-^  li--   liair  cases  an^ 


( )    I!  a  -    n  a:  i »    f  •!! 


» '      i 


t. 
.,,,'0   tlii^   aln^tarinL:'  nf  V!ii.i>  .iiaaiiui   Hail 


1  r\  '         I 


a  i  a  " !  ^ 


round  a  cei; h 


\  1 


an 


Will   he 


ad.-  clear  to  flic  ivaacr,  ocUcr  ihaii  \^\  .m}  .it-anj  >nnH; 
.  ;n  fna.a'.fand  liow  easv  it  was  !'<  c  fla)>«a  !.-a.ini<^ 


m 


aii'I  <a 


]-nrnd'C!-<  nf  the  V)ar  to  kca| 

la 


hi    I ' u  1 1 L a V a » 


'      a  la  1    f\' 


M    i 


a  i!<  1  "  c  1  ]  »«ain 


Mint-  nf  ]'A\y.    dims 

1  )!"i  i  - 


jn   .),,.  ..nc^o  aLTnUi^l   \  aia^a-,  (     i.  .a-   apprnlrd     !  •  m'    Ifa^    ^ 

!.dd»nr   1 1  )!-l<ai-!a-  i'<  c-    di»'  daU/m-e. 

I  ( •    I  a  a  ^ 


SeCUll"!!    aliM 


« 


<  a  i 
1  r'i'af 


t 


were  colleatjfues 


!    !    I 


!-nce 


<.^*  R-^iria-.  (•har--ad   \v 
the  plebs;  oi    Maia n 


the  I 

^  ■  i  1  a* 


na  !■(  If 


I'aa,  aceii- 


1(1    n 


a    ii'ibliiaa   •--»! 

f  1 5!'I^ saia'  in 


MA!^   OF    MlKDiMi;i.-i    oi-'    i-U^CUla  ^1 

Comprising?  Cicero's  villa  at  the  Colle  delle  Ginestre,  as  well  as  the  most  important 
ancient  and  modern  ones  in  the  territory  of  Frascati  and  Grottaferrata 


\ 


\ 


2.3U    WAM-l.UiNGS    l\    TlIE   ROMAV    rxMrvr^vN 
canvassing  for  tlir  consnlship;  of  Flaccus  an<l  '^^^xtius, 

and   ScanrM<    mtkI    Mil..,   l.-i    utlui    uiKiices.    \  lelnihr 
s;r^-  of  them:  "A!    't^'   iln-'  .>!'  <>;1]m"^  .'rMtli.   i^  '■.  ;>^, 

rfforn    \v:iv     t^^.■iM^ -''l-t!!     .M'.^!'-    ^'i'i.    -'li''     'i'"'     '-"'■"■> 
.,„,k.'ii     -,■',-:. n      iini.-     -.'U'l     .■lainvvl     n-n-a!     all.ii'h.n. 
ll,,,ariiM  i-   \\a>  vU.Kr  tliaii   iir  aiai   in. I    ir.-  fr.  .111  .-n^  ,  . 
II,.  li.n!   li!^  ^lian-  of  all    i!:.'  .i.'praMla-  "Mil-  am, 

;,„,!    il    i-    al!    Ull^ln.ll.tr,!    lart     lliat     iir    -.M    ln^    ..u.i  —  ri- 

virtion-.  a  tliin-fniiM  ulii.li  (   n-r..  u  a- a  It. -vlli.-r  1  r-a." 
lu  n-ailiiii:  Ha'  nia  -  liiliaciit  ..rail. .11-  \\<-  liial  ilial  Cir.To 

,-,nmtf.|     IIHTa    upnl,    aMlnliollal     allcrl-    lll.m     11|'"M     la^al     • 
,.vi,|fII.T.      ila   ua~   IM.I    a    lau\.T    ill   tlio    |,n-alil    mMIm.   nl 
tl„.    U-VUI.     Tlia    tiila   ul    <ara|.,r    ha.l    a    nvI^Kt    a|. I'll. -all.. 11 

■  nnuii-  thr   Kaliii-  th.-m  \villi   n-.     With    u-   il    nican-^  a 
l„,l,|i,-  man  rxccHin-  in  rl.M|iirii.r.  ulicrra^  tlu    I.ahii- 
;i|,|,li,..l   the  title  to  any  nn.-  a<<n-t<oiUMl   t"  atldiv-   IIh' 
people.  eilli.T  in  popular  avM-MiMics  or  in  the  eonrt-  ot 
law.     .\    Uoniali   advoe.ite   NVa.>   Uot    ol.li-e'l    t..    rea.l    hi  w 
throimli  niativ  a  Ion-  vi-il  Kefore  ol.taininu  iiiMir-t  iui.^l  : 
h,.  need  not   he  reeouiiized  a>  a   MHind  and  al.le  la\\\.T 
I,,.,',,,,    ,.„t,rin-    the    tempi.-    of    ■riieini-.     The    le.hni- 
,,.,iitK-.-,   of   eaeh    eaM.    Were    diMU-.-.ed       -previous    to    the 
,..|llin-  of  it  \'\    tlie  heneh  —  iM'tueen  the  pl.'ader  and  an 
expert^at  lau^  thai   i-  to  -ay.  "a   piofe-Monal  deliveivr  of 
le-al  ailviee."  >-ueh  a-  'Idberiu.-  (  .niinea  nin-.  eon-ul   111 
'jsl    H.  r..  the  tir-t   piil.lie  man  known  to  lia\e  adopted 
thi>  praetiee  a>  a   remunerative    prof.'>.Mon.    The    term 
advocate,  at  the  time  of  ( 'ieero.  diil  not  mean  a   pleader 
"in  tiie  courts.  t)Ut   simply  a  friend  and  supporter  of   tiio 
accused,  to  whom  he  i^avc  countenaiKv  l>y  his  presence 
at   the  triah    Thu.>   in  the  ca-e  .,f    I..  Cornelins  Hall.ns. 
accnsed  of  havin-  illea-ally  a.-,.-,umed  Roman  citizenship. 
ae(|uittal   was  a-ranted   not   so   mucli   from   the  etlVct  of 
Ciecn.'s  >])eech   as  from   tiie  impression  created  on  the 


THE    LAX!>    OF    (ICVU 


>("> 


251 


is* 


^1 


S 


i\' 


n 


f 


W  i  U  1 


iurv  by  the  presence  of  a  deputation  of  fellow-citizens, 
M  fi  of  the  highest  respectability,  who  had  journeyed 

.^liirrii   ]iui\i]vr(]    nil'!    f(H'tv-or!r   milov   frnni    f'ndiz   to 

a\tiU  11  |H)ssil)le,  by  their  mute  iipjH  il.  iln  lalaiiuty  of 

f!  r-fnivij'tioTi. 

We  li.tv f  I  IhM'i't'u!'!'  f  \\  M  ili^iiiirf  sets  of  im-u  run im -■!.'.  1 

!     luMii.ni    udiiii.     flit"    '"pnlrniii    c;!  !i^;i  imi  in.        'a  liu, 

xi'  Cicero,  sj^skf  I'nr  ihr  pi'Mx-nitiufi  or  lof  {}[«•  (h'h'nce, 
and  llic  "*  iuri.>-(.;oii.>iiili/'  cliaiiiiicr-cuuiix-K  '^vim  on  the 
pavnicn!  of  n  foe  oxpoiindfMl  to  a<lvi*c-o-^(H'k(M'-;  \]]p  dor-  • 
trino  of  (lie  Iciw  and  intorm<Ml  tlicin  of  tlicir  fii^hl^  .iiid 
liabilities.  TIk^'^c  iiiriscoiiNnlts  used  to  p.- ice  u|)  and 
down  tlic  paxcnicnt  of  the  h'oruni,  jii>t  a^  the  Scotch 
advocates  ha\"e  paced  until  rect^nt  tinie>  thai  cjf  the 
Paiiianicnt  Ilonst^  at  Kdinbni'uii.  waiting'  foi"  applica- 
tions: and  under  their  peripatetic  tuition  voun^  men  of 
a  judicial  turn  of  mind  proparcMl  themscdves  to  practise 
in  coui'ts.  Thus  ( dcei'o  is  known  to  havc^  attached 
himself  to  Sc  evoia,  in  whose  family  the  pi'ofession  of 
jurisconsult  had  heen  hereditary  and  to  hav(^  deri\TMl 
so  nuich  profit  from  the  borrowTMl  information  tliat  he 
could  fi'ame  ihe  le<^al  part  of  the  cas(>  in  di^fence  of 
Murena  in  the  space  of  three  days.  This  i>  the  i'ea->on 
wliv  knowl(Nli>'c  of  tli(^  Inw  was  consi(hM'(Nl  l)\  him  onlv 
a  secondar\'  object  in  comparison  with  other  (pialitica- 
tions.  In  the  majority  of  cases  orators  ma<le  appeal, 
not  to  tlie  un(hM"standinu'  but  to  the  (Muotional  feelings 
of  tli(^  popular  jud^Tvs.  A  subtle  in /sc-cn-scdic  ol  the 
case  was  mon*  esscMitial  to  its  succ(\ssful  ending'  tlian  a 
ri^id  debate  on  points  of  law:  jests  were  sul)stitued  tor 
({notations  fi'om  the  c()d(.\  and  loose*  hai'anu'ues  t'or  a  plain  . 
statement  of  facts.  Rhetoric  and  loii'ic  had  not  tlu^n, 
as  with  us,  a  distinct  domain.  The  warm  sun  of  the 
south  (juickened  the  sensibilities  of  both  tluvspeaker  and 


:^,>2    WAXni:RI\(;-    in    TTTF.   IU)M\\    (  ampa<>na 


t(»  tlir  I'ornKM-  l(Niv(*  fo  voTitnr»-  ii|)() 


tho  hoidc^t  iippcaU  witlioui  doiii-  violnu 


Tl 


t 


(  )     (  HMM  > 


Brutu-,  in  hi- ;i ttcinpt  l(M.v(M-thnnv  n  (lyn;t>ty 


conn 


UmI 


more  on  thr  ex 


liihition  of   Lncreti;! 


}  )Kmm  1 


\\\ 


1 


tO(I\     Hi 


the  1^ 


oruni  than  on 


his  i 


lei'v  a  |>] 


)eal  for  Ncnireanct 


'l\ 


le 


I    llil 


n'onuht 


witlidrawal  of  the  ph'h.  to   the  Saert 
abont  l)v  the  appearance  in  the  >ani(^  phice  of  a  veteran 
1    for  (h'l>t,    \\ho>e   hreast    >ho\\(Ml    the   marks 


imprr>on(M 


() 


f  thie  heatinu-  he   had  enchnH^I  at  the  instigation  ot  tli 


creditor.     Manlins  was  aeipii 
pened    to    take   phtee   in   vi( 


tte(l    Keeansc^   his  trial  ha[)- 
w    of   the   (\ipitoK   which    he 


had  saved  from  the  (ianl>.    And  when    CiciM-o  stood  ky 


ontem 


licensee 


1  of 


corn 


ipt  I 


)raetiee> 


m 


tl 


le  exercise  o; 


tlie  pnrtorship,  he  pointcMl  ont  to  the  jnry  the  ^i.^ter  oi 


1 


lis   ( 


lieiit 


■A    ves 


tal 


viru'in 


linii'inu'   to   him   m   ])as- 


lonate   emhrace,    and    exciaiinec 


k   ''Lc^t    it    I 


lo 


t    1 


)e    sai( 


hereafter  that  the  etei'iial  tii'e  which  has  kev^n  |)r(\serve( 
kv  the  mi(kii,uht  care  and  watchinu'  of  this  pri(vste> 
was  extinirnished  kv  h(M-  tear>/'    Sometinuvs,  in  cas(\s  o 


f 


m 


nrder.   a    picture   represen 


till"-    the    font    dcvd    was  t^x- 


hikit(Ml   at   the  triak  that  the  eyes   of   the   jnd-o    miu 


ht 


res 


t  on  the  hiik'ons  scene  whih'  their  (\irs  were   li>tenmii: 


to  the  erv  of   ven^-eance  against    tlie   mnrderei 


1. 


Q 


nm- 


tikan,  howi 
att(^mi 


■\('i",  mentions  one  or  two  case 


in  which  these 


.ts  at  (k-amatie  etk'ct  rcMike^l  in  hidierons  kiihir(\ 


For  instanc(\  dlyeo  Spiri(kon  onc(\  m  the  midst  o 


1st 


Tl 


impassioneil    ap|)eak    kad    a    koy    ki 


on 


uht 


into    CO 


nrt, 


iDUaren 


PI 


tk"  wcepinu'  foi"  the  loss  of  his  parents:  knt  on 


keinu'  asked  whv  he  critMl  >o  piteonsly,  the  urchin 


tntoriM 


1  inl 


ii>  pa 


I 


rt 


in.sw  ( 


■red,  •*  Hecanse  1  have  ju.sl  k(H'll 


kacU 
tl 


kirched  kv  th(^  mastiM' 


A  rich  Jind  inflnential  otk'iider  stood  kis  trial  attended 


!)V  a  ureat   nnmker  o 


f  connsek      Scanrns,  for  instaiu'c 


had 


seeure( 


Itl 


le  .se 


rviee.s  of  the  .six  iiio.sl  eminent  "patroni 


Tlii:    LAM)    OF    (1(  IJU) 


^ , ) .  > 


causa  mm 


o 


f   Ll 


le   (ia\ 


Clod 


ili-> 


I 


Uichel 


Al 


m 


('ahidins,    Messalla     Xio'er,    Tlortensius,    and     (  iccro. 
They  divi(UMl  the  task  ky  each  takinu'  a  separate  j)ait  of 


the  cliarii'e,  the  \\  hoh'  case  keiii<4'  aft(^rwai'ds  sn 


mmed  n 


1 


P 


k\  the  advocate  who  was  thought  likek  to  do  it  ino>t 
t^trectually.  This  part  of  the  duty  —  the  pcM'oration  — 
t'lieralK    devokcd   on   ('ic(M'o.  and    if  the   written    tc^xt 


() 


o 


r  such  per()ratit)ns  represents  rcNilly  the  words  uttered 
by  him  under  tlu^  impuls(^  of  the  moment,  w c  must 
aeknow  IcMli^e  that  no  one  was  ketter  (jualihed  to  krin^ 


ri    ease    to    a    sueees 


fill 


ISSIK^ 


He,   I 


lowcn'er 


;tron 


condemns    tlu^   practice  of  allowin<^'  several   eonnsel    to 
sueak  uDon  tlu^  sanu^  sid(\  IxM'ause,  not  havini!"  follow (m1 


I 


I 


closely  tlu^  course*  of  the*  lon<4'  dekate,  tliev  were  apt  to 
weary  the  eourt  ky  i^oino-  ovim*  the  same  ^"round  which 
had  keen  ])r(wioiislv  trodden  kv  their  eolh^ioncs.  The 
Roman  courts  must  have  \)cvn  grateful  to  Tompey,  \\  ho 
in  his  third  consulship  (.>2  n.  r.)  made  eompnlsory  the 
use  of  the  clepsydra  in  trials,  ky  whieh  the  pleaders  eould 
time  the  duration  of  their  speeches. 


It 


mav  |)leas(*  some  ot  mv  readers  o 


h 


.f  ad 


1 


vanced  views 


to  know  that  in  ancicMit  Honu*  ladies  were  admitted  to 
tlie  bar,  Ilortensia,  Anuesia  ScMitia,  and  Afrania  staiid- 
inu"  at  the  lu^id  of  the  list.  Ilortensia,  the  danuhter  of 
th(^  orator  and  a  krilliant  speaker  herself,  ros(*  to  kime 
und(M'  the  Triumvirate.  Lepidns  and  Mark  Antony  hav- 
in_U'  imposed  a  tax  on  lioman  matrons,  and  no  law  v(m- 
having  come  forward  to  (h^fcMtd  tluur  rights  for  tear  of 
proscription,  Ilortensia  cham|)ioned  her  sc^x,  and  spoke 
so  (docjiu^ntlv  keh)re  tlu*  majiistrates  that  thi*  urt^ate^r 
part  of  the  tax  was  at  once  remitted. 

(iccM'o  was  apt  to  lose  his  presence  of  mind  and  en- 


wn  nervousness, 


dano-er  the  case  of  his  client  kv  his  o 

« 

The  (lav  h(*  rose  to  (hdVnd   Milo  aii'ainst  the  eharu'c  of 


\ 


^ 


-•^^f 


^2.34    WAXDKIUXG^   IX   THE    UOMAX    (  AMTACXA 

haviii-  niunlrml  (Modiiis,  hv  was  so  ntlVctrd  hy  the 
{mmvu>c  multitude  which  thronovd  the  Forum,  and  by 
the  militarv  precautions  tak(Mi  to  insure  ohUm"  in  case 
of  a  riot,  that  he  showed  hiniscH"  uttiM'ly  une(|ual  to 
the  occasion.  It  i^  true  that  the  (hiy  wa>  charuvd  with 
jH^-ilous  (^xcitiMucnt:  ihv  >\u>\»  wimv  >hut,  house-doors 
l,;,n-ira(h'd;  m»  that  even  the  l,oMe>t  orator  mi-ht  have 
tremhled,  >eeinu-  on  every  >i(h^  the  ^litter  of  arms,  and 
hearin-  the  hoarse  murmur,  of"  the  populace,  only  kc'pt 
h;i,.k  l.\  the  >pear-  of  the  .uldi(>r>^  from  ru>hin-'  into  the 
inci()>!ire  of  the  Rostra. 

TUv  .peer-h  uhii-h  ha>  Ixmmi  liaiided  down  to  US  as 
th;if  uhich  Circro  delivered  on  (hi-  -reat  occaMon  r-  the 
ni,..[  .plrndid  of  \iU  oratiou<.  and  il  M-cm^  iinpo-iMe 
fl,;il  il  diould  not  have  iwru  -^i ] < ■. t^m'u I :  l)ul  the  iruth  i> 
th:if  vs.'  h;i\-f'  it  n>  it  wn<  conipo-rd.  ih'I  .1-  it  \\;i-  -poken; 
lur  the  orator  lo.t  hi--  piv.^'iM-  of  mind.  x\  h^n  h^^  ro>e 
r,,r  tlif^  defence,  and  <  a\  \i\-^  }m  ih^  .luiiaiioii  under  ^^  hi*-h 

he 


,i  i  H  >r« ''  1 . 


] 


Ki  [I  i-h  n i»'' ! 


■  io^i   f!if  case,  ;ifid   Mil"   \\  as  sen^eriecMl  to 


wards  read  'h-  mm.m1i  \x\iu-]\  we  y*n.<(^<<  and  \\\\u'\i  (ns 
adv.uaU  iuuiiiied  lo  deliver,  he  exchiim.  d,  li  <  leero 
had  M  ken  thus.  T  should  not  now  be  eating  %s  at 
.Marseilles." 

Nineteen  authors,  whose  names  and  writings  are 
reeorded  in  a  footnote/  have  attempted  to  find  the  exaet 

'  Mattei,  Memorie  deW  antico  Tmculo.  Rome,  1711:  Sciommari,  Bad'm 
di  Grottciferraia.  Rome,  17^28;  Volpi,  Vetu^  Latium  profanum.  vol.  viii, 
174^2;  Zuzzeri,  Antica  villa  scoperta  sul  Tusculo.  Venice,  1746;  Piacentini, 
Epiiome  (jrcBccB  palcBographiw,  Rome,  1743;  Cardoni,  De  Tmculano 
Ciceroni%  Rome,  17.57;  Capmartin  de  Chaiipy,  yfaison  d'Horace,  vol.  ii, 
p.  -237;  Canina,  Tmcido.  Rome,  1841;  Xibhy,  Aualhi  dei  dhitorni  di 
Roma,  second  edition,  1848,  vol.  iii,  p.  334;  De  Rossi,  Annali  dalV  hiituto. 


THE  BEST  KNOWN  LIKENESS  OF  CICERO  AT  ABOUT 
THIRTY  FIVE  YEARS  OF  AGE 


LASii    i  M     rfp-piRO 


257 


— • 


I 


location  of  th(^  orntor'«  villa.     T  inv'^olf  took  Tip  fli.-  pn-.h- 

It'in  ill    l^^  k  niiH  niv  coniechir*'  th;ii   if   ?!iii-f  iiav-e  sto*  h] 

on    ilir    (.'oik'    iis.'iii-    ^  i  liiostre.     Ml-!     ;ihn\'e     1  i !"« » !  tnff!*!'.!  la, 
has    Imm'!!    ncfTpfr^]     f.\     111*'     hiuhc^t    aili  Iinl-il  \-    o!i     ihr    }o~ 


! 


(londl,    flic  iroiiinl  :nitlinr  of  fho  "\\\\r  TihchI;!  iie."^ 

Lea\inu"  r^ra^^'ali  ' »\  iIk'  !'(kmI  io  Mnriiio,  and  iniiMW- 
iiiu  II  tor  (*!M-  \i\\\r-  p;i--{  ilic  L^alc  of  iho  \  ilhi  ( ';i  \  a  il<i !  i, 
it*  we  fnrn  i'w^l  (<»  the  ri^lif  liv  tlir  «t|(|  \'ia  Latin.i.and 
then  take  (ho  lir^l  lane  on  Lho  lot'K  ij  will  lead  ii>  «,\'i--ilv 
aiid  uimii>taka  l)l\  (o  }  he  ( 'ollc  dollo  ( linoli'ta  Tliclane 
airord>  a>  pl(\-isa{it  .'  walk  a.s  the  w  andei'inu' >tudont  of 
ancient  life  could  \\  i^lu  ]>«i>t  vinoyai'd>  and  oUnc  xanls 
;ind  fruil  farni>.  and  treading'  at  c\(M'\-  >tcp  on  xnnc 
I'cniains  of  the  j>a>t.  NowIkm'c  doo  there  exi>t  within 
an  hour's  distance  fi'oni  the  uat(\s  of  a  i:reat  ca|)ital 
a  disti'ict  h'ke  the  '1  nsenkannni  where  the  air  i>  more 
sahd)rious,  th(*  site  more  smijinu",  th(^  watiMs  more 
abundant,  the  woods  more  shadv,  the  vinevards  more 
luxuriant,  tlu^  fiaiit  inori^  hrseious,  the  enjoyment  of  a 
simple  life  more  keen,  and  the  view  over  land  and  sea, 

1S7:^>,  |).  -iOS.  and  Ihdlftfhw  An-heol  Cr'tst.,  187^2,  p.  10(1:  I^occliI,  Im  Budia 
ill  (iroUdfrrrafd.  Konic,  IS?!;  Laiiciaiii.  Ihdldt'uio  M uniclpd/r,  a.  ISSK 
p.  \\H\  'roiiiinaM'tti.  I'ia  L,ttifi<i,  Koiiic.  ISSd,  p.  18!);  Se^lu'tti,  Tusciilo  e 
Fniscdfi  :  Balir.  *'  'rusculuiii."  in  Jd/irhiiclur  dfs  P(idd(io(ihniis  in  Md(/dt  - 
hurfj :  ().  K.  Sclmiidt.  "( 'icero's  \'illen,"  in  X<'ur  Jdhrhuch  fiir  kldssische 
Alfcrthum  (icsr/u'rhfr.  vol.  iii.  IS!)!);  (irossi-Goiidi,  La  rillcygiatimi  7\/.v- 
culana  di  Cicerone,  Roiiic.  l!)(l."). 

^  "The  hills  of  'lVle<j:onus,"*  tlie  alleuced  son  of  Ulysses  and  Circe,  and 
founder  of  Tuscuhini.  Hence  tlie  expressions  "Teleii^oni  nia^nia,  Teleufoni 
niiiri,  Teleij^oni  ju<i;era.  <'ir<*?ea  niaMiia,"  in  constant  use  with  tiie  poets. 
To  him  a  statue  was  raised  in  the  forum  of  Tusculum,  the  pedestal  of 
which  was  discovered  l)y  Prince  Lucien  Bonaparte  in  tlie  time  of  PiusVII. 
It  has  since  been  placed  in  tlie  vestibule  of  the  Villa  Ruffinella. 

'  Rome,  1901,  vol.  i. 


258    WAXDElUXn^   IX  THE   ROMAX   (  AMPAGXA 

over  lakes  and   mountains,  n.ore  restful   and   pleasing. 
Parini  sanir  of  this  district  :  — 

Di  visitarc  i  \<>-tri  colli  aiiioiu. 
Qiu«>tc  v(»tn'  U'cnudv  ac(iiH'correiiti. 

Tra  voi.  lu-atc  ircnli. 
Kama  e  ur\  La/m  rhc  natura  ainira 

Tutt;  raccolLia  i  ^>*'ni 

Clir  ((.ir  altrr  ili\  ido." 

In  t1,c  iinnu-nse  s,.HV  .t  our  to.l.  tVo.n  llu.  ran.c  of 
,,  „j  ,,,,,,  of  sununcr  to  tlH.lim.nt   tin.  >...ln.m  the 

,orniioM>  and  ,K.>tu.r>  uuA  nu.a.lou>.  .  ,tl,  ,.1  m»  u.n<l 

,f  ,„,usol.un>>  and  aMU.au.l>  .■..nv..,u,,  t<.v.Ml>  tl. 

.,U.  of   th.   .il.v.    "TuxnlunKAll..;..   A,.U..         ^ 
■^ouv.nt  tou>  troi.  .lan>  un  ranton  M".  nu.n  ..  la  .nn.hon 

a...„'nll.>al^.n.n,d.M^mK^  l,an.,,n,ona.n.M.u■ 
la.,ualiU-..lMout.v.,n^.M-■';--•'••■'''  "^''::^^^^^ 
Xaun.  fait  ...n  p.vnuer  prix,  llaut^  >.unnu.t>.  ^al,us 
a  .u.u>,..o^..auxnan>.ol,a^M.^f-1il.■0,o.^,aJ.>tu- 
,,a<.nu.rvnlln,x..auxapval,W.toui<•c.a^on.M^.- 
,,;;a>^■t^ouve,^K^>l.oonM>..>.^  r"se<.on,    MH.nt.plu 

P^,.,.,.,;,,,,,,,V,is.l,anni.lrt..ut..la,.la.nr.lalrntou.    .  _•    . 
.e.nl.l.nt  .<vr.r.n.fu,i..,c.ty  avoir  c'.tal.l.urrepu^^^^ 

No    won.KT    that    tlH-    an.i.M.ts    .lu.u  .1    have    .ho.n 
partialitv  f<.v  th...  !nlU    <  ''-'J''-l  tl.      us.-ulam^^^^^^^ 

t„  it  in  t..r>n>  of  c-.uh-aruH.nt.  su.'),  a>  o..o.  .i)cW  an.l  1  .. 
like.     Hc..rotc...n.-..fron,  Lu.rinn,nlhat,wlu.m.vcM-lK. 

'   rhaupy.  ii.  "^ 


THE    LAXD    OF   CI(  ERO 


2,59 


4 


# 


liappened  to  he  walkino;  out  of  the  grounds  for  the  sake 
of  exercise,  his  footsteps  would  always  carry  him  unin- 
tentionally  in  the  direction  of  Tusculum.  About  sixty 
letters  are  dated  from  the  yilla  of  his  choice,  where  he 
must  hayeresided  almost  without  interruption  intheyears 
40  and  4,5  b.  c,  which  were  those  of  Ciesar's  victories 
at  Thapsus  and  Munda,  and  of  Cato's  death.  Here  he 
})laces  the  sccMie  of  the  disputations  ''J)e  Divinatione'' 
with  his  brother  Quintus;  here  he  wrote  the  treatise  "  l)e 
Oratione"  and  the  h)st  on(\"l)e  (iloria";  her(\  at  the 
suggestion  of  Sallusf,  h(^  began  to  shape  into  a  new  form 
tlii*  books  ''De  RepubHca,"  and  here  were  debated  the 
''Tusculan  questions''  concerning  the  probk^n  of  liap- 
pin(\ss.  Brutus,  \'arro,  Lucccuus,  Salhist,  Tyro,  Atticus, 
Ilii'tius,  and  Dolabella  claimed  in  turn  his  hospitab'tv, 
and  whenever  host  and  gu(\sts,  engagcMl  in  piM'ipatetic 
controversies,  t'ound  themselv(\s  in  uchmI  of  a  rai'(^  tMlition, 
th(^  doors  of  the  libi'ai'v  of  tlu*  Lucullean  villa  were  most 

■ 

liberally  thrown  open  to  them. 

I'he  iirst  mention  of  a  Tusculan  property  occurs  in 
hotter  i,  ,5,  to  Atticus,  dated  ill]  n.  c.  Accordinij:  to  riinv, 
Cicero  had  purchased  it  from  Sulla's  estate,  in  proof 
of  which  stattMUcut  the  naturalist  nuMitions  a  fi'csco  re- 
prescMiting  a  gallani  (\v{h\  of  th(^  dictator  in  the  Mai'sic 
war,  which  coidd  still  be  schmi  painted  on  tlu^  wall  of  the 
house  (iu  \espasiairs  tim(\).  CiccM'o,  howevcM*,  mentions 
as  his  pi-ed(M-(  ssors  in  tluM)\\  n(M*ship  of  tlu^  ])lac(^  a  (\*itu~ 
his  and  a  \ettius.  It  was  a  dwc^llino'  of  modest  size;  in 
iact,  whenever  he  writes  about  it  he  uses  the  dimimitive 
lorm,  which  is  at  tlu^  same  tinu^  a  form  of  endeariruMit :  a 
])(>rfu'}ila  (small  veranda),  a  iccia  ainhuldfiuNculd  (small 
covered  walk),  an  uJrlohnN  (small  court),  and  so  on. 
^  et,  notwithstandinu"  their  m()(l(\stv  of  size,  these  coun- 
try  houses  were  of  ^reat  value,  and  connnanded  a  hi<di 


:2(;0     \V. 
1 


VNDKKINC.S    IN     IHH    KOM 


AN  (^vMl^v(i^A 


•    .       .     „      „,,,UH      \n   i.uU.nu.ily  cf   hall'   a  nulhon 


A  rustic  gate  of  a  Tusculan  ^•illa  (Fakun.er.) 

..  1  •        4     1  '  .c«p«5    In  another 
,^ni  '-M  ilnrcN  of  his  actual  iosses.    in 

,.,,*  .-,-;, resent  >^''^  ■'-  .         :  1  .       ..^x..  jiur- 

'■       ^    ^  .  .,. ,  ri-i  !i  Tiin-  1*^  ^:'  ''^  ^'*  ^"         ! 


U-iU'i-  lu  AUii  II 


1    (U-,- 


r( '  t ' 


n      t  1  ^    in 


;ili    aiT' 


i   n ., ■  t '\<fi  ^  M i 


ri  .ii'i!.!    itlM*-*'  ''^ 


el  la  -<M  .    11 


t.!!r.-n    ihnn-:ni( 


ul 


•    ..    \:-    ■mI*!    that    <'t    na 


1  .c.^U'ives  (four  tlmii- 

I  ,,  iIm'  \  .11'''  '"   '■'" 

k.  of  all  NMtii   ^aiu-h  tlie 


W  (  t 


THE    LAND   OF    CICERO 


2(;i 


house  was  repk^nishcd ;  of  tlie  colunnis  and  friezes  of 
its  courts;  of  tlu^  exotic  |)laiits  and  niiirhle  fountains  of 
the  i^ardens;  of  the  niarl)h'  and  bronze  ^n'oups,  and  other 
such  hixuries,  the  passion  for  which,  unknown  to  thc^ 
stern  repuhlicans  of  the  prinious  a^^c,  had  hc^'onie  con- 
taaious  in  Cicero's  time.  We  arc  infornuMl  that,  hesich's 
the  house  with  its  >uitahK^  accoinnKxhition  for  trncsts, 
the  viUa  contained  a  lyceuni  and  an  academy,  connected 
]>y  patlis  running-  thi'oajifc  walls  of  cverii'reens,  the  fa- 
vorite haunts  of  the  ^^B^'s  fi'i(  nds.  Tlic  niastiM-pieec^ 
of  his  cohections  ^|mJ^o  ha\-e  Ixhmi  a  Ih^'inathena, 
which  Atticus  had^^B'chas(Ml  in  dreeee.  '*'rh\  Hernia- 
iliena."  ("icci'o  \\  mes  in  a  h'ttcr  of  aeknow  le(i^■ni('I!{. 
"iiives  nie  intense^  salisfaction,  and  1  ha\-e  placed  it 
>u  ad\'antai>cou^l\'  in  [he  a'X  uiiia^iuiii  that  the  whole 
edifice  looks,  as  it  wci'c,  an  'WKlov  avdOrnia."  ()thc!' 
>tatiie>  had  heeii  p  ircha^cfl  ;il  Mcnar.-i  for  the  sum  of 
two  hinidre<|  nnd  t*<Mt\  thousand  scvterc(\s  ruincMlioTi- 
safid  ^i\  hundred  d>  >lla  r>  ,  a  nd  ficai'h  the  whole  lilaaix 
at.Vthcn^.    Thi.^  la>(  apariinciil  r(  mi  ta  hum  1  hi'tui/r  h<  •!•?!-:;!' 


of    einnirn}     turn,     oli     Nhni'K     i*f     INailrlir    !!i;n'i>h':     ;i     llrr- 

nitTiich/N,  aiiii  a  ii^iire  oi  Aiai>,  w  Inch  ^c■cln«'d  (jiiiic 
n]|f  of  plnfc^  1]]  ^i](-1'  a  i^aoiii :  and  a  irroup  of  M.i'nnds, 
>  a]  h  ;  iUo  I  ;m1  h(^en  l)ouo;ht  much  agaii-i  Cicero's  will 
by  1.1  in.  Cailui).  The  Muses,  he  cnmy^lains,  would 
have  been  much  more  welcome  companions  in  a  "shrine 
of  learnino;."  Ikie  he  wrote  his  epistles,  the  oldest  of 
which,  concerning  the  Tusculanum,  dates  from  63  b.  c, 
the  latest  (remaining)  from  39,  a  period  of  twenty-four 
years. 

r>\  fi!-  fii-i  wife,  Terentia.  Cicero  had  two  children,  — 

a  il;n!L;hiof    rnjifn.  o^*  I'nihohi.  w  hosf^  dc-itli  in   to  raii-cd 


liifii    {ho 


io-^t    a  oil  * 


fe  distress,  a 


i  O.     a      -^  On 


Ma  rrii 


siir\a\t'd    the   pfovi-ripi  ii  ,n,  aiitl   died   a    riillir  oi 


1  f  i « 


\\  \n  ) 


H  ■  \' 


y- 


r 


^>Vr>    WAM)KRT\C<    IX     rm.    KOMAN    (  AM1'A<.NA 

r  :5(in  .  ..f  tlir  alk-v'l  (li>r(.v<Tv  uvkU-  on  April  Ki.  1  tN.>. 


Tin:    LAN!)    OF    CK  KIU) 


of  'l'uiliol;r>   ex(|ul^ilcly    pivsrrvcil    lio'iv.    :it    tin'   >ixtl> 
„,il,..tonr  ni  tlic  A|.i)hin  \V;iv.  nr,-,r  lli.'  u'^il.'  of  llic  Villa 
(^uintiiioruni.     IJ.-i.l.'s  tlir  la. -I   lliat   the  l....i,v  was  (hat 
o\  a  v,,un-  -111(1  l.-inlrr  maid. mi.  uliil.'  Tulli.-la  is  k.mwn 
to  ha\.'  .li.-.l   in  .liil.llnrtli  al   llu-  a,-.-  n(   tliiii  v-hv...  wr 
kii.AN     thai    Ci.vr..^    .lauuht.T    wa-    lai.l    1.'    ivst    in    the 
f-nnih   -lah'.  .Hi  ih.-  hank-  ..I   !h.'  Crakra  .iivani.     Ami 
,v.|  iii.|i'.-.i  .li.--  n.-.Nl.'.i  afl.T  ^11. 'h  a  .■aiv.T  in  lih-'     H.-ni 
in  7s,  ^h.'  tn-l  niarn.Ml.  al  I  ii.'  a-.' . 'f  hfl'-n.  <  ■■.  Ipurnius 
I'lM,    l-ni-i.   uli..iii   -\u'   1"-!   linrin-  Iht   lather'^  kaiii^h- 
I       \i   iwfiiix -Iv.ii  -!i.'  \'.:i-  in.iiTi.-'i  .-iL'.'iin.  to  VuiMUS 


nui 

(   r: 


^  M    M  '  >v 


;,    M.un--    nuni    -1    rank    aini    lar-*'    |.rn|M"r!\-, 


li-^ 


\   (  M    '  ■« 


1*.  (  'orin-iin 


w  !i<  .!!i    -h^"    soon    ( 

tucntx  -.•ul.f   -hf  \\i.Mi<l<''i  :i   Hiir^i   }iii-l..in< 

•li    |.rn!li_;ih'.      (  )n    111.-    1!M!i   nl    M;.\, 
r,   1 !  i.-i  t  U  rr    (li  iM  .     \\  !in    (  i  It'i 


!  iioroiii:-! 

1  • 


M.nn  nfl.Tuard-,  aihl  at  IIm'  I  .c-iiinniL:  ul  i.3  a  ^ai  ua^ 
l.nrii,  A^  MM. II  a^  ^\ir  wa-^  .iillHh'iii  l>  ivc.  .vrrr.  1  tn  ^tan.l 
ti,,.  t'ati-ia-  (>i  .-I  journax.  -ha  aac.,m|.a  iiia.l  liar  iatliar  to 
I'liM-iiiuni.  uliriT  >!ia  .lia.l  111  F.'l.nian.  in  tlir  lull  >i)lan- 
(Inr  of  liar  wunianh.HHl.  It  mm-hi-  a.-  if  tlia  privila-a  of 
i:a/.iTi-  at  liar  toinl.  from  t1i(^  window  of  lii.>  ahanilKT, 
,,r  from  tha  tarraca  of  tlia  ir^'nlan,  nni>t  liav(^  iiiada  tlia 
l^ix'iihnmm  evon  daarar  to  tha  .^orrowini:  fatluM'. 

Lattar>  1  M;  and  la:)-~laa,  written  to  (^nintn>  hatwcM^n 
.>9  and  .U  n.c.  Mippiv  otliar  |)artiaidar>.  \Va  laarn 
fi,,jji  tham  that  (  d(vr()  wa>  in  tlia  hahit  of  rising  hafore 
tha  hraak  of  (hiy,  and  oi*  M'ttin.-'  himself  at  onca  to  work 
with  tha  hal|)  of  a  lamp,  which  (^nintus  had  |)nrrha>ad 
at  Samo.s;  that  on  tha  third  day  of  .laimary  his  hirtlahiy 
as  calahratad,  Varro,  Atticn>,  Sallust,  ra|)irins,  IVto, 
rvro,  and  Brutus  yatharing  round  his  tal)la;  that  his  son 


\\ 


f 


A  view  of  fli(.  villa  plattoriM  rx.axatrd  nM-MI.  ^^iu•^t'  ilic  [\\r  m.rnbcd  with 

Cicero's  name  was  found 

Mai-aiis.  aI{lH)!i-l!  os' cxf  ra \  auani  aial  dissipatad  liai>its, 
did  not  ohjccf  *H'ca>aaially  to  sliai'ina'  ^^  idi  ]\i>  fatla-r  tlia 
<piiat  of  tha  \  ilia  :  and  that  ha  aonntiMJ  anaaio-  his  naii:li- 
hors  (ial)iniu>,  laa  nlliis,  lloiiansius.  and  ('ra<>n>,  in 
whoso  irnrdons  \]w  dix-ussion  "  Da  Oratora"  had  takan 
plaaa.  Hut  tha  l'<MM'>  *^"^'  paac-ai'ul  (hiys  were  soon  to 
he  over:  at  tla^  close  of  the  summer  of  48  Cicero  nu-tMved 
the  first  warnings  of  the  collapse^  of  Iiis  political  aspira- 
tions and  of  flu'  downfall  of  his  party.  Mark  Antony, 
whom  lie  had  attacked  with  unmeasurcMl  violence  in 
his  Phili])pic  oi'ation,  havino-  heconu^  a  memlxM'  of  the 
'rriumvirate  on  Xovemher  ^27,  4.S  n.  (\,  (^icero's  name 
was  at  once  included  in  the  list  of  the  proscrilxMl.  He 
nmst  have  Mi  the  villa  at  niaht  so  as  to  reach  Antium 
hctore  messeno'(^rs  from  Home  would  have  made  his 
escape    impossible.     Driven    hv    stress    of    weather    to 


,,;4    NVANDK1UN(.>    IN     niK    ROMAN    CAMPA-iNV 

Cinvii     h.    sur,v...le.l    in    ron.-hin,-    Ins    own    villa    at 
l.^,^nu;-:   l.ut  on  tnn.u   to  n.a.h  tlK.  >l.or.  a,an.  iH.  was 

ov  rtaken    l,v    Anton.Vs   enu.saries.    who>.    n.tvuHu.n. 
:...  to  .a\>lMn.  lu-ad   and   ln>   l.n.ls    ana    -nak^^^^^^^ 

,„l,lirexlnl.itionof  thr  .UT'.-onu.  ,vl.,-s  at     hr  Kosta. 
1".,,,  ,,,n,h..l  on  tlu- 7tlM>t- lWn,lH.r.  K;.  m  tlu.  sixty- 

fourtli  year  of  lii>  HiV. 

TW  ruh..  ..cu  A  ^\n- vsU.n.u-  \n:mi  onW  CoUc  A.^ 
(;i,,.,n^,ustwlK.n.tlu.,Kahwln.hw..hav..l...^^^^^ 

,,,,i„„.  1,.,.„..   it>   al.rupt   ac,.oM,t   to   (.roltal..nala      u 
:;;,.n>.MU.n..  W1...V.V. -two  walls  oMvt.ulatcd 

Isonn.  an,l  nothin,  n,.nv:  If  n,v  1...!,..,  u,  tlu.,- 
id.ntitv\-ouia  1..  nuul.  ar,-.Tt^'l'l''  I-'  II''--  ''M»'-;'- -; 

',,1  ^Ul-  cn.l  .oul.l  1..  =>ttain...l  only  alter  a  .l,h,.nt 
■..,vh  of  thr  Mto- those  two  walls  wouKl  l>...-onu.  a  na- 
tional nu.nunu.nt  ana  tlu^.oal  <.!■  a  , .ions  ana  n.vm.n 

M      •  K^-    -.11     1()\(M-^    (»t'    ('KxiiK'Hcc    Jiiid     inastdlN 

niloTiinaire    n\     all    H>\t  i>    '  i    ^       | 

'     "  '  '       Tlunv    is    l)ut    oiu'    <;viiuine    wlw    ^>t 

C^i('(To\s  h()us(^  left   to  lis,  —  a 
fn.unuMil    of    a    tile    iiiscrilKMl 
with   liis    nam(\    M   tvlk  «lis- 
c-overed     1)}     Ziiz/eri    in     the 
(^xeavntioTVs  of    17  U     Mi,    and 
now  pre-ervtMl   in    the    Kireh- 
eriaii  Mns(Mini  at  the  ( 'olle.u'io 
i,-,U  u..a  in  the  hmiantgof     Uoiuano.    Idiat  >e:il  does  not 
in.  Villa  at  TuMuhin,  ^ionifv  tliat  the  orator  owned 

l-^-k-kiln>intlu^ten^iton^^ni.'uhnn,the,>n^ 
^vhiehhe^v<>uldsellt<>ia^lder.:ltnu.^.sha      h^^      u^^^ 
,,atilesstam,>edwiththatnanu«w<MvmadeioM  >^ 

vill-r  in  other  words,  that    ('ieero   had   secured    torn    a 

to  order.-    The  briek.  used  hi  the  stnu-ture  oi  (  ^sai  s 


THE    LAM)    OF    (  I(  KRO 


2().l 


statesuiaiL>hii) 


^[■j,,.     nana-     <>f     Cirrro     iMfjircij 
■l'\'l,  1  1         ^taiii!>«-<i       «>ii 


■-■; 


villa  oil  the  lake  of  Neini  are  likewise  Inhellcd  with 
the  name  CAISAK,  and  nobody  suspects  tlu^  dictator  of 
having  entcM'ed  into  a  hrickinakini^'  speculation.  As  rc- 
o'ards  the  ohjection  su^'ii(\st(Ml,  arisin<^'  from  the  fact  of 
tli(^  discovery  havini;'  \)vcu  made  at  a  considcrahlc  dis- 
tance from  tlie  (\)lle  (h^lle  (iinestre,  \V(^  must  not  forget 
that  tlie  villa  was  pilla^'cd  and  damaged  hy  the  partisans 
of  (iabinius  so  rapaciously  that  (neii  the  trees  were 
transplanted  from  one  place  to  anotluM'. 

Cicero,  as  we  have  just  secMi,  died  in  43  b.  c.  Who 
knows  tlirouo'li  liow  many  liands  the  property  may  have 
j)ass(Hl  from  the  yi^ar  4,S  to  tlu^  (lo\\nfall  of  tlu^  Kmpirc  ." 
Kv(Mi  the  name  of  its  famous  owner  must  have  been 
forgotten  with  the  lapsc^  of  time,  bccaus(^  in  a  district  in 
which  so  main  classic  nanu\s  still  survive  no  UK^ntion 
of  a  TullidNN/N  occurs  in  nuMliirval  or  Kt^naissance 
docuuKMits.  It  ap|)ears  that  at  the  end  of  tlie  first  ceii- 
turv  A.  D.  the  villa  was  owned  bv  (T\.  (\itius)  Silius 
Italicus,  the  bard  (»f  tlu^  Funic  wars.  Pliny  speaks  of 
him  as  an  (M-centric  person  on  the  sul)j(n*t  of  country 
residences,  |)urchasing  one  after  anothcM',  es|)eciallv  if 
coniun'ted  with  names  of  poets  and  orators,  and  getting 
tirtHJ  of  them  as  soon  as  a  luwv  playground  was  ofiVrtMl  for 
sale.  Silius  had  show  n  a  taste  for  poetry  and  elocjuence 
from  liis  ])ovli()0(i,  taking'  Virgil  and  (^icero  for  models: 
li(^  ac(juired  |)rominenc(\  however,  and  honors  and 
W(^altli,  more  as  a  l)arrist(M'  than  as  a  |)oet,  his  ''  Piinica  " 
b(Mii<f  a  dull  iiK^trical  translation  of  Livv  and  Folvbius 
rather  than  an  ins|)ired  poem.  lie  seems  to  have  spirit 
the  last  part  of  his  lif(\  while  in  the  grip  of  an  incurable 
disease,  in  an  ex-(Mceronian  villa, ^  where  lie  starved 
himself  to  death  in  the  vear  100,  and  in  the  seventv- 
fifth  of  his  lite.    But  where  did  the  sad   event  occur  — 

'   *'  ^^ilius  .   .   .   jui^^era  facundi  (jui  Ciceronis  liabes."    Martial,  \i.  49,  -2. 


w7 


-2(Mi 


\VAM)KKIN(.S    IN     llli:    ROMAN    (AMPAdNA 


in  [\w  orator's  Canipanian  (\stat('   lu^ar    15aia\  or   in  tlio 
rnsculannni  ?     A  d 


lSC()\'tM'\ 


ina(l('  in  1SS^2  at  Fontana 
Candida,  near  Frascati,  tells  in  favor  of  the  latter  |)iaee. 
It  concerns  a  fnneral  tahU^t  pnt  n|)  at  the  exjuMise  of  a 


coUKjiinn  saint 


an\  ni  nu^norv  o 


f  Cr 


(\scens, 


;i   tr 


1 


eednian 


of  Silius  Italicns,  and  verv  likely  stinvard  of  his  estat(\ 
which  we  know  to  have  \)vvn  hecpieathed  hy  tlu^  poet  to 


1 


ii>  son  an( 


1  nanu\sake  Siliu 
i    tl 


Fhe    mention   ot    tins   collcfiiuiti    sa 


11, 


hit 


(ire 


(juarti^r>  ot  which  were  a 


tlie  liead- 
t  Fannvinni,  is  not  withont  in- 
terest for  the  study  of  social  life  anions  ttu^  fashionahle 
landowners  on   the  Alhan    Illll>.     It   was  an  association 


formed  amonu"  tlu^  1 


ower  employees  o 


f  the  villas  for  the 


pur| 


)ose  o 


f  ('uarantiHunu-  a  dec(Mit  funeral  service 


to  it: 


menu)ei 


Oi 


\i'    o 


o 


f  tl 
1 


le  ai 


ticlt\s   of  its  statutes,   the   text 


f  which,  enuraved  on  marhle,  was  ( 


I 


[ivinia 


in  ISH;,^  provides  that  if  the  death  of  a  memhc 


liscovered  at  Civita 

I 


should  take  place  w 

Fanuviu 

if  l)t^\()n( 


ithin  a  radius  of  twentv  iniltvs  fi'om 


full  1 


lonors  were 


to  1 


)( 


I 


)ai( 


1  to  1 


lis  memoi'N 


1  that  limit,  the  association  would  onlv  \)r  vv\)vc- 
sented  at  the  funeral  hy  a  deputation  of  three  nuMulxM-s 
Fontana    Candida    is   within    the   statute^   distanc(\   am 


1 


tl 


ierefor<^  we  mav  sa 


frl 


SS 


umc  lliat  Crescens.  the  care- 
l»uri(Ml  with  full  honors. 


taker  of  the  poet's  villa,  wa 


From  what  has  been  stated  in  the  preccMlinu:  paires  it 
is  evid(?nt  that  the  Al)l>ey  of  ( irottaferrata  has  no  claim 
to   link  tlie  fate  of  Cicero's  'l^isculaiium  with    its  own. 


ive 


The  eiuht  Hute*!  columns  of  Parian  marhle  in  the  n 
of  the  chapel— which   Cardinal   (iuadan;ni  shamefully 


IIH 


•losed  in  a   hrick  sheaf  in    17.")l- 


were 


found   ahout 


lO'-iO  l)V  St.  Nilus  of  Kossano, 

perhaps  in  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  e(li(ice  14)0 


the  Guilder  of  tlu^  ahhey, 

n  wliicli 


'->»>p 


t'O  (  orpiis'  f  risen p 


/i 


/.at. 


\(»1.   \i\.  n 


■,'ll-,'. 


I 


Tin:  LAND  OF  (  i(  i:iu) 


^>f:7 


tlie  a1)])ey  actually  stands,  not  certainly  on  the  (\)lle  dcllc 
(iinestre.  It  seems  that  in  the  year  1004,  John  Will 
heini,^  Pope,   the  holv   hermit    Xihis,  driv(^n  awav  from 


Calal 


)ria   l)V  tiie  invasion  of  the  SaraccMis,  f 


OUIK 


1  1 


losni- 


im 


tality  at   the  court   of  Creo'ory   I.  (\)unt  of  l^uscul 
who    first    o-ranted    him    tlu^    use   of   a    church  of   Sant 
Aii'ata    in    the  \  alle  d(^lla  Mol, 


ira,  and  later  the  pc 


)sses- 


aon  of  the  ruiiuMl  villa  at  thi^  springs  of  tlu^  Acciua  Jul 


la 


the  walls  of  w  hicli  can  I 


the  fortifi(Ml  inclosure  of  tlie  i 


)e  s(HMi  to  the  |)r(\sent  dav  within 


nonastcM'v.    Hiese  incident 


in   the  life  of  its  founder  —  his  nuM^tiii'''  of  the  F 


mtxM'or 


Otlio  III  at  (iai^ta,  his  curini''  of  tlu^  d 


(Miioniac  hov  witli 


I 


1 


tl 


o 


il  taken  from   tlu^  Limp  of  the  Viro-in,  his  prayini:  tor 


the  c(\ssation  ot  a  stofin,  etc 


li 


I 


lave  i)een  made  immor- 


tal l)V  Domenichino  in  the  set  of  f 


r(\sco(\s  of  the  chapel 


which  he  painted   in  his  twditv-ninth  vear  hv  order  of 


( )doar(lo  Fan; 


n  tl 


lese.  on  the  ix^'omnu^iKhition  ol  his  mastiT 


lat 


Annihale  Carracci.    'i1ie  one  which   claims  most  att 
tion  from  our  point  of  view  represents  the  saint 


en- 


loiisl 


y  sustammi^'  one  of  the  columns  from  (^icer 


miracu- 
o's  villa 


in<^  or  maimiiiL^  tlit 


from  fallino-  to  the  uronnd  and  kill 
masons.    Jt    is  said    that    w  Ikmi   (\ardinal    M, 
fresco   for   the   (iist     time   he   improvised    the   foil 
distich  :  — 


u  saw 


tl 


us 


ow  niL'" 


Dixr!  hrcxi  lapsnni  coliihcv  (juani  voco  column.-nn 


Hand  (  'ic(T( 


>  imniciix)  NisttTct  clouuio. 


Wl 


\cn  1 


t  was  onc(^  admittcMh  apiinst  vvvvy  law  of  proh- 

:il>ility,  that  the  flut(Ml  pillars  were  relics  of  the  l^iscu- 

niiim,  imao-inalion  addiMl  mwv  details.    A  marl)l(^  disk 


1; 


found  in  th 


e  uardtMi  of  the  monasterv,  and  now    in  the 


^  ilia    Pamphili,   was   ich^ntificMl    with    tl 


\v 


TpaTTel^6(j)Opo^ 


()  Saint  :   tl 


If  coliiinii  whicli  tlidu   stop'st   in   its  fall.  l»v  one  word  of 


cntiimaiKl.  could   not   ha\t'  hccn  >ust.iin(Mi  hv  tl 


ic  nnnuMisc  cuxiijcnct'  o{ 


i<'<To  lnnis( 


If. 


I 


^2(>s  \vAM)Kin.\(.s  IN   rni:  iu)Man  (  ampa(.\a 

int^ntiontMl  hyCictM-o  in  ;i  h^ttrr  to  ( inllu>,  nnd  n  douhh'- 
hcnihMl  l)U>t,  now  nl.so  in  the  Piinipliili  collcctiiui,  with 
the  llrrniatlienn,  nu^ntiontMl  in  ;i  Icttrr  to  Athens.  Vi\\>c 
in-(fi|>tion>  \vtM"e  prodnccd,  nmonu"  llK'ni  ;i  Indicrons 
one  in  which  the  nn!nt\-  of  Jnlin>  (':i\^;ir  niid  ("icero  niv 
couphMl   n-;iin>t   ;dl    vu\v^   oi"    chronolo-v    ;ind    coninKni 

>»'n^f.' 

1I;m1  tho>c  ianriful  writer^  of  hi-torv,  M.-iftel.  S<-i(»ni- 

ni.tri,  ;i!id  Co/zn,  know  ii  nr  -ii^prrttM  1  i  h;i  M  i  rot  tn  irrrn  ta 

had  \  h'ldrd  up  af  ihr  fiid  ol  \\\r  tillrcnth  .vnlnrx  ihr- 
fiiir'^f  Maine,  or  \\haf  h;i-  ixMai  ron ^ideiTtl  nnli!  I.itely 
}!j,.  tnir^t.  in  Hi«-  wi.rM,  1  h;i  \  ^  ih  >  d*  ad .}  da-y  w.hiM  liave 

f.r.Miih'd    (     icrro    Wldi    !:-    |KJ^^>(.'»iun.      1    raler   in    da'    l)«i\e- 

a-T.-  AjH.n^.,  di-'MX.-vd.  nn[  m!  \ntinni.  a<  a  ]H.|Hii:ir 
trfidihMii  roiilriid-a  but  \\iii,in  di.'  ain^ui'ii.ai  <a  die 
ilhlxa  ..f  (d-M!!:in'r^^ata  wldle  di;!'  .ajira  wn<  h.  id  hv 
Cardinal  <  .adian.^  d.  i:.  1[. ..  ere,  afterward  ^  P-;.  Jidnis 
TId  1  lii-  1-  h\  no  nifvm^  tlie  only  masteijarrr  ui  w  !iieh 
the  phiee  can  hoast.  When  the  l^mpTor  Frederick  M 
withdrew  his  camp  from  this  territorv  in  lit  J,  on  nis 
way  to  the  south,  he  took  away  to  Noeera  two  bronze 
statues,  one  of  a  man,  one  of  a  eow,  prohahly  a  replica  of 
Mvron's  masterpiece.  Cardinal  Carlo  Harherini  in  1^78 
and  Cardinal  Melchior  de  Polij^mac  in  1730  discoverecl 
eleven  statues  of  various  members  of  the  Julii  Aspri 
family;  a  Muse  of  colossal  size,  with  eyeballs  of  pre- 
cious stones  and  eyelashes  of  copper;  a  Faustina;  the 

1  Compare  Cozza,  //  Twscidano.  p.  (m,  who  believes  it  to  have  heen 
found  in  the  seventeenth  century  near  the  eleventh  milestone  of  the  Via 

Latina. 

2  The  tradition  is,  however,  a  late  one.    It  appears  for  the  first  time  m 

Michele  Mercati's  Metallothera  (p.  :5(U),  printed  in  1.541. 

^  Compare  M'lchaeWs.GeschichtedesStatuenhofes  .  .  .  Belvedere,  p.  10, 

and  Ilelbig's  Guide,  first  edition,  vol.  i,  n.  100. 


TMI 


f.  \ 


'    <W    (KTMO 


271 


f  i,  fi 


i« 


ir 


i): 


,^l:n'p 


11  rt 


ti 


iOl"    ( 


r  a  VOnf]!    r-.'ii'f 


I!, 


rnis 


ii\   I 


M  -i     t  '^ 


«  i    i  -^       ! 


n><  Tn  H_ 


I  wit 


mT    ! 


H<  (^  h  '.-^  (>. 


1! 


I 
1) 


•Na'nin^K 


itv  of 


r   (  i  1 


tl 


»«     *  I  i  M 


I 


it'i'c  ri-i)C(  MiiK-ci 


IJ 


>v 


ir  ><i  rconlh'i 


iiH'  riahf    (/ornrr  of  the   foi-tMrroinj^l 


\\  liicli  three  st.'ilw  nrf  \ 


la.son^  .'ire  pushing  n\v<j\  on  rollrrs. 


Ilnd    all    llic.st'   relics    I 


>eeii   collected    and    ])rcscr\cd    or 


the  spot,  the  ( irottaferrata  niustMiin  would  I 


ia\'e  I'aii 


k(Ml 


'din 


on<s  the  richest  in  Kiirop(\    The  modest  attempt  mad. 


lately  hv  the  worthv  I^asilians  to  start 


more  keeiih    the  l( 


)sses  o 


f  tl 


one  makes  us 

1  ti 


fc(d 


the  cai'dinal  abbots,  who  treatcMJ 


le  past  and  the  rajKicity  of 


s  personal  prop(M't^ 


and  carried  away  to  their  own  private^  palaces  m  lionu 
whatever  the  district  placed  under  their  temporary  ju- 
risdiction produced  in  the  way  of  anti(jues.  And  there 
were  ei_oiity-two  such  ahhots  from  the  death  of  St.  Nil 
in  100.3   to   that  of  Cardinal    Krcole  ( 


u> 


onsalvi   m  ]H-2L 


rM\e 


I1ie  source  of   the  i^ivat   wi^ilth   and   of   the  extei 

earthly  poss(\ssions  of  the  ahlxn-  is  easily  found   in  the 

tact   that   tli(^  ahhev   was   the   favorite   haltinc-nlace  of 

mos  and  em|)erors  hent 


on  pnlao-mn-and  hurnmn-  Konu 


R. 


or  trymo"   to  save  Ikm-  from   pillao'crs  and   incend 


iai'i(\s 


Und 


er    its    roof   Rohcil   the  Norman,  llcm-y   l\\   FrcMl- 


erick   I,   Fred(M'ick  11,  and   the  Duke  of  Calahria    I 


ia( 


fonnd  slu^lt 


er  and  liood  cl 


\rvi\  an( 


1  had 


I 


)ai( 


1  tl 


ICU'   ( 


lel)t 


oi  ^Tatitude  in  territorial  oraiits.  Hurs  tlie  ahhev  be- 
came in  time  almost  a  state  withiir  a  state,  with  bailitfs 
and  justices  of  tlu^  peact^  rtvsidinir  at  (^astiidi()n(\  S.  Ce- 
sario,  (  ast(loaudolh),  Albano,  Aricia,  Vc^lletri,  Xinfa, 
Terracina,  (iaeta,  and  liufrano.    Witl 


1  an  income  of  one 


rills  illustri 


<Mis  stat(^>ni;m.  tlu'  last  of   the  caniirial  ai)})ots,  died 


iti 


room  on  tlu'  first  floor,  on  Januarv  Jk  ]H2k  in  [\w  proserKV  of  the  trope's 
<'n\oy.  Canlinal  ( 'asti-h'oni  (afterwards  Pius  VHI).  and  of  the  French  am- 
bassador, the  l)uk(>of  l.a\ai  de  Montniorenev. 


I 


I 


272    WANDKIUNCS    I\    'VUl]    IU)MAX    CAMPACXA 

hundi'cMl  llioiis.'ind  scudi  a  \r.'ir  (one  (lions.nid  for  each 
monk)  [lic\'  were  able  to  come  to  the  rescue  of  the 
S.  V.  Q.  II.  itself  on  more  than  one  occasion.  The  Bai'- 
herini  ahhots  have  taken  care  to  [)ut  an  end  to  this 
antimonastic  state  of  things  1)\'  appropriating  ever\'  pos- 
session of  their  pr(jtei;es,  —  l)ook>,  manuscripts,  statu(\s, 
pictures,  precious  \(.'>tments,  and  Lin<hM|  pi()p(M"}y. 

A  visit  to  ( irottaferi'ata  i>  most  a!tracti\'e.  Even  t1i(* 
name  of  the  placi^  —  the  Iron  ('r\pt  —  is  ni\>lerious. 
It  ap[)ears  for  the  first  time  in  I():)7.  The  h'arne(!  m(ud<s 
ha\'e  sui'-i'-ested  its  (k'rivati(Ui  from  a  railiiiir  inclo>ini/ 
a  rustic  chapel  of  the  Madonna,  from  imaginary  kar- 
ra<'ks  of  the  (ir>t  Le^^ion  l\rniin,  fi'om  the  iron-works 
at  the  ^\"ateI■fall  of  the  Ac(|ua  Julia,  or  from  the  iron 
doors  of  tlie  Iconostnsis.  None  of  thcv^e  conicctures  is 
satisfactory.  J5ut  on  st(*[)piiii:  over  the  threshold  of 
the  sanctuar\'  let  us  lea\'e  kchind  (wcMi  historical  con- 
tro\tM"s\";  neacc^  and  contentment  ar(^  the  onl\"  feeliuLrs 
A\'hich  must  ke  allo\\c(l  to  mo\-e  our  .souls  wiihiu  thcsc 
ancient  cloi.sfers.  'I'he  (ii'cek  woids  of  wclconie  (ui- 
<^ravc(l  over  the  door  of  the  church  e\|»i-e^s  the  same 
scntiuKUit:  "()  thou  who  cntcrcs}  (he  house  of  (lod, 
lea\'c  Ix^hind  thee  ;dl  solicijnus  c.-iri's,  so  fh.il  thou  maxst 
fac-e  th\'  .ludi^c  in  peace!''  How  soothuii--  the.sc  words 
must  lia\'(^  sounded  to  man\'  s(Md^in^•  aduuttaTic(^  undiM' 
St.  Xilus's  roof,  aftei'  liaxinu-  sh.-dvcn  otf  the  dust  of  the 
wicked  cit\':  "()  thou  who  eoiuot  to  this  s-mctuarv, 
leave  kchind  th(;e  all  solicitous  cares!"  It  is  true  that 
modern  swift  means  of  locomotion  ha\"e  (listuri)ed  the 
solitude  of  which  the  \illa-kuihiers  and  the  ccuiokites 
were  so  jealous;  kut  kv  a  mc!-c\'  of  fate  the  ( 'olle  delle 
(jinestre  and  the  gardens  of  the  aklxw  are  still  ivcv  \vni\\ 
an\"    annoN'ini:    contact.    And     if,    while    siifin"-    on    the 


Till-:   LAXJ)    OF   CU  KUO 


'273 


i 


I 


■ 


% 


i 
1 

I 

4 

■i 

f 


remains  of  Cicero's  home,  or  un(kM'  the  shack'  of  the 
.i^rove  planted  ky  St.  Xilus,  the  kiint  eelio  of  tlie  en^iri- 
neer's  w  Instle  reaches  our  ear,  we  h\A  tempted  to  rej)eat 
in   their  klunt  seUishness  the  verses  of  the  j)oet: 

"  Mi.ivc.  marl  jjia;^ni()  (urbaiilihus  aMjuora  veiitis, 
K  terra  iiiagiiuiu  allcrius  sju'ctare  ]<iljoreiij  !"  ' 

The  kest  evidc^nce  of  the  infhience  that  these  eharmin;^^ 
retreats   exeicise  on   su])erior   nn'nds   is   to   ke  found    in 
Domenichino's   (^\p(M'ience.     Ilis   home   \iiv  was  a   lielk 
and  yet,  once  w  ithin  the  shelter  of  the  akkey,  he  could 
k)rn-et  his  soirows  so  kir  as  to  l)e  akie  to  paint  a  whole 
>et  of  masteipieces,  showini^r  a  perfect  kalanee  of  mind. 
J\)or  DouKMu'chino!    lie  was  kited  to  niarrv,  akout  1(>^2() 
a  woman  from  Holoniia,  Marsakilia  ky  name,  sudicienllv 
<^o()(klookin-,  P|,[  of  a  fearsome  temper  and  of  a  (|ueer 
turn  of  nn"ii(k    'VUv  most  odious  of  her  notions  was  that 
of  denyinn-  a  propcM-  amount  of  food  to  her  ow]i  children, 
in   the  hope  of  I)rinoin<r  them  up  n-eiitle  and  delicate. 
Two  youn^  sons  had  already  died  from  such  inhuman 
treatment,    when    k)()mem"chino,    k)r  once  assertini^^   his 
authority,   took   the  tliii-d  child   under  his  own  care, — 
a  deal-  nnl,  who  outlived  him  and  oave  him  oreat  com- 
lort  m  Ins  nnstortun(\s.    Th(\s(^  came  to  a  climax  in  Ki  I-!), 
whih'  h(^  was  paintinn;  the  chapel  of  the  Spanish  vicerov 
in  Naples,  with  the  advent  of  two  krothers  of  Marsakilia 
riii'tli.i.^ni,  insoh-ntissimi,  e  kicinorosi''),  who  succeeded 
m  drivmu'  him  to  a  ])i'emalure  <rrave,  and  in  (reltino-  the 

lion  s  share  ot    the  inheritance,  valued   at   twentv   thou- 
sand scudi. 

Ak-iny    otluM-     masterpieces     k6sid(\s     l)omem*chin()\s 
owe   their  existence  to  the   inviooratini^^    influences  of  a 

'^  It   1^  sW(M.(.  wlirn  (.11  the  -real  >ra  tlio  winds  tr()ul)le  its  waters,  to 
l»e!in!,l   from   land  aiiollicr's  <iecf)  distress. "   (Munro.) 


■27  i     \\ANl)i;inN( 


IN    1I!i:    nuMAN    (  AMTA^iW 


-n{ 


llU'II 


inr\ 


1 !  1  n  i 


M    I 


i  < 


11 


N 


()\\  iirrc 


1 


!;i\"<'     I!]* '11     n 


i\  t 


>r('n   a  hit 


W  (  ) 


liurr   iiK  1  ii>[ riuii>   iiiimx 


M 


( ) 


IK 


11  ill'  liaw 


In     (1 


i^nii^s   nioiM^  t 


r 


L'i 


1    1  1  i  V 


(  T     ->   {  j 


I  r 


M    ) 


(    > 


i   ) 


>rn  i  ( ■> 


villi 


I  •(  ■( 


I !.  ! 


I  li  \ 


!'(>!! 


f! 


li 


1*111 


I      M 


!  '     V  !  H  ) 


rir 

111- 


!  ( 


\ 


(  ' 


i    - 


!'! )    .V?  rrdt  lU      v 


li    { 


iiiir  rest 


JL'.U^'i  ui    kW. 


A 


1 1 


',  '  ! 


C()[)ie( 


1   at 


t  )   taviaiiu^   in    jiii^ 


•n;  nv   Years   ajj-o   sai( 

ii iili>     iiiri^    srrr.s.si/'  ' 


1,  -L. 

AlK^tl 


wv 


(ri 


'  1 .  i 


<'!! 


i  * 


rav(Ml  ..!!  a  sarcophagus  ToriiKM-ly  in  flu*  church 
Aracoeli,  in  which  father,  mother,  and  (hiUi:hter  had 
been  (Mitondjed,  expresses  the  same  feelin^^:  ''Secus  in 
siireoi'ai^o  [.sic]  in  hortulis  nostris  .scccs.simus 
l)rin<i:ini,^  into  comparison  tlie  two  restt'nl  withdrawal; 
the  temporary  and  the  eternah  llic  eartldv  and  ll 
:1 


lis 


le 


eivsi. 


m,  gives  u  delicate  touch  ot*  pathos  to  both  epitaj)! 
riiis  haj)py  state  of  thin<i;s  has  not  und 


ertrone  serious 


change  with   the  lapse  of  time.    Each  monast 


erv 


eacli 


ll 


vilhi,  each  cottage  ot   the  region,  seems  to  he  connected 
with   the  production  of  some  literarv  or  artist 


ic  wor 


from    Cardinal    IJessarion,    the    founder   of   the    (Jree 
Renaissance*    studi(\s    in    th(*    ( iroltaferrata    Ahlx^v     t 


o 


Cardinal    Wiseman,    w  I 


lo    wrote    **Fal)i()la  ''    under    th< 


pergola  of  the   English   College  at   Montc^por/io 
Annihale  Caro,  who  translatcMl    the*  /En(M*d  in  tl 


f 


rom 


i(*  irrovc 


iinina,   who 


of   the   villa   of    Eucullus,    to    Hiondi   and    ( 
gathered  materials  for  their  illustrations  of  Tuscul 
while  residing  at  La  Ruffinella. 

Above    the  gate  of  the  cottage  now   inclosed  in   tl 
Villa    riccolomlni-Lancellotti,   where   Cardinal   C 


um 


le 


esare 


1    a 


of  mine. 


I,  Lucius  Fabius  Octavianiis,  have  retired  into  this  little  possession 


THE   LAND   OF   CICERO 


i^75 


Baronio  spent  forty  seasons  in  writing  the  "  Annali  della 
Cliiesa,"  the  following  inscription  has  been  engraved, 
in  which  the  verb  secedcre  is  again  most  happily  used: 


i 


The  gateway  of  the  Grottaferrata  Ahl)ey  fortified  by  Cardinal  Giuliano 

delhi  llovere  about  1485 


CAESAR       CARD.        BARONIVS  ANXALIBVS       ECCLESIAE 

PERTEXENDIS II IC    SECEDERE    SOLITVS  —  LOCVAI    MO- 

NVMENTO  DiGNVM  FECIT.  Were  similar  inscrij)tions  to 
be  affixed  to  every  house  or  garden  gate  in  the  territory 
of  Frascati  or  Grottaferrata  where  illustrious  men  have 


i 


J-a-;.     •»«. 


^^->|*kS^sss 


27(i  ^VA^•DKIU^(is  in  tuv  uomvn  campacna 

resided  during  the  last  four  centuries,  the  whole  country- 
sd  would  Uxome  a  Pantheon.  I  shall  n.enhon  only 
two  names  as  representatives  of  their  res,,eetjye  social 
state,  those  of  Cardinal  Bessarion  amonj,^  the  early 
humanists,  and  Annibale  Caro  among  the  poets  ot  the 

^"jolnnes  Bessarion  of  Trebizond,  Bishop  of  Xip.a, 
came  to  Italv  in  143H  as  theological  adviser  ot  the  phan- 
t,„n-empero;  (\mstantine   Pahvologue,  at    the  council 
convened  at  Ferrara  l.y  Pope  Eugene  IV  for  the  reunion 
of  thedreek  and  Latin  churches.    As  a  supporter  o     he 
Church  of  Home,  and  as  a  newly  elected  member  ot  the 
Sacred  College,  he  foun.l  himself  involved  at  <.nce  in 
everv  derico-political  intrigueof  that  troublesome  period 
such  as  the  conspiracy  of  Stefano  Porcari,  the  conflict 
with  Frederick  III.  and  the  schism  of  Basle.    At  the  con- 
clave of  U.5.5,  following  the  death  of  the  great  Nicho- 
h,s  V,  he  was  on  the  point  of  receiving  a  majority  ot  tiie 
votes,  when  a  ludicrous  allusion  by  Cardinal  Alam  of 
Brittanv  to  his  long,  flowing  beard,  typical  ot  Lastern 
prelates,  turned  the  election  in  favor  of  the  Spaniar. 
Callixtus  III.    His  name  is  connected  with  two  gems  ot 
art  -the  shrine  of  St.  Andrew  the  Apostle,  on  the  Fla- 
mii.ian  road,  and  the  presbyterial  house  adjoining  the 
church  of  S.  Cesario  on  the  Via  Appia. 

According  to  a  popular  legend,  An.lrew  the  Apostle 
ha'vin-  been  crucifled  at  Patras,  his  head  was  sevmnl 
from  ?he  bodv  an.l  left  at  the  place  of  execution,  while 
the  bodv,  after  many  wanderings,  found  a  place  o  rest 
at  Vmalfi.  When  the  Turks  invaded  Morea  m  14.,.). 
and  Thomas,  the  last  of  the  Pa Ueologues,  sought  satety 
in  flight,  the  head,  ottered  to  Poj.e  Pms  11.  was  re- 
move:! to  the  fortress  of  Xarni  an.l  intrusted  to  the  care 
ol  i;   .sarion.    Of  its  transfer  to  Rome  in  A,.ril,  U6>,  ot 


1. 


f 


t    ' 


THK  SHRINE  OX  THE  FLAMINIAN  ROAD 

Marking  the  spot  at  which  the  head  of  8t.  Andrew  was  received  bv  Po,>e 

1  Ills  II  from  the  hands  of  Cardinal  Bessarion 


1 


ii--     i.-lAii    K)l     1    h 


iM(  J 


279 


ihc  iiicirx  t  iiniis  mise-cn-sce)ie  fur  U. 


i  1 ', 


rec('T>tirjr> 


n  1  H 


!         M 


K  i 


i     «  I  I 


11     ll     h\ 


1 


>( 


I  rif  > 


ri  •(  » 


<  n 


V( 


in</(;c:^^tii  \     LU 


( 


H  '        K 


^}Ji';i  K 


i    i 


I  u 


>>  « •( 


1 


1 


le 


i]  I  »\   I  »]'P2"(>r(  )\!!is  ifi  \ 


i)\\\\ 


CjescI 


\    W     I 


j<  -fl  !  ( 


A 


^Hri!|n!l<||  i)\    lln^  ex  ,-|ji    j 


^   i<  >    '  R'  iuU  ?!(] 


n  .'i   ^liriiic  .>[ill  .^(;i  ihIi 


!  "'    O 


1    nie    !'!: 


(  ) 


\iv    \ 


;i  inii 


!<  >;!(1.    !!(» 


!'  Iro!!!    I 


M 


!1\ 


{  ) 


<'<in(»[)v  siippoiUMJ  h\   I'our  .•il;il,.'i>|(.i 


>^'i<l,^'<^     n   li;i>  flic  .haj 


II 


ff 


rolliFfiT]; 


('    >l;i 


('     o 


Nicnl.io  of  l''|(.rt'iic(>,  iiicntioiKHl  i)\    \' 
Aninnin    Fil.-iit'((\     If  iimrks  tl 


11h'  ^<'iin[.  .'I    work  of   \';tri 


:lir!- 


1 


OIK'  .-in* 


i><iri  111  lu^  iilc  oi 


('   cxacf 


[)ot 


w  hcrt 


ll 


kiill   \\a>   handed    (n   \hv   Pope  |,y    Hr.^^arioii  and   w  I 


fl 


('!"(' 


K'  >])('(M-li  wa^  d('|i\(.i'(M|  wliiVii  ( in^o'oroxii, 


<'oni|)a  r(\N. 


I 
w  one  iitjcrcd  l)\  (  oki  di  \{u\ 


I/O, 


no{  w  illionf  reason,  to  tl 

'V\\v   jjiv^lnU'i-ial    lioiis(>   attached    to    [\\i^   -hnrch   of   S. 

rVsario  is  a    -raceful    hnildiiio^  of  the   KcMiaissaiice,   nn- 


s  as  w  ( 


known  not  oiilv  to  uuidefiooks   but    to  arti>t 
to  historians  of  Honi(\ 

HesNarion  kept  open  court  in  liis  |)akace  at 
i   (HOW   an   army    and    navv    chil)).    which    IxM-ai 
niinarv  of  classic  stndies  for  the  leaders  of  the  \{ 


■II 


.s> 


tol 


S( 


I 


)( )S- 


le    a 


saiice 


And 


ronicns     ( 'allixtns.     Constant 


ne 


I 


(iaza,  HioTido.  Cardinal  Platina.  (\'irdinal  ( 


(Miais- 


iisca  rr 


II  sa 


1 


\Mier- 


hiich,  the  t'ather   of 


niod(M-n  astronoinv,  and  Johan  1 


\e- 


loinontanns,    the   translator  of    the   **AI 
the  t 


I 


inao'est."    were 
nnonir  tlie  tavorite  on(\sts.    Hess;irion  himself  was  a  kik- 


K 


)maii]ac,  and    manv  of  th(^  (Ji'cek   i 


possession  of  whici 


l>^    him  from  ( ireek  fel 


namiscripts  on   the 
wc  pride  ourselves  were  purchased 


1. 


ni!'e(\s, 


f  I  ^ 


Jdie   ( irottaferi-ak-i    lil 


'i-arv  at    tliat   tiiiK^  Iiad   sulfiM-ed 


i:vvi\\  |()ss(\s  from  ignorance  and  neglect.    Ainkron-io  'Vvi\ 
versari,  w  ho  examined  its  cont(Mits  in  WWl,  found 


inan\- 


vohim(\s   eaten    I 


)\    M-rmin  oi-  spoiled    I 


)^    moul( 


Hetf 


cr 


<ka\s,  however,  camo  with  tlu^  appointment  (»f  H(Vs>;naoii 


•1 


-2s()   w wDi  in\(.-  i\    rill    noMW  (nMr\(.\A 


to  tl 


i(^ '*  C(>innKni(lir-lii|) '"  of  (he  ;i  hlttn.  iiindt'  1>\    1*111^11 


{ ) 


n   A 


t    '2N.    1  M^J 


I 


ic   >ll  I  »>('(  juriij    fell    \t';ir-.    (if    his 


tciiurr  of   otiicf  ;ii-('  i!i;irk(M|    with   h/tlt'i">  of   ijoM   in   tip 


{•iironi<it'>  o 


f  tl 


IV  iiioii;i>t('r\ 


I  Ir  rn  ixMl  the  ino!'.'i  I  >t.'!  nd- 


ard  of  hix  fcHow  iiionk^,  I'clMiiH  their  church,  ami  took 
such  i:<)(Hi  care  of  the  library  that  v\v\i  to-(la\,  after 
four  and  a  half  <'eiitnrie>  of  fiirtli(M-  neglect,  pleasant 
sui'pi'ises  await  the  l>il>lio|)liile> ;  witness  tlie  discoverx' 
made  \)\  (  ()//a  in  July,  INT.").  of  a  precious  codex  of 
Stralx).  'Idle  I'eport  of  the  cardiual's  I'cforuis  uni>t  ha\'e 
reached  Piu>  II,  who  vi>ite(l  ( irottaferra  ta  on  Ma\  ,S0, 
1  MiS,  to  ac<juaiut  hiui>elf  with  the  iuipro\'e(l  state  of 
ai!'aii-s.  In  the  diai"\  of  the  journtw  written  1)V  his  mas- 
ter   of   cerennuues.    the    place   is   dexrihed    as   standing 


1  hoV( 


( 


icero  s  viNa 


l)td 


tl 


wec^n  tlH^  villas  o 


.f  I 


u<'Uiius  an( 


1 


Marius.  **  IlertMJwcll  (ii'cek  mouk>  with  flow  in^  IxNirds 
w  ho  on  the  exc  of  I\|)ipliany  l)le>s  the  water  of  the  ha^in 
placed  in  the  ve>ti})ule  of  the  church,  w  here  it  is  kept  for 
a  whole  yeai'  (!i  to   \)v  di'unk,  drop  l)\    drop,  1)\'   peo|)le 


>uitei'mt:"  trom  the  aj^'ue. 

Bessai'ion  die(|  at  Kaxcnua  (»n  the  ISth  of  Xovemher, 
1  \-1^2.  Iia\  iui:  l)e(jueathe<l  hi^  lihrai'x  of  >ix  hundi'cd  man- 


u>crn) 


1   V(»l 


ume>  to  the  ]'ej)ul>lic  of  \'enice.     It  Was  valued 


it  thirty  thousand  Horin>.    Thi-ee  inscriptions  kee|)  liis 
a  me  hefore  us.  —  tin'  one  w  hicli  he  compose(|  for  his  own 


n 


(T 


(  ) 


w 


rave:  a  second  put  up  l)y  him  at  S.  Marcello  in  meniorv 
f  a  dear  friend,  (\ardiiial  Juan  ("arxajal:  and  a  third 
ith  an  account  of  hi>  cai-ecr,  put  up  in  ]()S^2  l»\  (iian 
Hattista  Beltrami,  a  profe^>or  in  the  ( 'niver>it \ of  Rome, 
on  the  wall  of  the  corridor  connectini:"  the  chur(  h  of  SS. 
Apostoli  with  {\\v  palace  once  inlial>ite(|  l)\  Hessurion 
him>elf.     IIi>  ashes  must  ha\'e  heen  pi'ofaned  or  thrown 


1 


Id 


nito   the  common  chai'nei-liou-^e  at  the  time  the  church 


II 


underwent  it>  appallmi;-  transformation  under  ('lemcMit 


I  in:  LAM)  ui   (1(i:j{() 


^>si 


XF,  wilh  ll 


lie  <-cuii!)|h-lt  \ 


(»  oen  coll 


i.i 


H>.  ;irr||i|f,-|.   (  ';i,'|,,    1-',,|||,-|,| 


<  M  '  "^  ' 


I 


cen/o   lM)rcelj.'i 


M 


IC   a< 


I 


<  I U  o  h. 


IC  e\p|-e>>ion  <  >f 


\ 


!  1 


Ol       \ 


M 


lal 


this  occ-a.sion  :   lhe\ 


;il(^  SI 


iffered   I 


reduce   almost    to    i 


1>1U   pei'pelrated   tui 

u>ii:nihcan<-e   the 


or  ,■! 


'J"il««i"  r(^•|^on  hy  the  cliurclies  of  I 


Minerva.    S.    M.nvcllo.  S.    \icok-,o    in    (' 
Francesco  ;i   Hip.-,."     Bess.-irion  had  left  tl 
directions  tor  his  burial  in  tl 
chapel  of  SS.    Michael  and   Kuol 


j(i 


'n'('rv(\    a  IK 


I 


K'  most  miniit< 


•hl-l 


le  riiiiit-liiiiid  coriaa'  of  IIk^ 


ft  eiti 
tai)l 


)<'!'  of  IIh'  chapel  or  of  tl 


plicima.    Ao  \('stiuv.s  ;irc 
le  ,urave,  save  the  ori-inal 


^'!;'l'q>l»    ni    ^ijv(d<   and    Latin    dictated    },v    tl 
iiims(^lf.    Idic  JH'st   trihute  of  honor  to  I 
l)c  found   in    Father   Rocel 


le   car( 


linal 


ir^  nieinor'v    is  to 


rat, 


iu'  s.'i\s  that   H 
lat 


li's  ''  Ln    Hadi;,   di   ( irottaf 


er- 


essarion  was  the  last  of  tli 


le  *'()( H 


commendataru.    The    fourl 


'iiio  della  H 


()\rvv  to  (  'arlo  R 


ecu    siicccvssors,    from    diuli- 
c//onico,  mostly  nephews  of 


|)o[)es,^  turned  the  revenues  of  the  ahluw  to'tl 


lK 


Ivant 


li^'e 


leir  |)ri\at( 


of  art,  laid  hand 


^"^^'  '^^  tl'^'  'natter  of  anti(juities  and   works 


s  o 


venuMitIv  removed  to  tl 


n  (W-(M-y  ol)j(Md   which  could  I 


)e  con- 


leir  private  nall(M'ies  in  Rome 


r1^ 


riie  first 


event  in  the  chronicle  of  tl 


le   IKWN 


lit 


c  a  IK 


I  tl 


le 


] 


n.nv  pcno.,!  ol  ,,n,si>(MMly  cf  tl,,..,.  hills  is  ll„.  r,'l,uil,lin--  of 
niM-:il..t,n.l,.rl.k,.„  In  Paul  HI  in  hVAH  inu\  .■„„,, ,l,^,.,l 
111  ].,U;.  ini,l,Tlli,.,lir,-,li,,n,)r  his  faclolmn.  Mc\i->j\ 
niu\  frotii  III,,  plan  ,»r  Harl,)l 


IHKl 


omc)  Isaromno/    Inchnlcd 


fisf-r/  \n ) n 


ihjh'   rh 


/;  /> 


III  --o    I  'I   hitfi/ii,   \()| 


K 


oriic.    l!)(»k 


li.  |>.  UlK 


>.  .) ( . 


iiii.ino,  rit'i »ti('\\  «»f  Si\i 


Al 


exari( 


Icr     I- 


:inH'M'.   of    j\nii    ill:    I-',- 


( 


iinrin.inlonio  ( iii;i(i;i"iii.  of  ( 


n  :   Iiinoc(>nzo  .K-l    Morilc.  of  .fuiins  JH 
inccx'o    HarlxTiiii.   of    (rf);!!!    \"II1 


K'niciit    \II;   ( 


XIIl 


it'lo    l{('//oniro.   o 


f  CI 


t'llK'Ilt 


(■    (• 


(trictrrini 


ii'x'  two  coadjiilors  of  I 


( >  »(' 


I- 


rncsc  in  ins  \^•o^l^•^  o|  .tii- 


thc  I 


"KMit  and  >ai!i!a(ion  ot   limiw  and  FraM-al 


MH-     ]^I/t     (roll/,   /I     I), 


I'ls  r>t 


irna  /ss(t  //(■ 


Mi."'.   I 


2s2  WA\T)Fia\(;<  IN    v\\\:  ijoman  (Ampacw 


Tin    I  \\i)  ( )j    (  K  i:h() 


Portrait  of  Cardinal  Bcssariou  In  the  cloister  of  SS.  ApostoH 

in  the  scheme  of  the  works  were  the  construction  of  a 
castle  where  the  "n^overnatore  deUa  citta  di  Tuscuhmo" 
could  reside  in  ordinary  times,  nnd  tlie  l\)pes  on  the 
occasion  of  their  summer  visits;  the  construction  of  the 
city  walls;  the  oi)enin<r  of  two  public  squares  and  of  a 
network  of  straioht  and  well-dmined  streets  crossino-  one 
.(ii>ther  at  rif^ht  aji-k.^.    li  \v('  remeiDhrr  thnf  flu^  \\]]()\e 


1 


-1 


<ilv  ul    l'i-aM-„ll   i.>   i.uill    ,,vrr  li„.  -rni,',;,,.  of  ;,„   ;.„.;,.„! 
vill;,  ,,i  in.ni,.nM.M-/,..  u,- , .,.,„,„. |  u,-,,,-!,.,- ;,t  ll,r  „n  I,.., 
'"-"■■■''    ''-"'l-'J    I'^Hil    lir.    ,n.l,.r|..,kino..    AMmr,:,,,!. 
s,',u  n,||„.  i',-inu>M...,,!|,..|iu„;,i  |{,,„, ..■•,,  „„,.(  I,,,,,,!, 0,1 
)ro|.l,N  »illilM';Hl>.,f^,.,-oii..  h, ■,,-,, i,...,,,ili,,n. •, . Ml,. il,.. 

''"■'■*■'■'"""'  ^^'   l---i.-    TlK>;,,„„uuu>u..Mlh,,r,,MiK. 
11^.11,11.. Tij, I  w;iuii»'  iiMh.    !!i.hnp^  in,r;ir\   in:  ;k..,i   \i    I 
n.  <[>■  :•!..  also  of  -alnine  statue  di  moita  considera- 
tioiie    discovered  under  the  Cherul)ini  Jiouse,  witl.in  the 
same  I.elt  of  eh.ssie  ruins.    What  were  tliese  ruins,  an.l 
to  whom  amou^^  the  chissic  summer  residents  of  their 
district  can  we  ascribe  their  ownership.-    The  answer 
can  he  oiven  without  fear  of  mistake  since  the  recent 
studies  of  Grossi-Gondi.    Frascati  represents  the  central 
pnlace  and  the  headquarters  of  the  imperial  estate,  many 
thousand  acres  in  extent,  wliich  had  been  formed  in  th"e 
first  two  centuries  after  Christ  hv  j(,inino-  i„  one  i)ro- 
perty  several  villas  orioi„ally  belonoino.  to  the  J'assienii 
the  Sulpicii,  the  Quintilii,  the  Cocceii,  and  the  Emperor 
Tiberius.    It  extended  eastward  from  the  i)resent  town 
to  the  Barc-o  Uor<rhese  and  northward  to  the  reoion  of 
Cocceiano,    Prataporcia.  and    ('amj)itelli.    The  ''palace 
tormed    a    paralleloonim  one  thousand    feet    loii^r  and 
eio-ht  hundreu  wide,  divided   into   tMo  platforms,   the 
higher  of  which  is  called  in  mediteval  documents  Vira- 
nww,  the  lower  lialiiearla.  Bagimra,  the  first  from  its 
water-reservoirs,  the  second  from  its  vestiges  of  baths. 

Passienus  Crispus,  the  founder  of  the  estate,  twice 
consul,  owner  of  a  fortune  valued  at  two  hundred  mil- 
lions of  sesterces,  or  eio-ht  million  dollars,  was  a  <,n-eat 
lover  of  nature,  as  1  have  had  occasion  u,  luention  in 


^S  ! 


I   w  wni  i; I  vc-  i\    ! 


i  1 1 


» \ !  \  "^s    r  \  \  n '  \  <  ,  \  \ 


■li.-l 


( ■  i ;  I  ! »  t 


II  1.  [.    ]  [f;      rnfortnniiteh 


!         M    > 


\^«  M  I      _  ,    I  >(   ,        \  "-TM  -,_ 


I )  1 1  iJ    I  i  i  ( •  \  < )  i  i  i  i  _:  t  ■  r ,  .  <  N  ( 1    t  i  i  1  >  \  \  . !  ■ 

1  4.  I 

so    i  >l  »!!<  i\  ]<  Hi  ■>     hi     I  *<  tj  »|  >;i';i .     \\h<f-<'     ill 


i  ir  (•;ins('  u!    h  i-  t  i<  'W  iii.i  i! 


\\  .     ^Ih'   !)(M';nn(' 


t  ' !  M  ■  >  '  <  i  \  <  ■ !  ■  \  (    ]  (  I 

1                            1                         I      (          \                  1    ■              1  .•  !               ■    i 

llld't  ■:!  >t  M  1     t'\rv\     (|;.\.     :,!iM     m>     .\c]'>^     'MMi-^fii.  \\  !  m  »  ->iM*' 

1    • 


I   M   i 


» i ;  i  *  ■  ( • , 


ir 


witJi     111-    \-:Hiii^     wij*-.     ih;it     .ili    r-«t  !';i  n-t'!l  Kii  t 

\('r(»  \\(»iilii  ,i\ni(i   lirr  I  >rc-(  iiri'  .•ihtl    ilfl!\    >|irrcii    m 

ii]\i\  Aurii  »|  )!!i;!  wiMilil  -Intw  liri-  itx-iiI  iiicnt  i(\  lc;!\ 

<•<  )urt  aii<  1  1  »r*  M M Ini"'  ()\  (T  Imt  I<  >>t  t »( iw  cr,  ^<  sine!  i inc^  \\\  Iut 

\'<-!tic:iii  ixnrd^Mi^.  >()in<'l  iitH^<  nt   'rii-^ciilii  in   it!   tin'  \  ill;i  <>!' 

Pa»i('iiu>,    to   whom    ilir   (|o\\;ii;('r    l^iiipro-    \\n'\    i)oiiii(l 


A  \-\>-\\  •>i  '•!*   \  III. I  (^'liiitilioruin,  nov   M  >  idra^one 


!     ■ 


I ! ;« ■     !l  i::  ;ilM  "■<'. 


I  V,.Ti  t  M  r, 


T! 


\  •.  t  • ;  I 


f  >  1 


:i!i!l    -he  se<'n!'«-<! 


n ! ;  [i< ■  1  H'(  1  ^ i 


f<  i    h    h  >  Ml-  ;Mi::n-f  wife. 


M  J  >,  ^(  >  ^  -^  1  (   I 


t         •  1     I 


I  »i I  1      \\  ; 


!  !  P  '■ 


ih*/  natural  c-<nir>c  ol  i'\eiit>,   i»\    rciiioN  in-    ihr  oi^iiKlo 


< 


i 


THE    L.Wl)   nl    1  ii  I  i(( )  2^- 

wlh<-h  -i.HMl  in  her  Win.    Fur  ihi^  \i  r  h;iw^  !  he  evuk-iK-o 

<>^    Mi^'iomn.,   ^"  he  wa-  ^Inur    fo  ^1e;)(h    i»\     Uh-    !fr;H!HT\    ..I 

-V-:'J'5ppi^^'^-   ^^hom  Isr  JKHJ   iiKMh'  heiress  to  hi^  iiinih'ii-e 
e.^laie.         Ihe  \  ilia,  fheivlnr,'.  InM-anie  Ai:rf[)I)ina '-   ;ih.M]f 
•^^   ^-  '^-     "^'^   .^■''<'^'>   i'^J^'i-.    Ia    the  (h'ath   of   ('l:i!i(h"i|s.   her 
thini    hii>l>an(l,  the   viha    aii.l    th<Mwo  him(hv<i  milhnns 
hn-iiuiv  lh(^  ])ro])(M"f  V  of  .\('n>.     Written  evidence  ot'  lhe>e 
tra-ie  e\-ents  nnd  of  these  ( ra  n>!ni»ion.s  ot*  projxM-tv  w.-is 
hamd  at   Fra>e.-iti  i[i    IS.H.   JSTd.  and   I<S{)1.    The  nanie 
of  Ihe  nie(hnesoiii(.  inotlier-in-ha w  has  been  ivad  on  the 
\vater-|)ij)e  Mipplyiiiu'  the  hathj  and  that  of  her  >on  on 
'^"<><li<'i'  <'<>n(hiil   (h*>eovered   in    ISDl    in  ahout   the  .same 
|>hie(--  whiK'  a    memorial  of  the  re.siden(v  of  her  third 
hu.shand  at  the  villa  is  to  1)(^  fonnd   in  tln^  n-ravestone  of 
the  frcMMlwoman  ('lnudia   Primi-vnia,  diseijvered  nndcT 
IheSenni  palacvat  the  Porta   Homana  in   1S()(). 

'lo  tins  ori-inal  mieleirs  several  adjoining-  properties 
weiv  added  from  time  to  time,  sneli  as  the  one  which 
A-rippina  and  Nero  had  j(»int!v  iiduM-itiMl  from  Tiheriu.s, 
the  Hnpo.>in-  remains  of  which  aiv  seen  from  the  rail- 
'^^^y-'^nvhi:v^un  (he  iril  uf  Ihr  |;i>t  ciirV(^l.etorere.-|chinir 
'■'''■'^^■'■'^i-  '!'!»<-  i>iaee  i.s  iiou  .-.•died  CoceiancK  Ihav  n 
ua!ei-pip(^  wa^  fniind  hi  ]S!)-i  insrrilH',!  7V/.rr/;  Ca^sarls 
'^  I  ^''"^   .I//7//.-/./,      llcsv  'rilH-1'ius  liii-Vivd   llie   |;f>|    davs 

Hi-   (    nr-efnTlo  011  Id.    \iM\v\\r\   |n  (  'npfi   .ail\ 

•  -'  ^  ^-d"^  ^n-amiii.  lleiv  lie  \\-i>  rareil  iur  In 
AuLuiiia  ilir  eidef,  liiolJhT  of  (H^rnianicH^.  tlic  -nine 
inatfMfi     ^^i|n    Iiad    <riveii     hlln    \\iv    \\v^\     Wnnnil^    aihni!     the 

P'**^    **'    ><janus.    Statues  oi    i>oih   \\  er(^  dJ^eovercv]  iif-ir 

fhfMheafre  of  Tiisenhufi    \u    fhe  .'x.  ;i\;i}iofi-  of    Is:;!!    i.v 
the  (^iioon   o!    -^ai'dihia.     What   i>ec.!!ia-  of   ihi>   iniprrad 


{  s 

t , 


il-   i;Ic.   h-. 


>     n  h 


h''*'P''^'^'^    '^^   -ii^-erpK^Tif    fiinos  is   llnf    known,     The    faaf 

'  Compare  Corpus  Insrr.,  vol.  xiv,  n.  ^2(m1). 
^  7??^//.  f/rr//.  com.,  vol.  wif,  a.  I'KIL  i.    1  ?•>. 


osi;  ■\v\\i>i-i;t\'i;-  TV  TTir  iNniw  c\\]v\(.\\ 


f1: 


rn-ciil, 


!^    !1<  M     nielli  H  mci  !     1! 


i  in 


l>t 


!'! 


(  i     ->!  I     »I  )(>•>< '     ! 


h  •    «  1 <  t III ;  I  1  n     It !  II  ^ 


\{'     hccil 


<  >1(  !       II!      I  >i<  »l^     [<  >      I  >r!\  .1  If     "  »\\  lit'! 


»<M\\«M'li     tlh"     lllllc    u: 


■•^-l  >  '•!  ! 


H'\( 


H 


<  M    V 


i    ^ 


W 


r    clH 


Mil  fix'  \!!l:i   i^  iiKiitioncil   fnr  Mic  \:\^\   lime) 
!    (»!'   f  lit'   I  liir«  I   fciihi  r\  .  w  lien    I  he  ^rc;i  (    i-dj- 


« 1    [><  Mil  lc;i  1   r\  ( »jiii  l«  til  <  >I    Hit 


iiipii'f  l(H»k   i>l;i('( 


ihI    tli«'   cliin'cli   urj<lii;ill\    (.•line  info   jjo^NC^Nion  of   (|i, 


iinpfri.il   l.iiid 


riic  n-lHiildiiii:' of  |-'r;!sc;i(i  1>\    Pope  P.-ml  III  in  l.^iS- 


U 


)       N('( 


ni'ctl  oiicc  iiioff    tnl-    [\iv    'J^l^c!ll;ili     liilU     1 1  if   j  )|.-|  cc 


ii  ml  n()l)l«iii('ti  of  Ilif  (  'lii  i.i,  c.-icli  of  I  he  in  },'i  kini^'  c'lrf  to 
(•li(M)>f  the  re  in;i  iii^  of  .-III  ;in(i('iil  \iil;i  for  lluvNih'of  his 
iifw  one.  ^o  .1^  to  .i\oi(l  the  (•o><t  of  iHiihlini:-  tr<'^li  toiin- 
(hitioiis.  Tlii^  >n|)f  r[)o>it  ion  of  tlif  >i\t(Miilli-cf  nliir\ 
^ill<i>  <>n  tlic  chissic  (Mnv^  i^  tlif  t"iin<l<'ini(iit;il  point  in 
the  >tu(lv  of  \\iv  topoL:r:ipli\  of  tlii>  .-i  I  tr.ict  ixc  district.     If 


(•    \  lew    o 


r  ti 


we  >;])re.'i(l  hct'oi-e  oiir  exc^    tlic   |);in()!'."i  mi 

Fr;i^c;iti  eoimtrx ->e.i  t>,  ;i>  tliev  .ippe.ircd  .-it   the  time  of 

P;i!il  \  ,  dcNiniird  nnd  (Miu'rnvfd  l.v  M.-ittlicw    (ii-ciiter  in 

\i'r>i),  i\]\(\    Niil)>titiitf  in   im.'.-in.ition  for  the  inihdferent 

.'irchitectnrc  of  the  mo<h'rn  p;d.iee>  [\\r  ch-is^ie  onth'nc  of 

tl 


len"  pre«|fC(v>Nor>.  .-ind  toi-  their  u!-;i\ ,  sond)r('  color  the 
h.-irmonioiiN  polychromy  of  ;i  l*omp('i,'in  lion>(\  we  Fn;i\ 
oht.iin  a  >.itiNt'<'ictory  impre>>ioii  of  the  old  aspect  of  the 
hillside. 

The  pioneer  of  villa-hiiildei-^   in   the  first    h.-df  of  the 

Aless.-indro    Kiilini,    Hishop    ot 


ixteenth    eentiii'X' 


w  a 


Melfi,  a  man  of  arelia'o|oMie.-d  taste>  .-md  an  ardent  col 
lector  of  every  iiisci-ipt ion,  or  alta!\  or  iirn  w  liich  hore  the 
name  of  Knlinns  or  Unfina.    As  irsiial  w  ith  IIk^  collectors 
of  that  pei-iod,  w  liosc  means  were  not  e(|nal  to  tluM'r  am- 
hition.  the  hishop  found  himself  fre(|iientl\   in  nionetai-x" 


I 


III 


A  FISH  POM)  IN  THE  TUSCUL    N'  VIliA  OK  BISHOP  KUKINI  (NOW  FALCONIERI) 


» 


THE  LAND  OF  CICERO  287 

straits  aiul  obli^^ed  to  part  with  some  of  his  treasures 
Thus,  in  the  year  1.5C^>,  when  he  had  I.eeome  sponsor 
for  the  safe  rebuildhio.  „f  the  Ponte  di  Santa  Maria,  and 
the  eontractors  liad  failed  to  aeeomi)li.sh  it,  he  met  liis 
Iiahih'ties  to  the  city  magistrates  by  paving  640  scudi 
outrijrlit  and  the  balance  of  1360  scudi  in  works  of  art, 
the  two  colossal  statues  of  Julius  Ca?sar  and  an  admiral 
which  are  to  be  seen  on  either  side  of  the  entrance  door 
to  the  Conservatori  Palace.    The  \-ilia  Kufina  at  Fras- 
cati  is  better  known  under  the  name  of  Falconieri,  from 
the  family  which  rebuilt  and  enlar<;ed  it  at  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century  after  the  designs  of  Borromini. 
Some  years  ago  it  had  the  misfortune  to  fail  into  the 
hands  of  certain  Trapj,ist  monks,  wlu,  uied  to  turn  its 
best  attractions  into  money,  cnfllnij  d  .-  n  even  its  finest 
trees.    The  villa   has  now  foun.i  a  kiu  1  an>l  ^.ikiuus 
i'i<-n^:U,i    ill    i;  Miicror   WHiinm  nf  Cn-rnn i,--,  i,,  u!;,,ni 
the  ii!-n|,rrl\  h,:.  Im. iiered  as  ;..  ^-iii  1a  .  U,uA  .,ui,ject, 

"^    '''^'  ^•''•'Vilh.      \Ml:\,:    hv  (  arcliiial    Marco  Sitlc.  AI- 
^V^"P^-^    fi'*'    I'llii.lrr    n(    Mon.lni-OIK^    (Ul^K    l,v    (.lllMo 

Frnvri,,,  Cardinal  ot  Wnvlli,  Wir  iv>[()ivr  of  Ihc  Hnffi- 
iH'il.-i  i  1.>7S  i;  hv  (  ar.lnial  (  )|(avi(,  Arrjiiavfva,  {\w  hiiildcr 
''[  *''^'  "^''"'i'-'  M^nilallo  .]:>!)());  I)v  CKMncnf  \'lll  and 
'''*'^'"^*  Aldohrandini.  the  hiiildcM'  of  \\w  \'llla  Belvedere 
(i:>!)^i  KIOC:  hv  Cardln.-il  Poni])(M>  Arri-oni.  Ilie  huildtT 
^»l  tlH'  \'iila  Mull  ,\omn,  iiiul  hy  (iiaeonio  Hoiieonipa-ni, 
nephew  of  i.rv^rnvy  XTII.  ihe  huihliM"  of  the  Villa  Soni. 

AnniKaie   (\ai-o,   a    niosf  irenial   rnnst(M«  of  {he  TtalL'in 
lnn_-iia-e,  wIiom-  .j,ee(  h   !>  like  niiisie,  \vhu.>e  \\unl>  arc 


^--     U'WI'^riMV*  ;^     IX    'V]]y     |.,,^|^x^     J    ^^jj.^^^,^ 


n 


1    ■'/.  i!  !i 


like  je\v(>!-.  f!ir  translator  of  the  .Eikm<I  . 

[ill    >v»|.'iii-^u  W  iii'^f  lialiir  lici^  ill 

n    tlii-  vohniM-   ^'p.  l!)n    *!i   -(.inir,  '  \>  mi    \\  n  h    t  he 
^n   'M    tiir  \  i!;.;   L'atena,  jHirriia-cil  in  i.}u.;  pari 
*  of  the  villa  of  Lueuliiis  near  the  o-jfr  <,f  Hi.    !>!«  sent  \  i!!.i 
^    >nti-'rorlonia.    This  aecjuisition  he  in;  dr  parth  li*jiii 
a  desire  to  please  his  proteetor,  (^ardinal  Ranneei^  F  r 
nese,  a  o:reat  lover  of  Fraseati,  partly  with  a   \ir\.    ro 
lea  vino-  behind  the  worries  of  city  life  and  the  intri^nies 
of  the  Curia.    It  was  altopether  a  modest  place,  but  so 
full  of  peace  and  freedom  from  the  '*profanum  vulo-us" 
that  the  poet  ^ave  it  the  name  of  Cara villa.    Neither 
Cardinal   Kanuecio,   however,   nor  Caro   long  enjoyed 
their  villas, — one  the  Annelina,  the  other  the  Cara- 
villa,  —  as  the  first  died  at  Parma  in  l.>(),ji,  and  the  sec- 
ond at  Rome  in  the  followinj^^  year.    How  different  the 
modest  ^ifarden  of  the  poet  must  liave  looked  from  the 
country-seat  of  Luculhis,  amonp:  the  ruins  of  wliich  it 
nestled.    We  know  that  the  imiH'ession  created  bv  the 
latter  on  the  visitor  was  that  of  an  offensive  display  of 
wealth  rather  than  of  taste;  and  the  vastness  of  its  build- 
inji^s  f^ave  rise  to  the  criticism  that  there  was  more  space 
for  sweepino-  than  for  jrardening  in  the  Lucullean  estate. 
The  number  and  value  of  the  works  of  art,  however,  and 
the  contents  of  the  library  redeemed  such  defects  in  the 
eye  of  the  connoisseur.    Moreover,  Luculhis  was  a  charm- 
ing host,  endowed  with  the  gift  of  repartee.    Having 
once  been  asked  l)y  l^^mpey  wliy  he  had  incurred  so 
great  an  expense  for  a  villa  facing  the  north  and  there- 
fore available  only  in  summer,  ''Do  you  take  me,"  he 
answered,  "for  a  more  stupid  being  than  the  stork,  that 
I  should  not  know  how  and  when  to  clianc^-e  residence 
with  the  change  of  the  seasons.-" 

The  translator  of  the  .Eneid  was  a  successful  explorer 


HADY  WALK  IX  THE  LrcULLEAX  CxAKDEXS 
CVILLA  COXTI  TOKLOXIA) 


TTTF    I.  \  \  h   ^  H 


''  '       t      !  >  <     t 


291 


of  :i!ifi«|nities.    A  contemporary  aiU:^!,  1  i.iminio  Vaeca, 

{i.:i|   -}(hhI    in    lliP  fnrnirr':^  \v;n'   !l;l\!li^   been  icv^'^lloH  to 


( ( 


{•t  Ml  1  M  1 


t '     \    !  1  it  ■  \  , i  I  M     s  f 


i  ( ff  A  nnil);i!('  ^^i  r< 


!  o! ; !  -H  !• '  '  lie 


Ca?s<ir>  Wi'vc  f(>ini<i  1 !! ,  1  MM  1*  ii-d  Hi  !li(>  in.-iMinrw  In-dlM'!' 
^\illi  a  ^a  !■<•<  »])liagii--  *tii  iln'  Ifnii!  of  whhh  w  (  I'e  SCiilji- 
hircd  til*'  La''>nr<  (»f  TT(M'('n1(^<.  and  wiih  niam"  pi(vf-<  of 
statiiai'X'  <tt  (ircrk  w  orkma  ii^li  ip.  I  do  imj  rciiirfrd  »<■!' 
\\liat  \\a^  done  wiMi  ihr  hca'd^  and  kii^!-:  \\\r  >-a' rr*  )|  >lia- 
(Hi^,  liow  ('\  (']•,  \\a>  piirclia^cd  h\  Mi  )]lNi^ll(  )r  Xi^rduli, 
and  removed  lo  Nnxolara.  an  estate  lie  ownccl  on  tlif 
left  l)ank  of  the  Po."  Annikale  nienlion-^  oHiei'  iin.ds 
at  Frascati  in  a  letU'r  dated  Se})teiiil)er  14,  l.}(k>.  ^h 
ambition  a  I  pi'e^ent  i<  to  eseajx^  from  Home  a^  often  a^ 
I  can,  and  to  \\\v  in  r(dii'enuMit  in  a  small  eottai^e  I  am 
(*on-«ti'nel  inu'  at  l^'ra>eati,  on  a  >ite  one(^  belonuini:  to 
Lneidlns.  as  I  lia\'e  Itei^i  a])l(^  to  mak(^  sni^e  from  monn- 
m(Mit>  n|)on  whielt  ln-«  name  i^  enuraveil."  lie  refers 
to  the  dis(*o\er\.  amonu  the  rnin>  of  the  old  pakiee,  of 
a  w  atei'-|)ipe  insei  ibed  with  the  nanu^  L.  L\('\L  .  .  . 
This  \\a>  not  the  onh  ti'(\i>ni'e  i^'athei'ed  fi'oni  the  rnin>. 
In  tlu^  month  of  l^'ebrnai'x .  b")7."),  the  poet'>  heir,  (  )tta\  io, 
otf(M'(Ml  tor  >ale  to  the  eit\  eoniieil  a  collection  of  statne<, 
nihlc  fnilclicrri i!i(i\  which  had  exidently  Ixn^n  nneaidiieil 
at  r'rax'ati.  The  ('ai'avilla  wa-«  embodied  at  a  later 
period  in  the  beantifnl  \illa  which  pa»e(l  thronuh  the 
liand>  of  ("ardinal  Toloineo  (iallio,  Hi>iiop  of  ('omo; 
of  th(^  r(M-kle^>  nephew  of  Panl  W  Cardinal  Scipione 
Boi"i^'lu\se;  of  the  Altemps.  Lndo\  i>i,  Conli,  and  Sfoi'/a- 
Ccvsaidni;  and  is  now  nobh-  taken  care  of  ])y  Duke 
Leopoldo  Torlonia.  Traces  of  the  i"et icnla t(Ml  walU  of 
the  hon>e,  which  once  ccIiocm!  with  the  voices  of  the 
concjnei'or  of  Hithynia,  of  ('ato  and  Cicero,  can  be  ^cen 


x>!>i     \\\M)i;iM\n^    T\   Till      i:«)M\\    i    \M1'\^.\A 


!r\'rl  w]\]]  tlir  ^'T' 


( » 


1 1  on  ' 'li  li! 


1 1  i 


( » 


ir[[  1 


\  t  • !  1    (  > 


11      iK       I  .'>   1 


]< 


>1  i  !  It 


1   h 


^  (  ( '  ( 1  j 


)  »\\  11  ( 


('  ;i\'<Mnif\  n  \'io\v 


HI 


t '  V 


les' 


ni;i>>  <){  cniicn'tt'  >^h<  >\\  ii  to  h  )ii  n 


11^  i!'!';!  \f.  iK'.'i  r 


tc  of  llif  \'ill;t  I 


<i(  Ml  •mini 


-I 


;iii<('llol  II    I  roll)  w  tiicn 


if 


I  lit-  nninicii);!  Iit\  ot'  I' !";i><';i  ( i  li.-i->  h.-hikmI  (hf  ;i(li(>ini!i 
>{!•♦"«•(.  f()  ui\«'  it  a  (la>li  of  arc-liicoloiiic.-i  1  intcrc-^t  ).  lia>  no 
riulit  to  hear  {lir  iiaiiK'.  Tjiciilln^  \\a^  lai<l  to  !-(>Nf  l,v  his 
l)rotlirr  LiciniiiN  in  a  noMf  nian^olcnni  on  tJic  \  ia  Tii.s- 


fuia  na,  a 


(   nr  w  r-. 


t  ti 
t  >>\  1- 


II-  Ii|,-|cr  en  llci 


1 


(  »!]•(  tIK'   ( 


li  M 


lea  ra.  one  iniu 


I'a^ca  1 1 


)i 


t '  ^ 


la  ix'  oi  a  nininm^,  m 


I  nt 


r   |»r('\  a  iinii:    h»\\  a  r- 1>  in 


A 


'!-'■( 


1 


.a  !'i:"( 


:nai  nioi-c  ini[)o>«inL:  than  thf  (•ont<'ni|)ora  r\    inaii^olca  ol 


1 


i( 


I 


( ) 


(  )!! 


tht'   \' 


la 


I  la  fia  .  ( » 


I 


i^^icmi.^ 


(ri 


i\\ 


W 


the  \  luiia  (  a  \  a  lit'ia  on  t  lir  ,\\  <ait  inc.  ami  < »!  an  nnlxiiow  n 


1 


R 


r>onaL^i'  m  thi'  \  ii:n;i   t|clL:i   (   crto^a    on    tlif    \  la    La  1)1-- 


'■an. 

ftor 


It 


I 


( >!'ron<'  <  II 


M 


jrni'a  inra^nrc 


1(H) 


(  M 


I  I 


,>( 


a 


1  i     io 


I '   I  (  I  n  (  » 


M  •    (Ml 


( ■( 


or  ( 


() 


^'!   V 


j    o!  MM 


r'(  )\'(»r(M 


I II  a  m  - 


s*  I  -one 


i     H  '.I       «  ■< 


■(  •     W  t 


!!»■(  I  |;i-\ 


1         *  I 


t(  .!•! 


•>(  •• 


!<    ) 


M 


I  ? 


i' 


«    i  ( 


i; ! 


\  <\    \  C^t  1:'< 


( 'lih  ai  1 1 


\v  fih-n 
thr'    I 


\ 


M  )1 .\' 


t  ■    (*     I      (  > 


M 


t  'i 


la  f:i  1  -M 


(  ( 


lITr  >Vl} 


uh-hr.i  I 


on 


mlKT.^  w  lirrr  ih<j  a.-^ho  ol 


i<inn    wcrt'   loiamTiv    koi. 


•('   now    n 


1 


^rd   a^  an   oi 


! 


■11 


'I'hr    roiToiio   can    i)f    rt'aolh'd    troni    ri'a^oati    m 


lo^^   tlian    an    lionr.    I 


( »    ( )  \\ 


ti 


M 


l.'i    I 


» 1 1 1 1 1 ;  1 1 1  .■  I     ;  I  •< 


I'  ^1--   the   \  ill.'l    15i)l->^iri   ,ill'l    till-   l.iUc   III   llic   Irll    III  <   "lio 


I 


I 


I  1 


icimoi'nm    mn^i    lia\('    r«'maiihMi    in 


\c 


o>>cv>i(  m  ( )}  the  t;i  mil\  tor  ma  n\  \  ra  r^.  I  xM-a  ii^i'  a  i:ra  \  .'- 


olio    o 


f  ii 


<■    N('('() 


n<l    contiirx    al'tor   (  'hri>t,    hoa  riiii:    tlu 


nanir   of    two    frotMlmon    Licinii,   lia^    hccn    foiiihi    near 


tl 


('  \\<'>> 


torn   l)oiin(hir\"  of  the  oblate  in   iho  dirrction  of 


tho  Villa   Miiti 


i 


) 


III        1    \M)   i)V    r|(   i:iM) 


2f)S 


1    I 


1  a  \a 


nKMition 


( •( 


m  o  n  ^   I  n  < 


rioii^  mon  o 


t 


th 


e  sixteen  t  h  a  I 


H 


\  onltM-n!  h  i-onl  n^h■>^  w  ho  Nncrc 


\  ■  ( ■ 


owihmI  tlio  -ilo  of  !ho  \  ilia.  (  afdinai  Soipioi 

kl 


Ho]-l 


olV 


('•^t 


the  nio>t  rorkh'^>  and  ^poinHhrift  prolate  rif  hi>  au'c 
J^orn  in  ]M(k  of  the  >i>t(M-  of  llu^  future  l*o|)('  Paul  V 
and  of  Pro>|HM-o  ("atraroHi,  cardinal  at  tw(Mity-nino,  two 
iiKUiths  after  his  uncle  had  taken  posses>i()n  of  St.  Peter'^ 


** 


M 


lU^i  tli'M: 


>!     iJH-iil 


:n)\v  citiln!  the  ToiTOHc  'li  Micar.'i 


clia  ir 


le   >n(i(leii    |)ON>e>>lo 


hi-i 


lopric^, 


1,1 


I ooacr 


I  n  < 


n  of  nnlimit(Ml  w(\alth  from 
neeures  mu>t  ha\e  hurrii'd 
him  into  the  path  of  e\tra\  a^-anee.  When  we  eom«^  to 
think  that  for  tlu  >ake  of  a  sin^h^  statue,  and  a  very 
immodest  on(\-  Ik  undertook  to  rehuild  at  lii>  own  cost 
the  fayade  of  Santa    Maria  (h^lla   Ndttoria.  while  lu^  was 


h'(^ad 


V  enii^aixen  m  sue!)  expcMisna^  un< 


lertal 


viUL^s  a>  tlu 


Villa  Pineiana-Horulu\M\  the  ehurehes  of  S.  Franee>ea 
Honiana  and  S,  (ireu'orio  al  Celio,  the  (^atl'arelli  ehapel 
at    La    Minerva,  and   the   palazzo  which   still   Ix^ar^   his 

'-   Tlu'  H«)r::lit'>o  Ilerninplirotlitt'.  now  in  the  Loin  re. 


^2!)t     \\AM)KKIN(,S    IN     rilK    IJOMAN    (AMPA(.NA 


nanu'.  \\li.-it  \\c  \\.i>  ;il)l('  (o  .■icconiplisli  .-it  b'rascnti 
stM'iiis  ;{lin(>>t  iiisionific.'i lit.  lie  Ix'^.-in  1)\  |)iircli;i>inii' the 
\  ilia  Aiiu'clina  from  the  heir-,  of  Hanncci(»  l^'arncx',  the 
^loiidra^oiic  iVoiii  ( liox  aiinan^clo  Altcmps.  Ilic  ('ara- 
\iila  (Oiiti  ,  from  tlic  li('ir>  of  Toloinco  (iailio.  Ilie 
Mondra^'oiicino  fi'oiii  I' ('rdiiiaiido  'raxcrna  illic  l(M'ial)le 
j)i-o>(M-iitoi-  (tf  Hrati'icc  ("t'lici  ,  and  [\iv  Montalto  from 
()tta\io  Ac(nia\i\a,  witlioiil  lii>  htcmhI  or  In's  cliaiiu'inu' 
niood^  hriiii^-  ^ati^ticd.  'V]\c  Ac<jija\i\a  co^}  him  ."iSJKM) 
>c!idi.  the  Taxci-na  'JsjHXl.  llif  Moiidra-onc  :;n().()(i().  Ix^- 

>id<'N  {  1m>  (  Ml!  ia  \  n{    1  !).i)  1  :>  >^<■|ld  !  f<  M'  t  lit-  w  a  t<  T-W  ol'k^  of  tll(^ 
(   afaxiila    a!<>iM',      1\)    llif    | »!  i  r< -I  i;i  Nc-mi  mcx    w  c    mtiNf   add 

1 1 1 '.  •  \  a  i !  a  •  (  t !    {  1  M  ■  I  1 1  (  n  !  v;  I  !  1 ,  1    \\  (  .r  k  -■  *  > !    ;  M"  I  .    ( ■  1  a  -  ^  1  i  •  i  » !'  ( 'o  11 1 1 '  11 1  - 

j'or.srx.  Willi   wlii./li   in-   |»aJarr_^   and  ^ai'«drii.>  \\fi\-  iillfij. 
^  I  11  idt '*  H  u  ik<    nf     flic    ( 'in-lif  ,^(■.11t]|    ,.,.-|-|fin'A-    (]r--c!"l1 '«'    :!s     -^ilW 


r\J.i  I!?    J!i    hi-    I  a'l\  . 

i 

I  •'.    1  ( a  1 »;  i , ! !  'i .  //']<•(■: 


i 


!•!  iM.ail    ;<!    M.. 


)i  a  t  H  ■  M  it  t  M  I 


t  '  H   I 


.  1  )u!'«'?\  i  a \-, ' r  A 


^I'llH  >.  .;lid    Lii  lilV.ila'O. 


Hr  ,  more  interestin<i^  fi<;iire  of  a  cardinal  !  -lal!  m- 
ii*  i-ice  to  the  reader  before  hrinoino'  thi>.  rliajuri  to 
a  close,  that  of  tlie  last  of  the  villa-huilders  a?  Fras- 
cati.  In  Domenico  Passionei  —  horn  at  Fossombrone  in 
iOcS'^,  arcluieolo^rist,  diplomatist,  lin^rnist,  and  man  of 
the  world,  Arcld)isho|)  of  Fphesus,  Papal  Nuncio  to  the 
Low  Countries,  liaden,  Switzerland,  and  Vienna  (where 
he  brou<i:ht  into  the  fold  of  the  church  the  Prince  of 
\\  irtemberfif  and  Kkkart  the  historian),  founder  of  the 
church  of  St.  Edwioe  in  Berlin,  official  orator  at  the 
funeral  of  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy,  a  cardinal  in  1738  — 
we  find  embodied  the  most  |)erfect  type  of  the  gentle- 
manly {)relate  of  the  eighteenth  century.  When,  tired 
of  court  life,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  enjovment  of  the 
literarv  and   artistic  treasures  collected   in   Rome  and 


a: 

■r. 


I. 


1 


t  «  i 

!      i      I 


\         \  i 


s  i)    Ub    LU 


I     i  ' 


21)7 


4 
1 


\ 


-,% 


abro:Hl  be  could  not  find  a  happier  retreat  than  the 
one  ottered  by  the  Tuseuhm  liills:  hut  wliy  he  shoidd 
1inv(^  :!  }tj  ii  a  [u  i he  recluses  of  Cii  n   i  h i<  M i  for  a  ])iece  of 

L,nJ  wiiliMi  ihrir  cloistrnHH  miimK.  wlirn  h<^  niiuli'  luive 
rhuM'ii  ti  ^lU-  iiiiu  ii  iic'lltr  UiiifRicHi  aiiii  \\a[(.'itu,  easier 

<  *f  .-iCceSS,  «»!!«]   ml  I  111!-!  !lf]In<;'  a    1m'!  (cr   \  !<'\\  .  ]\:i-^   lU'VrV  ]  MM-i! 

])V  tlic^  <t,'ir}l<Ml  ('f^]H'hiff^<.  tkH   wiihonl   inurli  uiiiH  i  iii_:  '■*! 

The  (  "a  liin  h  In  It'-c  iHMMiiilnuc  nllrrcd  Id  iIm-  diNriples 
of  St.  H(>nm;il<l  !»\  Pope  l*;iiil  \  al'lcr  lii^  |)iircli.-i-('  nf 
M<)n(h"<'iu'()!i<',  <M•^•ll|)ie>^  lite  >!le  o!"  a  Roliiaii  \ilia  (Hi  ihe 
>lioiil(l(M'  of  the  liili  wlncli  (le>ceii(|s  due  north  iVoin 
Tu.>eiihim  ill  the  direction  of  Mali(h*a'>  \  ilhi  al  Le 
CappelK^tte.  II<M'e  t1](^  w  hitc^-rolxMl  and  w  hite-h)C\'ir(h'(l 
aiieh()i'it(vs  li\-ed  in  separate  cells.  I'cniote  from  all  intci'- 
eoui'se  with  mankind  and  nuH'tini^'  their  fellow  luManits 
onh"  in  the  dead  of  the  ni^ht,  whenever  the  tollini!;  of 
the  hell  interi'npteil  [liclv  slnmhei's  at  the  most  impo>- 
sihle  lionrs.  No  wonder  that  ( 'ardinal  Pa  ss  ionei's  a  (Kent 
slionid  have  tak(Mi  them  hy  sni'prise  and  distressed  them 
ix'vond  (Midurane(\  Having'  huilt  a  number  of  eell>  in 
Camaldnlese  st\le.  onl\'  lari>'er  and  more  commodions, 
one  to  be  used  as  a  libra i'\,  a  st^'ond  as  a  picture  uall(M'y, 
a  third  as  a  cabinet  of  prints,  a  fonrth  as  a  cabinet  of 
coins,  o(Mns,  ixorics.  and  bi-ou/(\s,  he  bnilt  for  his  pi'r- 
sonal  nse  a  cottauH^  in  a  uai'dcMi  laid  out  in  classic  st\le, 
with  (Ml^'es  of  box  and  m\i-tle  inclosini''  flow  (M'-IxmIs  or 
shelteimiLi'  rustic  seats.  The  outside  walls  of  the  cottai^'(^ 
and  of  the  cells  were  enc*rust(Ml  w  ith  about  eiii'ht  hundi'cd 
(ire(*k  and  Latin,  pai^'au  and  Christian  insc]'i|)tions  and 
bas-reliefs,  a  catalogue  of  w  Inch  was  published  at  Lncca 

in  1  ?(;:].' 

^    Vlw  catalo"iH'  is  [Uv  work  of  MiclR'laiii'clc)  Mc)n>atTati,  a  canon  ot 


i>D^>  \VAM)i:in\(.-  i\    I  in:  im)Man  (AM1\\i..\a 


Tin:    LAM)   OF   (  I(  KIU) 


^!*:i 


II 


i'Vi 


!(•;!(■('   (  ) 


('    \\  ;i  ^   ( 


H'(  1   .'I  1    ;i 


S( 


>< » 


ti 


t  t 


<  >  !l>  (  >i    !  I  h  •   \  r;i  !'  ,'i  !i(  I   .'i  1    ;i  1  I    i  !•  H  l  !'>  (  » 


r  (  l;r\    h\    W  ( »I'H  1 1  \ 


inU  t)i  rani.ii:'r^  and  ra\al<n(k'N  and  >r<lan-(lia  u'  pai- 
.    tilt'   n<»i-\    ocrujtant--  of*   (lie  iiciuliliorinu'  ^'iiia^   all 


clanMn!.:    im  »-[)!ta  l!i\    Ironi    ia--^i(»n('i.   w  Im   knew    im 


w    { 


i  ) 


( >fl'('r  it  t  N  ijrdini  SI  iijin  n r .     I 


( »  )( 


\\\ 


MM 


la  ir 


patrician  ladi*'^  licaiicil  \\\^  xisitinu  li'>l.  All  tl!(v>>c  dc- 
ta  iU  lia  \ «'  I  H'cn  t  i"a  n^niif  I(m  1  to  n^  1  )\  <  nic  ot"  llic  ca  rdina  I  ^ 
gnr-vt-^,  V'm'V  L(m  >nr  (  ili('//i.  Ilir  ca  I'lca  t  n!■|'^l,  a  nd  I  lie  nl<>-^l 
coinplctc    -^iKM-iintM!    of    an    ci^litccndi-ci'ntnrv    parasite 


V 


<  )    !  \      I  K  X 


to  })('  Innnd  in  confcinporai'x chi'iniiclc^. 
arti>t,  and  maker  of  toaNt^,  lo(  piacion^,  a  w  or^ldppcr  of 
rank  and  fa>liion,  Vwv  Lcotk^  (di(v/i  i»  rattier  in  faxor 
\\'\{\\  \\^  on  acconnt  of  \\\v  niauniliccnl  jonrnal  of  daily 
arclia'olo^ira  1  ili^cox  (^rio  w  liidi  lie  k('p(  for  a  ininilx'r  of 


\('ar^  \\\  a  ^ct  ot  at  l('a>t  t!iirt\  tolio  Nolnnio  protnx'K' 
illn^ti'att'd  with  di'awinLi'^  in  cliiarox-nriL  TIm'  ^ct  \\a> 
not  kept  intact  after  lii>  dca  t  li.  Tw  cnl\  -^i\  Nohnne^  w  cnt 
to  tlic  \atican  Lil>rai'\  tln'oiiuli  tlie  ()tlol)oni  le^acx  ; 
one  to  the  ("oi'Nini  lt\  pni'cha^e:  one  i>  in  in\  po>^s(^s^i(>n. 
'^rhe  \olunie,  howcNci'.  w  hieh  ha>  Itron^ht  (  die//i">  name 
l)ack  to  mv  !n(Mnor\  Ixvan^e  it  contains  the  diai'v  of  his 
snmmer  re>i(h'nee  at  (amaldoli  in  1 7  1-1  -  l-.S.  w  as  pnr- 
(•lia^e<|  })\  James  H\]'es  at  the  sale  of  the  Alhani  eollec- 
tion  for  >ixt\-  >endi,  and  >old  to  (liai'les  'ro\\nle\,  from 
\\hom  it  pa»ed  to  the  H!'iti>h  Mn>enm.'  It  is  fnll  of  in- 
tere^tiiiii'  antM-dote>  and  scra|)s  of  i^os-^ip;  foi*  in>tanee, 
that  a  bronze  coin  of  'I'raian.  fonnd  in  a   trenc-h  foi'  the 


tlir     I  ..ittTMIl.       Ufllfdt 


cfto   I  ii>>i<  tnt'i.  iK'ir  t<»  IIh'  f->t,iir,   li;!\iri_;'  \n\ 


iiiil   it   \rt 


linaur)ii>!ir 


1 


;nii'>nj;    nir    nap 


('[■>  ol    lii>   inuic 


iii.l 


Iiol     xTUhic    io    \\-A\v    it 


•  riiitfl  111  hi^  nw  n  riainc 
•     I  tic  arcliifnl()_!ic 


iiiciiioir-^   of  (i!it'//i    }ia\('  IxTM    [»iil»li<<li<'(l  l)\'   iiiy- 


X 


•If  ill  /;////. 


il  rrh  .     Cn  ni  ii  iitl ' i 


./;  / 


I  linn 


/.  rssj, 


Ml, 


Sll; 


!».>,   and    r)V 


1    f; 


^< 


•lircilxT  m  flic  I*  n)fi  ( il  niijs  i)J  ilic  llojid  Acdih  nt  ij  nf  >ctt  nccs  oj  Sn.ronij  tor 


Aarii 


.) 


l.S!)-J, 


\ 


water  >nppn  <>i  the  lionntorio,  wa^  taken  |)o^>e--^ion  nt 
j)\  1^'ra  \itale,  the  n-.-i  tekeeper :  that  t  he  >a  rco|)liaL:nN  into 
hieh  the  water  fed  at  the  head  of  the  li>h  pond,  foi- 
the  (liardino  della    Piuna   at   the  \atican.  had 


w 


]n(M'l\    m 


been   | 


)res( 


nted   to   the  cardinal   l)\'   Benedict   Xl\  :  that 


another  piece  of  slatnary.  fonnd  neai"  the  "(Vocedi 
I'uscnlo,"  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  Fra  Honifacio.  a 
la\  hrothiM"  in  the  ser\  ice  oi' l*assionei.  "  JIi>  eminence," 
the  diai'ist  sa\s.  '' mnst  lia\e  sixMit  at  h^ist  fort\  tlion- 
sand  scndi  in  this  retrc^it  of  ('amaldoli.  It  is  so  hean- 
liful  that  the  w  hoh  of  Rome  is  anxions  to  visit  it:  lew 
crowned  heads  can  hoast  of  a  llucn  llctiro  e(jnal  to  thi-« 

.    .    .    hnt  the  cardinal  i>  the 


^  1 


one  in  ahsolnte  perfiM'tion 

onU  man  of  taste  to  be  fonnd  in  the  sacrcnl  collcii'e 

\\Ors(^  ti'onbles  w  (M'c  in  store  for  the  monks  in  the  an- 
tnnm  of  1741.  Po|»e  Henedict  Xl\'  was  to  be  the  unest 
of  the  Koinitorio  on  October  KUh,  and  James  the  Pre- 
tender on  the  19th.  The  first  cam(*  from  Casteluan- 
dolfo,  escortcMJ  b\-  a  scpiadron  of  cnirassiers;  the  other 
from  F'l'ascati,  escoiied  b\"  the  Nonni^-  Pi'incesses  Hor- 
•I 


i''n(\s(*  a 


o 


nd  PaUavicini,  ''aloiu^  withont  (htmsels."    (  die/./i 
loats  ovei'  the  Pantaa'i'uc^lic  I'ccollectioirs  of  these  (la\>. 


1  I 


iav(*  seen 


I 


le  sa^■s, 


iced  mixtnres  of  all  llavoi's.  and 


frnits,  and  donciMirs,  and  Hni'<»nn(lv  and  Fi'ontiunan  di^- 
ti'ibntcMl  even  to  the  cavalry  escort  of  the  Pope  I" 

Passionei,  whose  bioi'rai)h\"  has  bet^i  wi"itten  b\  (ial- 
1(4 ti  and  Le  Bean.'  dicMJ  at  seven tv-nine  on  Jnh  .5.  17()1 , 
and  (li(Ml  in  tronble,  his  cud  havinu"  bcn^n  liastencMJ  by 
reuret  at  havinu'  to  conntersioii.  in  his  otficial  caj)acit\  of 
Secretario  dei  Hrevi,  bnt  aiiainst  his  conscience,  the  brief 
condiMnnini::  the  '*  Exposition  dc  la  doctrini^  chrctieinu  " 


1  i> 


Pierluiifi   (iailctti.  Manor 


IC    ( 


Irl  (\inl.  I).   Pa 


s-S/i)fl(/,     UOIIU 


i7(;i 


1 


Beau,  Ehujio  sioriri),    Rome,   17(!;>:  Du  Four.   T  rihuf  unuiein'uiuf.  A\  i^i^non 
17(10;  ("aiiccllicri,  Lcffcni  soprd  il  Tdnnthsino.  p.   IS;). 


;iH)    WvNDKlUM.^    IN    TllK    ROMAN    (  AMPA(.NA 


The  three  typical  trees  of  a  Fusculan  villa,  the  pine,  the  cypress,  and  the  ilex 

of  the  .hiii-cni>t  Arezen<''uv.  It  is  coininoiilv  asserted 
tliat  as  soon  as  i*a>-i"Ti{M*  liad  been  laid  to  rest  in  Ids 
<n'ave  at  ^  H  riiardo  alU*  I'erine,  the  luMMuitaiie  was  nil- 
laiT'^d  HTid  '^fripjxMl  of  all  its  conteii(>  Ia  (he  heirs,  so 
that  in  a  few  davs'  time  the  newest  and  l)rii:ht(\st  irem 

t. 

was  ^vreiirlnMl  from  thr  iii»iiifin  ul  \  illa>.  wliii  ii  rri-'Wiini 
the   "Nt  riiseulum."    I    helieve    tli<     iiimhIx-    '..   h:\ve 

It'ii  f  a  iiiu-l  w  iiiiM„  !iaii«  1  !' »  Ui(  iien'^.  1  Im'  ;i  i;  Mm  a-  <  )i  \\n- 
"' iJesci'ipt  i' '!!     (»!'     Latiiini"  <;n->:   "Ain*-;!    n    wwU-    ii-nin 

i 

f,-!n<»h-     iV<i[!i     ai!     Hi  M -r* '<  ti  i  r^t  •     with     mankiihl.     •iihl 


I    M  • ; 


'-    h  »     ! 


I   »        [   M 


H  ! '  1 1 '  ( ■ !  I  \    ( •  ( )  I  r  ' « ' 


lina  t  h  a 


Mil    iii.-\- 


\  t  i't  •     '/,'•'  <!'  I  '7 


i  1 1 1  n  I )  I  h  ( i 


t  ■ 


If 


at 


t ' 


(  ar<  liiai  I  Pa --i'  >iiti,  w  ho  i  Hi  ill  a  In'iaiiita^c  iM'a  r  thriii :  li 
i^  ^aid  t«>  ha\<-  f)«'*-n  \rv\  !'<»nianlif  ;itiM  {nil  <»f  ni^cri])- 
ti<t!i-.  i)iii  xarcrh  an\  \t'^(  i::;c  of  li  I'riiia  iii^,  r/.v /Aa  jruirs 


i 


'till     LAND   OF   (  K  KHO  '»<>] 

fool:  ixuNs  fo  (l(s(r(}ij   //,   iVon!   a    fc'ir   ih.-il    Ihcir   iiMMJita- 
lioiis  nnuht  auaiii  Ih'  (li>liirl>ed  h\  a  powci'fid  ficiu'iilx)!-. 

()nr  \i>il  t<>  d'lix  nliuii  ends  in  a  w.-iy  j)ai'licul.'irlv  in- 
teresting to  thr  Aniilo-Srixon  reader.  ( )n  th(^  suniiiiit  of 
the  a(*ro|)()li>  huilt  hy  'rcleuonns  the  parricide  (•ciiturics 
Ix't'ore  the  hirlh  of  Honua  and  i-aisiMl  NJilJ  hii^hrr  on  a 
p\i-aniid    ol    >lon<v^.    -.tand>   a    Inl'ty    cro.^^^   i-i-cctcd    ^onie 

jifjx     \(\ar>    .'lUn     1»\     llir    ^Indcnt^    of    the     lMluh>il    collcgL' 


il 


^^  Inlc  spend uiu    !h<'  -^nninirr  at    Montrpor/io.     A<-crp!; 

1 1 1  ( ■  an 


( 1 1    i  a 


rnn\  will  lo  Aiv  n'v'iL;lilHii'lio(ni  wa.^  llii>  >niij>l«  ;Ht 
whh'li  wa^  <'1i<ivrn  a--  a  siildcrf  for  ri  pM')C'TTi  r>v 
(anoii  Ak'>>i  kA  IVaNcah  /'L.i  (  roee  sul  TuscuIm  '). 
Aim!  i!  wa-  fi'^nn  \\\\<  <i>nt.  conniia  n«  I  nil!'  n  \"ifu  *.;  ihe 
iiioiinlan.-  lii.it  are  the  adv^anrcd  _:!iard  -»!'  ih-'  Ap*'n- 
nines,  of  th^  ^ea  in  which  die  snn  sets  as  in  n  ir.!!.  n 
bath,  and  of  the  City  of  the  Seven  IIHls  lyino;  ni  (lio:nitied 
seeln^ion  bv  the  river  side,  that  an  Enixlish  suecessor  of 
Bessarion,  Baronio,  and  l^assionei  drew  his  inspiration 
for  the  iR^l  deseriptive  pao;es  of  J  i  hi...  '  one  of  the 
few  novels  the  arelmeolop^ieal  n  c  nraey  of  wlueh  defies 
eriti(i>ni.     11      i  >ook  was  written  ix  Carflinal  ^^  iseman 


Mo!ii*a  M  H-/ 


mainlv  iiTidrM-  (Ik^  ])fM*n^ola  of  the  F]ii:!i-!!  -ini! nicr-lionse 

iHiiralli  wlio-r  \ines/'  he  savs,  *'the 

!  t    ■  ] 

I  la  \  « '    *  H  Tli    lii^«-"U>:-'CO, 

;aai    -h-c-^ohh'    rliai    ha-^    wliiird    a\\a\    lla'  do/v  la-nir<   of 
ailrrnoon    -nih'inr--."    ll    i>    ii'iic    dial    Rome   had    iui'- 


^^n^c!llan  i  liH'-' m  >!i-  »H  ^riaa'aiion 


I  !i  Ihc  more  ^oi  hi   materia 


n^(Hi 


\       i     1   1  (., 


n  !>licd    to   \\  isrnh- 

eon>truc[ion  <A  \\\>  \\t>rk.  i'ut  i^^v  die  dnt-  oi  hi-  phhires 


1    \\  a--    on 


;ind    for   rnn"   r(^p>r(^-^(^nta  n<nr^   ot    nalnrc    \ 

>\\vv\    memories  til    snnune!-  anntn^   the    1  u^enlan    hi!! 


that  the  writer  had  to  <lra\\. 

'  ((.niior.'    \\i-!u;iii.    .1    iHc   I  lowers  from   the  Roman   Campcujna, 
1  -(tndon.   1  St;  1 . 


IIIK    L\\!)    ()!•     V\A\\    1fli:    \()l  \(.KI 


(  iiArri.K  \i 


Tl!!;     \.\\\ 


'  t)i    iM.i\^    riii 


\^n  \(,i:iv   AND    iiii:   l  w  i  • 


I 


3 


Ll\^     f 


()  i       \  !  .  K'  (  ) 


ouim'iM"    r.iii 


1> 


nr\{      to     ( 


KMM'o    in 


|M>j)ularil\    .'IN  :i    w  I'llcr.  altliou-li    i{     Jn    nol    d 


r;i  !' 


( •    lii;nn"  ^\  \\:\ 


i    1 
1 


iiiN   !(>  Niicli  ;i  liii:li 


I  IK 


m^   .-ire   !.;!>f(i  upon.     l>i>i-ii  m  (11  or  (i-j  ;il  (  "onio,  llir  noh 


(»! 


L.  ( 

J  <  1  I !  i  I 


''<il!ii-  <   iio  ;!ii<l  Plini;i,  -i^hT  lo  Pliin   (lie  \\\i\rv 


iiiv  >(»  clo^clx  ((Miiu'ctcd  w  i(li  [\\c  (M-nj){i()ii  of  \'(^<iiviiw  In 

A.I).   7!».         lit'  \\;!N  ;ii!()|>ttMl   l)V   lii>  iin(l(\  and   ^ixcii   \\ic 

(■nni|ut-i{f    name   of   ('aiu>    PliniiiN    ('a'ciiin^    StMMiii(hi>. 

I''''    l^linn"    iK'huiur.l    {,.   tlir  cju  '-(rian   r;ink.  and   hoi-n 

i«'  nio^t   itcaufiful  >\\cc[ 


a.>  l\\v\    w  rrt'  on   llic  .^Iioitn  i)\    f  1 
of  ^vatcr  in   l(ai\  .   t!u'\    lia«l  dioori 


I  :i    n;i\.il  cai'iHM'.  lil 


\( 


.( ) 


many  (  oina^clii  of   tlir    procnt  «la\  .    The   adi 


ur 


■idoptrd  >on.  lio\\('\  (T.  lia\  ini:-  j^rcforrcd  to  cnlcr  (he  cix  i! 
MTxicc.  \\  liidi  al(»nt'  could  open  to  liini  IIumIoofs  of  the 

ini  a  (phr^toi-  in  !)I .  pra^ti^r  in  or 


'na  t 


( >n>t'.  w « 


find 


^""if  !):').  con^nl  in   ]«H).  ,•, ,ii>.,>]-\  .dnr  of  the  Til xt  in  10. 

I*  Hitln«  nia   in    111   (»r   1  \'2.     l-'roin  a  ^{\n\y 


n<  I  u(  »\  t -laK  >r  < 


( I 


1    tilt'    in-*rij)f  ioii>   dc^ci-il  >iii_:    lii>   career    coJlccttMl    1 
Monini>cn  in  *"Ilcrn!c>/"  ls(;s    w  hich  mention  tl 
♦  ■rnoi'-hip  a-   tlh-    la-t   e\-en(    in   lii 


»\' 


le  U'o\- 


/ 


r/i/'s/js    Innhiru  III  ^    \\  { 


^11*'  th.-it  li''  mu-t  lia\«'  died  in  that  t'ar-; 


iw  a\-  i)i"o\  nic(." 


»r  --(Mjn  at 


fcr  1 


i^  I'etip-n  f,,  (I 


e  ca  pna 


It 


eaxnii:'  no  male 


I--11C  fi'om  the  three  la<lie>  he  ha<l  wedded 


m  >uc'c-c\>>ion 


ai  1-^ 


ompa 


liar 


I  .'  I 


'        ,  I  i  •(  •     '  M       ■   111  ' 


I.rftrrs  ,h    1 


n,      I, 


l>  imr 


jK'iiti 


t-r.  i>^(> 


M 


T'  Mufiit.  .1  n  tidies  (I  I    In  f 


tie  ii't , 


/Inn/ 


>  'I  u.r 


I 


\]\\     \\a>    a    ch'vcr    ha  rI■!-^le!^    a    jicntiemanly    corre- 
I 


spondcnl,  and  a  ureal  Io\(M'oI  natiu'c;  yet  Im>  ejami  to 
immorlaiilN  re>t>  on  a  nniuher  of  lellcr.^),  oi  no  special 
conse( inencc,  whicli  have  hy  accident  escaped  the  wreck 


of   tunc 


Had   some  of  his  oration>  come  down   to   n>. 


tl 


lali    miLiaii    iiaxc   heen 


I 


j)erhaps  onr  estnnalion   ol    Ins   wo 

dilferent.     lie  practised  as  a  rnle  before  the  ('onrt  of  th^ 


(\mtnmvii 


i  in  the  Ha>ilica  .Inlia,  or  el>e  at  the  har  of  the 


11 


S(Mia.l(^  honse.  whenever  11m'   nnpeachment  ot  a   memhei 


1  of 


1 


hapi 


)ene< 


I  lo  1 


)('  on 


the  order  of  the  da\.     It    i>  >a  id    that 


hi>  defence   o 


t"   Attii  \'iriola  in  t  he  Basilica    Julia,  and  of 


Julius  Ha»u>  in  thi'  Curia,  were  worthy  of  (icero  him- 
self: hut  lo  judu'c  from  llie  e)nly  s])(V'im(Mi  wo  hax'c  of  \i\< 


ora 


lorieal  powers  —  the  pancuyric  on  'I'ra  jan        w  e  mu-t 
])r()Ti()unee    him    a    mannere(|,    ol)se({uiou>.    pretentiou.> 
ll   is  onl\    fail',  howovor.   to  acknowledge  that 


sDcalxcr 


I 
Ihal  homhastic  culoux  i>  not  the  one  spoken  in  the  >eiia t 


1 


loiise 


hut 


\i  \  (M'Mon  re\  i^ed  a!   Uome,  an< 


1  rati 


lei"  Npoi 


led 


hy  a  superahundance  of  ant;the>e>,  h\  perho|e<.an<l  meta- 
phors. Plinv  had  al>o  attempte(l  lo  >cale  Parna^^^us. 
A  ti"a*>(Mlv  which  he  comj)()sed  at  fourteen.  >onie  e|ei:ie>. 


ind  epigrams.  aiK 


1  a  l)ouk  of  hend(H*as\  llahles  which  he 


wrote'al   fortv-one  hav(^  luckilv  heen   lost.      Idiev  mu-t 


1 


\i\\c  ran 


ked 


m  value  wi 


Ih  ll 


lose  o 


f  Auu'urinus.  of  which 


W(^  hav(^  a  specinu  n   in   letter  iv.  ^27:  at  all  event>.  tlie\ 
vastiv  pl(\ased  his  third  w  ife.  ( 'al|)Ui'nia.  who  >et  them  t<» 


nmsic  and  sanii 


them,  althouu'h   Pliny  him>elf  declai'ed 
that  th(^  ladv  had  nev(M"  takcMi  a  K\>;son  in  the  art  n\'  Kralo. 
41ier(^   are    [cu    hooks   of    Pliny's   epistles.    The    lir-t 


te  el 


iara<-- 


nine.   pui)lished    in    his   lit'elime,  an^   of  pri^ 

ter;    the  last    hook.    pui)lished    hy  hi-  ludr^.  conta  in-  tlr 

oHieial  eorres|)on(K  iicc^  e\ehan;^ed  w  ith  Trajan  on  athiir 


\«»1.  iii.  11.  -,'■,  B('iul(M-.  /*/ 


/  //(      (/    (/  /*/V.s'     Si's 


D 


c  viUi  t  /  tiornlioiu 


ru 


I II 11  juniori. 


I  j»>ala.   IS' 


:K)4    WANDKKIXi.S    IN     lilK    ROMAN    (  AMPA(.NA 

conccriiinL:-   the   ;i(linini>(i\-i  tioii   of    Hitlixni.-i.      It    woiihi 


he  .-il 


e  ahsui'u   (()  coiiipniH^   these   letter>   with   ('icero 


11 


ic 


lattei"  (•()ii>tituti'  a  historical  tioemiuMit  of  iiic^t  iiiiahle 
Nahie:  riiin's  ar(^  a  cliarmini'-  coiiti'iluition  to  the  stii(l\- 
ot  >oeial  and  literar\'  life  iiiidei'  the  rule  of  the  "he^t 
ol    prinee.N."     Thev    were    wi'itten    with    a    \  iew    to    their 


puMieation    and    tlu^i'eforc^    lack    spontaneity;    hut    tlieii* 


writer  i.>   nexcr  eonunonplaee  or  a  uos^ip;    he  i>  a  thor- 
ough man  of  the  world,  kind  in  the  extreme,  refined,  and 


of  s()un( 


I  judu" 


merit  in  lit(M-ar\  or  >oeial  atfaii 


Idle   tenth    hook  (1o(\n    no    credit    to    Plin\ 


Kiminis- 


trative  oowci 


! 


H 


e  seems 


heiit 


on 


f  1 


putt 


n 


tl 


H 


pa  tie] 


ie( 


MS   nia>ter,    1  I'a  jan,   to   a   >ore  t(vst,  plyiui:-  Idm   w  ith 
(juestions  eoneerninu-  the  mo>t  pett it'oiii^inu'  local  affairs. 


—  whether   a   statue   can   i)e    I'eiiioxccl    from    the    T'oruni 
to    the   Baths,  or  a   cor|)se   from   one  ^raxc   to  another; 


or    whether    hail    can    he   all< 


owed    to    certain    offenders, 


lis  (Miuaniniit\ 


^rrajan.  on  the  other  hand,  nexcr  loxv^  I 

the    n«)vernor,    who    shirks    the    lea>t    reNpon>ihiJit\-.    i 

alwavN  addi'cssed    h\    him    a^   S,cinnl 

St cudilr  ;   hut   he   lietra\  >   hi^    i 

ca^e    h\-    an>\\('rini:    almost    in    mono>\  llahlcN.     (  )ii    thi: 


c  (■(inssiiiii\  or    /// / 


liner   a  i)i>rec!;i  t  loii   oj 


IM 


le 


point  letter>  xli  of  the  ^'ox-criior  and  xlii  of  the  emperor 
are  typical.  In  the  fir^t  Plin\  cnlaru'cv  on  the  ^raiKhMir 
;ind    u>eiulnes>  of  .-i   >chenie   for    ioiiiin^-    Lake   Soplion, 


ea 


t   of    X 


icomedia,    wi 


th    tl 


K'    rixcr   haii'iariu 


iiKl    m 


lirecth'  with  tl 


ic  >ea.  h\  meaiiN  of  ;i  na\  iua  hie  ca  nal.     11 


>a  \  > 


tl 


w 


lat    a    t'or^-otten    kiiiii'    niu>t    liaxc    attempted    tin 


ork.   ludu'inu-  from  c(M'tain  trac(\>  of  dam>  and  ditcl 


<\s 


which  he  had  noticeil  in  studxiiiL:'  tlii^  urouml.  The 
(jiiestion  was  whether  the  lak<'  la\  liiuli  enouuh  ahov(- 
the  level  of  the  >ea  that  it>  uater^  miu'lit  he  ('rawn  into 
the  canal.     Would  the  emperor  he  williim'  !<»  tru^t  a  pre- 


1 


iminar\   in\'e>tii:ation   to  a  surx'cxor  or  to  an  eiiidneer  .^ 


\ 


THK  lAM)  or   PUNY    iiii:  Y()rN(.i:R 


3u.> 


0. 


—  and 


M)  on,  w 


ith  touches  here  and  there  of  olhcial  adula- 


tion.   'V\\\  jaiTs  answcM'  consists  of  forty-five  words 


W 


niav 


\)C  williii"'  to  consider  thv  schem(\  Tlit^  danger  i^ 
that,  a  water-way  once  op(MUM|,  the  w  hol(»  lake*  miulit 
empty  itsidf  into  the  sea.  Ask  Calpurnius  Macer  to  >end 
tliec^  an  t^xpert.  " 

The  hest  trait  of  Pliny's  characttM'  was  his  o-encM'osity. 
His  influence  in  the  Senate  hous(\  his  credit  at  court,  his 
tim(\  and  his  purse  w'(Te  adways  at  the  disposal  of  friends 
in  lUMxl.  To  Mtdc^ilinus  Crispus,  for  whom  lu^  had  oh- 
taiiuMJ  a  captaincy  in  one  of  the  le^^ions,  Pliny  supplie(i 
the  funds  for  his  cduipment ;  to  Romatius  Firinus.  a  fel- 
low-citi/en  from  ( 'omo,  the  nutans  of  (Miterinu'  tlu^  ecjues- 
ler;  to  Arteinidorus,  a  philosopluM'  hanishe(l 
from  Rome,  his  travelling'  (^xpenses;  to  the  poet  Martial, 
tlu^   cost    of    a    journev    to    his    native    country;    to    tli(^ 


trian    ore 


dauuiiterof  (^uintiliaii,  a  coiisiderahh^  part  of  her  mar- 
riauH^  settleiiHMit.  Au'ain,  we  find  him  uivinu'  up  a  farm- 
house tohisau(Ml  nurs(\  that  she  miuht  end  her  day>  in 
T)eace,  or  tearini_^'  to  piec(\s  the  dec^ls  show  inu  the  liahih- 
ties  incurred  h\  his  cousin 


Cat 


\  Ilia 


ri 


H\se  a  IK 


lotl 


ler  pci"- 


so 


nal  <dfts  \  aried  from  a  minimum  of  fiftx  to  a  maximum 


o 


f  three  hundre(l  thousand  sesterces  drom  two  thoiisanc 


1 


to  twol\-e   thousand  « 


(  oi 


no 


\\v   \ 


)('( juea 


lollars) ;  hut   to  his  nativi^  town  of 
thed   a   lihrarv  valucMl    at   one   million 


;esterees  (forty  thousand  dollars )   anda    further  sum  ol 


lialf  a  million  for  tlu^  hiu'her  education  ot  ho_vs  and  uii 
Such    liluM-alitit^s    are    the    more   conspicuous    if   wo   r 
memher  that  Pliin   was  not  a  wt^althv  man 


e- 


llel 


llllls( 


If 


speaks  of  his  modest  means  in  \v\Wv  iv.  I.  nuxhvst  at 
h^ist  in  comparison  with  theav(M'au'e  wealth  of  a  StMiator; 
hut  he  made  up  the  deficiency  hy  leading  as  simple  a 
life  as  was  consistent  w  itli  his  social  status  and  coihum-- 
tion  with  tlu*  courl. 


I 


:iO()  wam)i:rl\(,s  in  tin:  homan  (  ami»A(.na 


II 


Itl 


<'  ()\\  iRMi  tiirt'o  cs 


tat 


es. 


one  .'i(  ( 'oiiio,  one  .'it  (  itt/i  (li 


('a>t('ll().  one  oil  tli<-  coast  of  Laurciilii  in,  which   he  (h'- 


scriOo  w  ith  lo\  iiiu  care  in  K'tfcr  \\  ii  ot"  Ihc  x'cond  hook. 
Archa'oh)uis[>  haxc  ti'aii^t'oiaiicd  Ph*n\ '>  <hMi  a  t  L;Mir(Mi- 
tinn  into  an  immense  ^trnctnrc  lit  t'oi-  an  cnipci'or  oi-  t'or 


I  tin.inrial  nia^iia 


tc.    ( 


inni,-i.  for  in>t;incc.  a>>ii^'n>  to  it 


I    frontai;-c  of   2^)  feet,  a   (h-pth  of    \:)(k  .'nhl  a  total  area, 

I  vet 


onthnihliiiu's  incliuleth  of  .">.■'>( I. ()()()  >(jnare  t'eet  ;'  an( 
lMin\'  hin)>eh'  >]>eaks  of  Iii>  La  nrciit  inn  in  a>  i)ein""  of  no 
iinportanct'   \\hate\-er.-     "Il;iih"   he  >a\s,   *Mi;is    mined 


the  cro|)  in  niv  t';iriii  at  'rit'ernnm  'rihci'innm  [('itt.i  di 
<'a>teno|.  I'^roin  ni\  ten.-int^  at  (  "onio  I  he.ir  of  hetter 
prospects,  })nt  of  low    in.irk(>t   pri 


ce> 


Mv  1 


inrent  innm 


alone  >eein>   to   he  ri^iit,    hnt    what   (h>  I  own  there?    A 
cottauH^  and  a  i^nrden  >iirroiinded  })\    s.-ind^!" 

I  'ini,   1   hcliexc.  the  only  li\ini:-  n  rcha'olo^ist  who  can 
claim  the  pri\ileue  of  ha\  inu-  eiitere(|   INiii\*>  lion^c  ami 


w  ;i 


ked 


o\-er  I 


oors  nnd  1  >ehel( 


I   it 


S    .'ISIXM 


t,     d 


irinu'  tin 


e\<a\;dion>   nia<le   in    liXMi   to   unther   in;iterial>   for   tl 


inacada  ini/inu'  of   a   new    i' 


o\;il   roa* 


I.      I 


M're   caniio 


t    1 


ic 


)( 


anv   nnc(Ml;iinty  ahont    its  site.     Plinv   himself  points   it 
ont,  with  dne  precision,  when  he  writes: 


1 


c;i  n 


U'ct   tl 


iiec<'s>.-irie.s  of  \\\\^  from  the  nearest   \illa<>-e,  from   whicl 


1 


[im  sepai'a 


ted  I 


>v  onl\   one  \illa 


, ,    '  I  ^ 


n 


r  \inai:'e.  ea 


III,    was    (liseo\-ere( 


ornin  aiK 


lied 


1    1 
1    it 


)\ 


tlie  \  ien>  Aii^-usfamis    I.anreiitn 

Kini:- \'ictor  Kinmaiinel  in   1S7  1-.  and   its   \ 

('nri.-i  are  still  tr,-icoah)l(^  through  the  nmlcrurow  th.   West 

of    it,    in    the   direction    of    ()stia,    tlMM 


e    are     two    vilhi- 


monnds,   the   neartM'  heim:'   the    interincili.'dc  one    me 


n- 


fione(l   in   Plinx's  letter,  the  t'arther  1 


lis  own 


I 


Is    site    i: 


marke(l  l)\  a  chister  of  old  ilexes,  named  the  Paloinl 


),-ira 


1 


)ecause  it   was  a  ta\'orit«'  spot   lOv  shootiiiii,"  wild  j)i^eon: 


/• 


.  1 1 1  _n 


h'sr.^r 


;iF!  iJKi. 


i.Jili'ji  ih  /i't)!f(i!  iiuficd,  \(i!.  \  i.  [)Iat('  cw 


>.     I  )l  M  »K     I  \ 


n.  (i 


I 

I 


Tin:    LAM)    OV    PLINY     IIIK    YOLNCLl^ 


S( 


HI 


loinharcl)  whenever  tli(^  Sacchetti  or  the  ('hiu'i  were 
t  Castel   Fusano.      Nothinu  was  found  in   !!)()() 


/ 
.tavinir  a 


hut  han^  walls,  a  fact  which  stands  to  reason  if  we  con- 
\vv  that  tlie  mound  had  heen  st^irclied  thrice  i)efore, 
17L]  l)v  >Lircello  Sacchetti,  in  LS0^2  and  LSD  hy 
Au'ostino  (diiu'i.^    We  must  rcMiuMiiLei',  besides,  that  not 

tone  of  the  oi'iu'inal  structure  mav  have 


SK 


ni 


I 


I   hricK  nor  a  s 


heen  left  ///  xH^-  From  the  time  of  'I'ra  jan,  when  Pliny 
(hvelt  at  LauriMitum,  to  the  first  harharian  invasions, 
who  knows  liow  oftcMi   tlu^  property  chanuHMl  hands  and 


underwent  I'cpairs  or  cvtMi  rcN-onstruction  .'  1  he  same 
t  he  said  of  the  intcM'mediate  villa,  consi(lere<l 
to    have    hclonu-ed    to    Hoi'tensius    tlu^   orator. 


tl 


inii!'  mus 


)\    some 


\ 


V 


irro  (lescrioes  a  oamjuc 


■t  to  which  he  had  heen  invi 


ted 


hv   tl 


w    C( 


■l(d)rated    lawwci" 


Within   the   walled   inclos- 


ure  o 


f  live  hundreil  acre>  rist\s  a   san( 


1   hill 


on 


the  t 


on 


I 


of  which    the    meal   wms  servcMl.    'Po   pliNise    his    quests. 

immonecl    the    attendanc(^  of    Orpheus   fa 


Hort 


ensuis    SI 


liired  musicianl,  who  appeared  clad  in  a  lonu'  roh(\  witli 
his  hands:  hut   instead  of  the  Ivre  \\c  soundiMl 


;i  Ivrt^  m 


1  1 


ed   i>\ 


the  huntsman's  h.orn,  and  tlu^  apjieal  was  answer 
such  a  numher  of  w  ild  hoars  and  i\vvv  that  we  thought 
to  have  hcH'u  suddenlv  transferred  to  the  Circus  on  the 
<lnv  of  a  huntinu'  perfoi'inance. " 


1 


o  reach  his  cottau'c  trom  i\onu 


1 


Plinv  liad  the  clioic 


of  four  roai 


1: 


n 


the  ( )sti(Misis,  the  Laurentina 

Sol- 


thel 


;ivi- 


iatis,  and  a  cross  lane  throuuh  the  A^er  Solonius  ((  as- 


tel    Por/ianoV      'Phesc^   foui'   w  (M'c   co 


(Mjuauv  servicea 


uncM'ttMl  and  made 
hie  to  him  hv  tlu*  \'ia  S(weriana.  which 
ran  parallel  with  the  shore.  1  have  followed  each  of 
these  lines  of  communication,  hy  special  ])(M-inission  of 
His  Maj(\stv  the  Kinu',  to  whom  the  territory  of  Lauren- 


1  i> 


Particulars  al)()ut  Uu-m-  t"\ca\  ations  arc  to  he  found  in  I^ictro  Mar(Hicz 
DvlUi  rilid  (li  riniio  il  ijioraiif  and  in  Fca">  I  i'^nj<J''>  <i'l  (^-^^li^i- 


SOS    WAXDKKIXCS    IN     rilK    ROMAX   (  AMPACXA 


A  vit'NN  ul  liir  pine  I'orest  near  I.aiirentuin 


M  'H  » 


il  i  1 


I  ( •    ]• 


( ) 


»  n  \ 


! ! H  >r^ 


!  1 : !  ( 1 « ■  i\ 


IK  >\\  n  lu  >liiatiii-^  iii 


I  1 


i  h  '  I  M(  I ! !'    I  H  i  !  »|  i>!  1»  '< 


1{ 


« ■ .;  i  j  t 


A 


(■('!< 


ffll 


Ir!    T 


1]lf<']    ]]■ 


I  nip 


.-   IxTMl 


\      1  ti  * 


i  •( 


U 


w all  iiiii |i>  am 


1  d 


ri 


r  n; 


11 


r«  tin 


O^t 


I ;  1  ;  i  I H 


!( 


I- 


no  I 


( > 


t    L.-i    l*;iltnii 


1  );i  I'll .  ;! 


n<l   thrnct'   U)  [lie  \'icn>  Anun^tanu, 


innl  Lnnrcntnni  :'!^>^l•r  P.-i  }('i"n:i  \  rnn>  Ihronuii  (lio  ])ino 
iurt\>5l  planted  hx  the  Sjicclictti  in  I  lie  >>«'\  rnltM-nl  li  ccnf  nry, 
tlie  area  of"  which  ha>  \)ccu  IrchhMl  ^ince  il  \\.i>   loined  to 


1 


the   ro\al   ^hootinii,-   proerxc^   in    ISTT).     Many   thon>an 

r  and  Lircat  care  is  tak(Mi  to 


)nies  ai'e  plan 


ted 


ever\'  \('a 


keep  th<'  ohh'r  one^  in  a   healthy  >tate.    The  pavement 
of  tin'  \'ia  Severiana  i-^  ^een  at  rare  intei'vaU.  tlaidxed  on 


.('  .inhchit.i   <}''i   tfiTi 


orzi.iiif  >. 


.\h 


)  II  II  ':!!  I    1 1  '  I      I  I  in  I  I'h  I 


( (III  > 


//.•// 


;nirfntin<)    ricll;i    rc;ilc    Tcnnt;!   ( 


li( 


a>H' 


\  <iL    \ 


IMi, 


l:U   n>s. 


->rc(  (lit 


1 


iiaiMT    n[ 


t    iir 


1    thr   -a 


lit'  ^uhject   \\a>   j)uhli>!it'(l   in   vol,  \\  i,    1!M)«;,  p]).   HVl-ilS'. 


iir<i  i 


-  now    in  itress. 


\ 


TIIK    LAND    OF    PLINY   THE   YOrNr;KR 


'M)\) 


the  sidc^  toward  the  sea  hy  mounds  rei)resentin;^-  villas, 
c'oUa<'X\s,  or  l)ath-h()Vis(\s,  the  remains  of  which  ar(^  Unr- 
ied  in  sand  or  concealed  hy  llu^  undergrowth.  1  have 
eountcMl  nine  uroups  of  ruins  west  of  l.aurentum;  seven- 
teiMi  hetwi'cn  I.aurentum  and  Ardea ;  fourteen  hetwtH'U 
Antium  and  Astura;  and  I  speak  only  of  those  which 
can  be  notic(Mi  without  diHiculty  either  from  the  path 
or  from  the  shore.  —  piM'haps  one  fouilJi  of  the  oriuinal 
umber.    The  fascination  of  this  uTeen  wilderness  can- 


n 


no!    l)e  ex])res>e(i    m   woi'( 


1>.      The  for(\sl.   in  which   the 


;iman>   littora    pnnis      tower>  above   all   other    >ylvan 


tl 


ian!>.  otfer-^  certain   rece.^:5es  so  > 


KW    ctiarin 


I! 


V   e\( 


liad\'  and  m\>leriou 

1.    S( 


pi   'datlden   the  -oul.    Some- 


ic>    incn- 


-Li! 


iilC 


>.^    i.' 


oKC! 


•  J   «   M\ 


>V 


n  Kl  i 


P"  n  et  '!•    <  p' 


I  /rpp- 


11 


A\ 


h.  aft(M'  ^1 


n 


inn 


.1 


(I  I      \\  !  1 1 


1 


i    i 


<  p  I  h 


iii   ^u!'i)ias< 


i  I       1  I  M  •      i 


1 1 !' n  s  H ' f .    t 


1 


pinn 


f 


p>n]- 


1 


\:i« 


L 


i  I  p )( 


M  M  i      O 


!  ! 


>    I  1 1 1  p  r    M  ". !  1  \' 


( 


(  M  1  "^t 


W  liO 


e\i  t|ore( 


i  '  *^  i '    Mm* 


ill   1  TlHp  in  iine->{  of  ^pc(  inicn-  lor 


h 


M  tl  ;i  n  !» 


i  n 


w 


Ilia 


(  '     w  .•  I 


eh  titters 


of 


lelro    in 


\ 


nienl  ion> 


111    1 1 11' 
tw  entv 


S!tc(ie>   o 


I  H  1«  P'\\  (  X  X 


1.   amoni:'   tliem    nnrtii',  ro-^(Mnar\ 


juniper,  laurel.  i(p-ei)inth.  tp'ica,  viburnum,  and  t  w  o  ^pe- 
ie>    of   dapthne.     When    all    these    ai' 


bl 


ONNiUnUl; 


le 


the  advent  of  sprinu\  tluu'i"  mi\(Ml  perfume,  borip'  on   ll 
land  br(HV.(\  reaches  the  coasting  craft  at  a  consid(M\able 
distances  fi'om  tin    shor(\ 

loubt     that    when    .Tineas    fir>t    sailed 
t  its  decoration  of  evergreens  nm>t  ha\-e 


11 


lere    !>    no    < 


tl 


lloUii'    IIUS  COilS 


iDDcarcc 


l>i 


1   ll 


le  same 


It 


was  ( 


)nlv  in   the  Auu'ustaii  a^e 


that  a  chanu'c  of  scene  look  plac(\  ow  inu'  to  the  trans- 
formation of  the  desert(Ml  Laurentum  into  an  imperial 
hunting'-  (\state.     It  was  alreadv  known,  from  tlie  i^rave- 

f    (daudius,  —  Speculator    by 


stone    of    a 


freed 


man    o 


n 


:ime,  head  keeper  of  the  crown  ( 


lomains  in  the  Bav  ot 


:Mo   w wDi  in\<;-  IN  nil    komw  (  AMrv<.\\ 


(i;h'!;i    niid    j)ri^r  m-iifi^r    Tjiur>fi!>^  tid   r/f /'//(////< '-^/ 


-  Ili.it 

a  ^i'ctioii  (tl*  ihi'  c^t.iii'  \\;i^  ^ft  aj>a!"l  lor  \\\r  i  (reed  nii;- 
of  clcplianl^:  .*iTi«l  lr(Uii  t  li(>  **  I  al  ut  PonI  ilica  li^  "  il  was 
known  I  lia  t  a  not  Iut  ^cof  ion  w  a^  u'lx  tMi  np  lo  i  lie  1  >nn'(lniL;' 
ot  I  icaco*  k^.  riir  know|(Mlm\  liowrxcr.  Ilia!  llic  cxtcn- 
NiNc  foi-f^tx  of  (a-^tt'l  Por/iano  and  (a^lcl  l^'n^ano  wtTc 
u^tul  in  ckis^ic  {iinr>  for  ahsolnlcU    the  same  pnrpox'  as 


Ins<^Ti|)tion  of  j,Miiiekeei)er.s  ami  other  marbles  diseovered  hy 
(^iieeii  Kleiia  in  the  excavations  of  the  Vicus  Au^ustanus 
Laurentmn 

at  pir-rut,  and  that  tliev  were  watched  hv  a  hodv  of 
<^amekeepers  similar  to  tlie  one  whieli  to-(hiy  wears  the 
K infix's  ii^rav  uiiiforni,  ha>  heen  ohtaiurd  uni\  wiiinn  Mi'' 
hist  few  weeks,  hv  niean^  ^f  an   in>^(  i  ipl  i  .i^    I!^.m   *  it* 

^  Com[)are  Corpws  I  user.  Lai.,  vol.  vi.  Part  II.  ii.  8.38:3. 


1 

\ 


'i-iiK  i,A.\i>  oi'  I'i.iNN    iiii:  v()i'N'n:i!       -n 

,,1    |l,c    Niru.-,   Au;^ii>l;iiin>   \<\    our    Cri.-lou^   (^ucrn, — 

',l„„lrl      X.VCvI-n.      UM.drl      Mlnlhrr.      IIM.arl      SMIc,      1MU,1.| 

Willi. .ul     iVcliim-    "I'    a,-v,.linu   anil     -  r.i  t  il  udr.     It     i-   all 
i.x,|ui>ilr    Irait    of   llic    Ko.val    l.a,l.v\   aiarachT   tiiat    ^la' 
sl„MlM  M'.-k  ,liv.T>iun   rn.in  the  r■.^^■i■>  ..f  Ikt  .■xait.il   -ta- 
,j,„i  ji,  ||„.,-\|il<.raliMn  nf  lli(>aiiciclll  inouinU  in  Ha    ialal 
„1-   I'linv    llic   Vuuii-.T.    'rin^  rxph.ralion    ha~   not    Imm,, 
|;ik,.n    U]i  a>  a    ].a>liinr,  nor  tor  llic  a  I  Iracl  ion    tliat    tla' 
,.'l,.ni<-.'  of  111.'  un.'si..'<l.-.l  .>IV.T>  to  .inlinarv  niin.N;  it  is 
,,,i-vi.'.l  oil  ni.'tli.).li.-all>.  Mi,.nli!i.'allv.  wiUi  a  uiv.n  pui'- 
n,,M',  .■v.Tv  ohj.'.i  "f  inl'i'-l   •"•iii^-  •■''  ""'■''  li'ii'-i'-'''"' 
to  llir  MilM.,  \a/I.Mialr  all.'  'l\Tin.'.  I.)  iiar.'a--  tla-  .ol- 
|,,.|iun^  of  111.'  >ala    l.auivntina.     TIh'  iuM-riotion   loiiial 
;,|  III,.  \'icii^    \ii-u>lanu-  ,i,-,rilM-  how  a  c.Ttaiii  A-laii~. 
,„vsi.l.'nt   of    th.-    -III!.!    ..f    inip.Tial   ::ain.-k.'.'l>.T.-.   .'-aIc- 
,,nn„  saltuan.n;n.,^.  l,a,l    ..If.Tr.l    t..    I.i^    fdlou    work.'- 
;,    „■!    nf    portrait  lin<l<   . 'f    tiM'ii-    M,v,Tri-n>      .nnnjnies 

i  f      s  .,.>..'!   n  !  s  (  i' 111 T  in   tla"  s-cJioJa 

dniiiinnni  HI   iinsfmrii  in    .  !m    ..«    -t  I   lip  «  !.  la  \ 


or  in(v^finL:-roo!M  mI  !  li<-  uund.  or  t 


■l-c  in  iti''  1*  *<  ;i  1    \ 


iirus- 


•1  i    ! 


ten 

th('  \!!i;i_-*' 


I'ta n;i  n i-  ol    w  i 


■r    ^ll!!    V 


\t;!  Tl 


II  t  j !*■  ;«»;■'  i  II i  '  •! 


1  t  !  (  H  1     I  M 


e])iur;i 


I    [  h  1    I         .  i        V     1     I    I  .  i    I 


>e  salfi'''^''  ofcin'^:  so  .^chiuiu  ui  i-atin 

^, ,,;,,;.;;;     ,,f     ,lia;lil     waS     still 

,„,,,.  :^^,, a-.  .,-fn|1,(M-yaM  •  i  a  a  uin,,  ol  llie  word,  whether 
they  were  woo.lkeepers  [quardahnschi  or  saltari.  as  they 
are  still  called  in  the  Venetian  provinces)  or  jraniekeepers 
{quardacaccic).  \  mosaic  picture  discovered  ni  1878  ni 
a  !.i!'n-i  ouse  erecte.i  in  T'oinpcianus  at  the  sprmgs  ot 
Ilamnu.M;  Grus.  two  mil--  .^.^t  of  Ouoi  Aunenia  on 
the  ro:„l  uuu,  *...nMa„lii.e  (Cirta)  to  Set.t  (bitifis) 
o„„, .,  !„aN  of  .,7/f./r;r;;  .•Ti-a-.'.!  \n  liu-ir  professional 
1      ■  ,       i,,,,,i    ,,TOi-v.i  li\  i"!!^  !'■  iiatroi!  rompoi- 

;Min^  for  a  f.-w'fri.-Ti.r.    Tlu' uur.U    luouuled  on   Arab 


\ 


■  n^>    \\AM)i:in\<.-  i.\    \\\\:  im)M\x  (wwiwcw 


r>  Nilt  nni  ,s   W  |  (  1 1    f  1 1 1 '  ! !  t ' !  i  »  (  > }    [  W  (  m  1 1  i^^ ,    (  ' ;  i  -^  1  1  i  >  ;  l  I !  t  I    |- 


!  ic       "-, 


'ind  nf  !  In'«'t"  ^'.-i  iiirkfcptT^.  i);Mimi^.  I)i;i/,  ;in(l  Lihcr.^ 
It  senile  tli.it  lilt-  }!•('('  life  nf  \\\r  jurc^t  mii^l  li;i\('  im.-kIc 
tll<'^«'  IIM'Ii  l<»ii^  Ii\(m1.  it  \\t-  m;i\  jlldi^c  iVoin  tlic  ripe  .ii^c 
ot  t'iulilx -ii\t'  i-(';icIhmI  I>\  luilx  cIm'-.,  >;i  lhi;i  riu>  of  ;i  prc- 
>tr\r  iiccir   NiR-cria    Alt*;i  tern;!  .-' 

By  comji.irin^  the  fornici'  willi  the  |>i-('>{'iif  >lak'  of 
I-'iiircnf  iim  \\r  cnn  hcttri"  apprcvi:)  t<'  (lie  >kiil  with 
"^^iiHli  tlir  ancii'iiN  \\('r('  rinlowcd  for  tiirniiii;  wa^lr 
iaiaU  info  an  "caillilx-  paradise.  *'     W'liri'c  w  r  ix'liold  a 

loiir^ollh'    ll(Ml^(\    the    I'o!-!'*'     ralcriia.    Il^fd     \nV    (Ih'    ro\;d 

kt.aiiicL>    in    Ihr   Inintini:    ^ca^on    and    h'ff    in    dt'"-oi;i  don 
for  --Ix  nionlli->  ( »f   t  la'  \  en  i\ 
frcni  tlh'  nt'arr^i  liunian  liahit; 

CTa-itrd  ;i    M;irLrnt<'  ful!  of  ]]^^^  :\\ 


M  .1 1  -.t '  ^ I \    n I  lit'N  ( 1  i-.n' 


I  I  h  Ml. 


t  ■   U  o  n  1  a  f 


ail 


f    X 


LI.!  \  t  a  \  .   <  -o!  HhM 


!  >t'\  (ia.i  n;i . 
■  -!m  a'f  I  irf  waaMi  \  1 1  \:\<  and  ^of- 
da  '  -fa   a  la  i   M  m  '  *■(!-(•  (if  da-  f«  a-~ 


f'-d  w  idi 

the  ciija^d  d\  foil]'  rxr.-ij.ail  road-,  .md  w  idi  tlir  Ur!„ii^- 
•"'^■'n_  !'t'-<a-'-  ''()<tia.  \drt]^  \]]n-i^^f.M-j^i^^  T.^xinlain, 
Ar«  !tM  ,  ln\  i.';i  -f  !-!iii!^  A  la  ia  fh  I  )\  die  W. 
I  f  !'■  Ki  t{*a'  ra  n  n  ion_  !  I  a 
ta  _:«'>  on  t  li»'  -h  |c  h  )\\  ;i  fi  I 

c.>[  on  da'  laral  -nlc;  ;ind  wlaa'c  we  !a)\\  nni-i  <naaa-}i 
oni-  di!i'-[  with  wafcf  from  wdU  (In^  i,i  (he  ,^;iii(i.  np, 
iniprrial  aunrdnof  inan\  iiulo-  ion"  h!<aadit  a  -ul»-{an- 
tial   >;np])|\-  ot    watar  for  pnMir  aial   jti'ixatc  n-(a 

Tlitat'  i-  ninrc  lii^torx  condfnx'd  within  tha  wa!L>  of 
thi^  solitary  hoii^r  than  within  thoN(>  of  nian\-  a  Lrr<'af 
(adv.  \\a  can  trace  it  t w  cnf \ -ta'^ht  ccntnricN  hack  to  the 
day  when  the  Lanrcntincs  hchchl  a  ^tranu'c  fleet  ^aidnix 

CoFiijiart*  l*<Hiilc.  .tfmril/'s  J-  (  'nnsfanfi  w  .  ;i  1 S7S.  p.  [:)],  \i\.  I  PS 
U'li'),-  :h  l*.."i  i^,  i,ni  US,  (  nn-i;irainr.  Is7'».  <  iirjnis  liisrr.  Lot..  \o|,  \iii. 
Part    II.    !:      htSS!)     lOSin  , 

-   (_  <_>rijus  IiLsrr.  Lai.,  \(A.  x,  ii.   105.3. 


, 


1111.;    JAM)    Ol     I'l.lNV     rilK    V()lN<n:R         313 

,vcshv;ir.l  al.Mi-  tl.cir  ix-a<h  in  .lur-t  of  ;i  Imv.-n.  ;,ii.l 
uon.ltMv.l  u'u-Uht  it  w;..  in.-mn.M!  liy  friend-  <.r  lue.-,. 
l{,,inc  lia.l  not  vcl  conic  inio  cxi-tciicc.  au.l  the  Laurcn- 
tinc.>  <H)ul.!  not'lorcM'c  thai  it.,  lonndalion  woukl  be  the 


.|.,,^,,.„    ,,,„,.„,     „„„,.   ,    ,„„,,;„,  1,„1,,.   ,.!■    lioHKin   o.„.-r- 

Le.t..l..nnv „     ,,«,..^. -..-"-> Al.n.n.i.rate.;  a,, -recent 

„.,.,!  for  llK.  ..nal  kcnin  1-  m  ™»neotio,i  .Mti:  '.u.  i^esc-rves  ol  t  astel  1  orzumo 

,vMill   of   the   v,.1c,,nie   they  -avc  to  the   nil^rim-   led    hv 

■■|-1„.'„.,„„.  .,f  !!„•  vilbiL^e.  l.aurcntuui.  ha-  hecu  eoll- 
...Icd  with  thai  oll!,en,vthi<'aL\<-ea  1  ,a  lenlia.  whereas 
„  ,,ue-  it-  oriuin  to  the  lanrel  -roves  l.v  uhuh  .1  xva.s 
MUTouuded.  For  the  >anie  rea.son  we  lin<l  in  liome  itsaf 
two  aristo<-rati.-  pari>h.'>of  the  Aventine  name,!  Lanve- 
luu,  Maju-  an.l  l.auretun.  Minns.  WhenevcT  aeetv.e.tv 
was  felt  in  the  an'  the  Kmi-crur  Vitaiins  s.ni-ht  .slielter 
i„  I,,,.  l.,„reKtine  lorest.  luH-ause  the  free-  w.MV  eon- 
si,lered  to  he  n.M.-<-.unluetors.  At  the  outhreak  ol  the 
fearfnl   plague  of   IS!)  .v.  D.  Coniniodn-   wa-  i.-olatcd  at 


ta 
it   ( 


'M  t     WANDKKlXnS    [\     llll.    IJOMAX    (  A  M  I'K  ,  XA 

T.nurtMiliiin  \>\  Hit' coin't  |»li\^i(i;in^,  Ix/cniiNC  |  he  powcr- 
!nl  .iiid  w  liolcxmic  ^cfut  (»t  tli("  trcc^  wonhl  kvv^)  (.he 
nir  t'rci^  fr(Hn  fontninin;!  t  ion.  TIm'  l.'iiir('l>  (li^.'i|>|)(\*ir(Ml 
Iniiu'  .-luo.  l>iit  <•!  !"<'niiii<l('r  of  tlioc  ('\«iil>  li.'i>  ia.^tcil  to 
tlir  |»r«'^t'ii{  (l.-i\  in  tilt'  n.inic  P.-in.t.'in  di  L.-ini'o  uixcn  to  a 
ni.ii-Nli^  udjoininL^-  tlir  'i'oi'i'c  Patci-na  on  the  (\'i>t  >'n\(\ 

I't'oin    it>  allianc<'  with    the  n<'\\ -roincis  an  I    tVoni   tht' 
niarriauc  of  La\  inia,  (hinuhtci"  of  the  Kiii^'  of  All>a,  w  ith 
.l>n('a>.    Laui'ciituin    \\a:>  ^iNrn    the   name   ot    **  Scc-ond 
Trov,"  and  hccanic  thu^  cradh'  of  the  lionian  pcoph'.    Hnt 
1)\   the  t'oniiihdion  of  La\ininni     -now    Pratica  di  Maiu' 
—  OT]  a  hcahhy  hih,  only    hvc  niilo  di>tant,  and  hv  the 
transfer  thither  (>f  the  >aered    token>  of   the  (  "onnnoii- 
wealth.    the    lN'nate>,    whieli    .Mnea>    had    eari'ie(|    a  w  a  v 
with  him  from  the  mother  eonntrw  Laui"entnni  lo>t  sn- 
preiiiaey,  protiue,  and  popnia t ion.    'I'owai'ils  the  end  of 
tlie  Repnhlie  the  >ite  of  the  de^ei-ted  xiha^e  w  a>  oeenpie*! 
by  a  farmhoii>e,  whirh  Aniiiistn^   pnrehased  and  trans- 
formed into  an   imperial  >ea>i(h'  re>i(h*TU'r;  and  we  are 
told   that   the  wifi'  of  the  cai'etaker,   ha\in^'  iii\'en   hirth 
to   hve   children   at   one   time,  and    havini^'   lo>t    hei*   life 
in  the  oi-deal.  was  honoreil  hy  Ani_:n>tn>  w  ith  a  heantifnl 
memorial  >et  np  on  the  \'ia   Lanrentina.    At  the  time  of 
( 'on>tantine  the  property  was  tran>fei-re(l  to  the  chnrehes 
of  the  Savionr  and  of  the  Jlol\-  Cross.      What  IxM-ame  of 
it   in  the  middle  au'tvs  is  not  known.    The  foi-est  spread 
across  tin'  \  ia  Se\"eriana.  ovrr  to  the  strip  of  land  once 
()eeiipi<Ml   hy  ij-arch'n^;   tlir  |)ines  .-md   ilexes   thrnst    their 
roots    into    the    pavtMnent    of    the   road    and    the   fallen 

1  111-  \  ♦•iirrahlf  l,niilni;irk  w  ill  }>♦■  n-mnvrd  in  tlic  ('(Mir-c  of  flic  (■(tniini: 
^^l^li♦'^  ;i!iil    ilir  \\;if<'r  iir;iiiM'(|.  in  (•}»»■<  i  ifiicc  in  (lie  i;i\\>   for   the  -;inihitiOn 
ot  ?lif  (  ;nn[»;i_;ri,i .  of  \^  Iiic)i  Kni_:  \  i<"t(  if  |-". iimi.i  nnd  i-  I  he  >tri<(«'>t  iihtioldcr. 
*    lilt'    I-att-ran   and   the   I  licrii-alcin.   iu>\s    callfd   Saiilc  (  rocc   in   (icru 


:,\.) 


\? 


\ 


THE    LAM)    OF    PLLXY    dlli:    YOUNCFl^. 

maxHiry  <>i  the  viila^:  the  sra  receded:  sand  dune  rn-^e 
^vhcrc  jKilacr'S  had  ^tood.  Then  came  the  imoad-  of  llie 
barh.-irians  from  A  -icrs,  like  the  one  of  M^iv  :>.  1  "iSS, 
in  which  tin-  wh(.lc  popnlalion  of  I'ratica  di  M<nv  wa^ 
carriiMl  away  in  chains, -- thirty-nine  m(>n.  twentv-ei-ht 
women,  and  thirtv-live  laborers  from  the  Marche,  whose 
names  are  reconh'd  in  the  annals  of  tln^  Compaunia  (h>l 

(lonfalone. 

In  cons(M{nence  of  tJK^so  snd<Uai  inroads  tiu^  coast  ol 
the  I'ope's  stat(\s  fi-oni  (\)rn(^t()  to  Terracina  was  lme«l 
with  thirtv-eii^ht  watch-tow.is,  from   tlie  tops  of   which 
seonts  eonld  watch  the  sea  by  day  and  by  ni-iit  and  -ive 
warninu'  of  th(^  approach  of  any  snspicious  sail  by  lirmii; 
a   o-nn  "or  tollin-  a   beH  or  liniitinu-  a   b(N-icon.    Some  of 
the  towers  on  this  pari  of  th(^  coast  are  still  in  exisUmce. 
like   the   4^)rre    Vajanica    and    the    Keep   of    l^-atica    di 
Mare:  bnt  the  one  i)nilt  by  Mareantonio  Colonna^  on  the 
ruins  of  tiie  An-iistan  vi!l:i  at   Lamvntnm.  and   named 
Torre    Faliaaia    in   memory   of   his  fathiM-  Ascanio.  was 
dismantUMl    by   the  shots  of  a    British    sloop-of-war    in 
the  year  bSbi.     British  unns  liave  sometimes  bomi)ar(hMl 
c,U(vr    places:    bnt    it    seems   liardiv   possible   that    they 
>honld    have  bron-ht   havoc  and   .lestrncti(m  npon  this 
)tlVnsive  and  iinol)trnsive  home  of  J^neas,  which  had 
,H  a  prominent  place  in  history  eioht  or  nhie  centnries 
before   the    crossinu"  of    tlie   (diannel    by   Jnlins  (^esar 
made  known  to  the  Uonrins  the  name  and  the  existence 
of  l.ondininm. 

In  the  sprin-of  n)()(k  while  hnntini:  at  (^astel  Porzinno, 
(^ueen  ElenaCansed  one  of  the  monnds  —  tlie  fonrth 
to  the  east  of   I.anrentnm  -~  to  be  (^xplored  nnder  her 

'   Anotlier  tower  l)uilt  hv  tlie  same  ^Tarcantonio  near  Antiuni  wa.  udv.n 
tlie  name  ofTorre  Materna,  in  memory  of  his  mother,  (iiovanna  d'  Aragoiia. 


IIK 
W  ( 


\ 


4 

J 


SUi     \VAM)i:iU\(.>    IN     III!      ROMAN    (  AMTAiiNV 

T)(>r-«(Ui;i !  cart'.  Tiu'  attciiipl  w  a  ^  r('\\  a  nlctl  with  tln'  (li>- 
(•()\('r\  ,  tlh'  lir^t  in  iii\  (^xjuthmicc.  <>t*  a  coltau'c  ot  iiiodol 
>i/r  aihl  lit  tor  a  tamiK  nt"  iiiotlot  iiH'aii>.  >ucli  as  arc  t() 
1h'  toiin.l  i>\  tilt'  hundrtMl  in  tlic  outskirts  of  t)ur  larixo 
titit.'>  apa!  in  onr  w  a  tt'i'iiiu-jilact'^.  Ila\iiiu"  tolltiwt'tl 
aliiH*^!  'lax  l>\  *ia\  tln'  prourt"^^  *>!'  tlif  cxca  \a  t  h  Mi^,  I  was 
(Mial»lt'<i  to  rtM-oii-frih  I  the  pa^t  ot'  tlii>  cliarmiii-  littlt^ 
liO'i<(\  a  III  1  to  _:.' 
t  Ih'    life   h'.i    ^  ■ 


rr  I  T'  tn  1  t  lit'  vr<  •(  )ii^t  v\ !( 't  h  »n  a  !i  a  loa  t  > 


i    i '  ^ 


«  a;)  -v-«lr     (  »\\  lir  r^.    pi 


arf(  I    a  ■-    I  iic\    w  (•!"(' 


){ 


r«  '1  i    i  '  U'    >t'a     \\  I  M  Tt  •     lilt'    f  1 


! 


i 


<  ■  !<>!•.'-.;    f  t  M-n  i  I!  i_'  \\  1  n  1  _:a  n  a 

1  ! 


lU  I  Mi:^     >W  ; 


i . ..  a 


•^  i ! ! » a 


i  I  a  1 


i 


'1  hr   iO'!_*'   hiUi   a    iia»ii^i_r  t^'i    G<    P/i'l   aiai    a   tiopin    -a 

)rrh    ^li  i  •; "  aat-ti    1  )\    !a_:  !m    ma  !■'  >!«•    .  ^  ij  u  ini 
flip  ^p'l   ],\    rhi'-a^    ^TnaH    !ii_lit<   o!    ^fair^    !"'at 

I'rt'Ih'h    \\  ! !!' ii  >',\  •- .    p,!'    nii'i*ii*-    ''I     '.'.hall     i»(-i»ai_rp     i!s    lilt 

( ■(  a  !  f  1 1  'I  M  'P    w  n  ! 


r<  M!i 


1  M    P  I  !"r(» 


<1  P  IP   ■■-!"<  11  > 


a  ■  I ) n< ' -.  *  I »   P(  'P  I't  H 1 1 


(lressin<r-i '  • 


r«  H  I ! !  I 


(  hi  « a  i  1  a  a'  ■- 


I  '  ■  ( ' 


'■    f  i 


.     I 


■  I'll 


w  Par 


!  1  !    '  i  '  '■ 


OP  Piai'oh"  pe(i<.'>la  i>,  :>looil  \;!■^L•^.  'ml'  tl(as\(api_: 
^laii  a^  tha  olcaialtp.  p*  an*  •_  r,i  na  ita  aial  lofinaa  I  laaa* 
wcia-  two  liioi'r  PaJianPii^  Puiuu  [la/  i't>L[am.a  a  tiinui^- 
room,  a  \aM'a!ida.  aral  a  1  >a  Mi-Vf  *<  Pip  Tp  ]\<  roTiipacf- 
pr--  ;Pi(i  its  sen-o  o:'  cniMPa-t,  a>  W''l!  a-  P-  proxpiniv 
to  L;!ar>aPa!n  aivl  to  tip*  ^ra .  Pii-  ■'xslisnti  iiai\  i  k* 
tak*'P  a-  ap  li  1 P  >P".P  i«  ai  «•!  lla-  laa-  «i'Ap<'(i  i>\  Plniv 
op  tho  ^a?71P  I'oitil  ap»i  ()P  !ho  >^aPh'  ^hoi'ta  (^la-tai 
lajtai;!'-  (MftiMpt'  —  as  il  w  \\\  htaa't'h  Mi  li  1  )o  kp«o\n  pi 
a  I'i  lai'oh  rpr;!  I    piannaU     --  wa>    i'olaplf     ui    llir    \t.';ai'    1  \! 

A.    I>.    <Pl     ilh'    ^llo    ol    nn    (>itl<'!*    t)pt'.    i:\     a     ptT^tPl     ot      p<  H  M  ! 

la>to  apt!  Pi<»<i(/>[  liioaii^.  pi'(tl»altl\  l»\  an  otiitaal  tit  tla' 
otairt  <  )f  Antopipii<  Piu^.  whoAva<at  that  t  iint^  flpMailor 
ol'  thf  Mippiiaa  \\  hotw aa"  t!ii>  ]M'r>t)n  wa>,  ho  >ht)Wt'(l 
liipi>fh'   to   i)0  M    chptM"   i»uil<lta'  ami   a    clovta*   laritUoapp 


cr 


ardcnor.  ju<liriiip  from  tho  pn'act'ftil  paltoni  of  tho  i!it)sa  ic* 


1 


lllK    i.AAl)    OF    I'LINV    HIK    VOrN^iKll 

LATO    VERSO    lA    V^A    SLVERIANA 


Vasca 


GIARDINO  SUL  MARE 


:     f     ? : — I — - 


to 

■        ■ »— 


M 


1-1,,  „•   n,.  l;n,:,a„  cottage  discovercl  by  (Jueen  Klena  on  the  coa^t  of  Lauren- 
u,„,     I  i,.   1  „sc-.,l».lus  w^is  foun.l  near  it.  ;..  .!^  M-l  at  the  place  n.arkod  G 

:m,l  inarl.lo  floor,,  an.!  from  \hc  pirluiv..  |n,<  arnui-v- 
nuMil  of  thr  11, IV,.  slaiivaM.>  .Irs.vii.lin-  to  Ww  -anl.Mi 
and  [Uv  M-a.  'n.e  lo.p."  was  tit  to  lu>  inhal.itol  al  all 
reasons  of  the  v.ar.  owi.i-  to  the  situplc  an.l  ethnent 


:US     \VA\l)i:inN(.>    IN     rilK   TUniW    (  AMPAi.XA 

nr."r:iuti<)ii>  takr'ii  hv  i!^  dr^i^-iKM'  In  Imvc  il  t  horouuhly 
wnrmtNl  ;intl  vt'iit ihi ttMl.  'V\w  licaiiii;^^  \v;i>  doiir  1  »y 
ni»';in-  of  .1  lurn;i(M\  phiccd  \uv\ov  \hc  i);i  t  h-rooni  or 
caliilariiiiii,  ulii'-li  ii  -hi\f  '■.Mild  li-iii  .-nid  keep  '^iHW^ 
iV.un  \hr  ("niNidc,  liironuh  .iii  under::!'' »uiid  |);l-^>;!l:"e 
wjiirli  onciit'd  oil  \\\r  kilchrii  u;irden,  ilie  hot  ;iir  henij; 
fnvf.pd  Uirn-i_:'i  die  li\|MH';ni-K  «>!'  dh'  ;i  pn  ft  ! !  h  ^U I  \\  1  d  i 
di*'    ;iid     of     fi!lt'-^    t>j)e!n!l„    ''Il     dh'     I'ool.        l!|c    liiHi^r    \\  US 

;M-e^ul    ;^Uiii>^    i  1  • '  \  H  i  _    1  JL'cai   lie>Li'- fO  .i  U  V  - 


O  I  i  s  '  -  -^  :  f  M    I «  '  t  i  .     t  i  *  ' 


A   !  It  'I't', 


Kih'h.'fi.  i*; 


id  i'w  ];•  rder,  in 


1  i  1 1, 1 f\  .  -^It >« ']  dnLj-r«"^oinN 


.ipjHii.  tai^es 


for  :5ei\aHU  aiid  >lavcs,  aiul  other  sue 
of  a  dwellin^liouse,  must  have  been  in  an  (^nthnildsii*^, 
traee>  ji  whieh  have  been  notieed  on  di*  -ide  of  the 
hi<diroad.  T  ^^ust  mention,  in  the  hist  phiee,  that  there 
were  no  foldinij:  doors  to  insure  the  privacv  of  tlie 
rooms,  but  only  heavy  eurtains,  kept  rioid  l)y  means  of 
tassels,  the  cores  of  which  were  made  of  pear-shaped 
lumps  of  baked  clav.  Several  of  these  wei<>hts  were 
found  Ivin^j!:  on  the  marble  tliresli  '^ds  of  \ho  vnrious 
apartmeiii-.  il  is  clear,  therefore,  that  they  were  not 
used  for  a  weaver's  loom,  nor  for  fishermen's  nets,  as 
is  L^enerally  the  case  with  such  objects. 

I  ivdfvj;ize  to  the  reader  for  mentionin*^  so  many 
details,  but,  as  1  have  already  remarked,  the  finding;  of 
a  U  .iiian  cottage  in  which  we  twentieth-century  people 
could  dwell  in  ease  and  comfort  is  such  a  nnvol  thino; 
that  1  consider  it  a  duty  to  make  it  known  outside  pro- 
fessional circles,  in  the  hope  that  some  wealthy  amateur 
may  be  persuaded  to  reproduce  it  in  its  integrity,  so  as 
to  crive  younir  students  and  voung  architects  an  object 
lesson  in  rational  cottage  building. 


The  statue 

di-^eoy. ■red     HI 


*  >      n  e 


Uic 


Discobolus  here  represented  was 
early    morning   oi    A[)ril   24,    r:*'» ', 


r 


i 


/ 


j4 


a 


f. 


> 


TIIK    L,\ 


Ml     )|-   v\  \\\    Tuv,  YorxnFJ- 


3^21 


SIC 


n 


ie 


in  pi 


(^ces  nea 


('■aru«'ii  ■- 


r  its 


O  '.\   !!      I 


H  M 


h>.t;il   nt    ili<'  i^'^'^t   r^f  tlu^ 


I 


riveu  uii 


1 


Mr 


I  >n 


H  >U 


r- 


1 


!()!11'    (> 


t"     li 


<  H  lU 


i  I 


J,  ,nr-   »»l'    !MM-()V«'rilli!'    1  iM 


11 


!1 


t   I 


i« 


1 « 


ihf  m«)!iitii!  n!   il>  lal 


1  i  I ) , 


1  )t'l;icli«'(l    iVnl! 


{1 


!  n  u  ^  i 


Kl  \  t 


.1 


la  ret 


the  i  M  )d 


(■  ul 


;(>  luaiW  n 


o 


tluT  head-,  which  were  rou 

1  h 


Ui\ci\  into  thi*  -hape 


f  halU  h)  l»i^  ii-^'*l  ill  the  -anic  ol  /'*^^-^-/' 


or  cl:5C   U>Ct  1 


\\  ( 


i^hls  for  sea 


U'>,   \Nith   Ihr  hrl|)  of  iron   rin 


«  rs 


fixc*l 


HI 


thr    h)]). 


A 


n 


lie  sev(Mitv-tive   statiu'>    iii  a    Iiuik 


1 


hv.,1 


\Vi' 


found  htNiihess,  and  Hkewise  seven 


tv-five  head>   are 


found  without  hodie 
'V\\c  >talue    uneai 


th(Ml  on  April   ^n    i>  a  eo] 


)V 


iU( 


I 


verv    exci 


■hent 


one 


o 


;nl)jeet   in  uri^at   favor 


f   the    l)i>k-thro\ver  ot    Myron,   a 
ilh  th(^   Fionians.    Three  other 


w 


repheas  werc^  a 


h-i^adv  known 

1 


r\w  iirst  is  the  eeKd)rated 


Diseoholo  l.aneellotti/    diseovere 


.1  in  the  I.aniian  irar- 


U-ns  on  the  Es(,uiline  l>y  the  Mareliesa  Barbara  M 


i>snui 


1 
(li  l\donihara  on  Janua 

in  the  Laneellotti  palaei^  un( 

student  has  Ijeen  al)le  to  exann 


rv  1  k  17S1.  and  now  i)re>(Mwe( 


1 


erasv   is 


ness    a 


the  more  surprising  wIhmi  we 

tv    to    others    1 


\cv  lock  and  key,  so  that  no 

it.    Such  an  idiosyn- 

n(Mnber   tliat 


\v 


rei 


nid    u'enerosi 


las 


kind 

.•haraeteristie   of   the    Roman   arisloeraev 


1 


ilwavs    heiMi 


I 


ri 


le   seeon( 


replica,  now  in 


the  Sala  della   Bi.u'a.  n 


(IIS.  wa>  toun( 


l,v   (\)nnt    (;iuseppe    Fede   m   ITDl    near 


tl 


u'   so-ea 


lle.l 


Nvinphanim  of  Hadrian's  vi 


Ha,  stolen  hv  Napoleon,  and 


i)rou<dit   hack  to   Home  a 


fter  the  peaee  of   lSl.5, 


11 


le 


third 


a  torso, 


belonged  to  the  Freneh  senlptor,  Etienn^ 


1 


Monnot,  m  wliosi 
Dvinir  Warrior  aiK 
Hell 


,tudio    it   was   transtormei 


1    int 


o 


)io"  eonsu 


1  then  sold  to  the  (\ipitoline  Mnseum. 
Irrs  Monnot's  torso  the  most  admirahle  of 

rest  to  the  perfection  ol 


11  and  tlieoiK^  whicli  comes  nea 


Alvron's  oriirina 


1.    Ill  hick  seems  to  have  tollowt 


1  tl 


lese 


D 


isco 


l)oli;  thev  all  have  me 


t  with  unfah'  treatmen 


t.    1 


n 


-,-2-2  \VA\i)i.Ki\^:^  T\   rin    komw  (  amta^.nv 

flir   rr-f<.r:i!it>]i   of    tlir    Imm1(-   i'cj)lic;i    m;i<lt'   l'\    All>;icmi 
the   p(.i-r   of    ilu'    hrad    i>    drcitlcdiy    wnuig.     A    fourth 


ihe  Discobolus  found  by  Queen  Elena  at  Laurentum  in  a 

fragmentary  state 

Discobolus,  found  bv  Gavin  Hamilton  in  17S1,  was 
restored  as  a  Diomedes  stealinjj;  the  Palladium;  and  a 
fifth,  of  the  T'ffizi,  was  transformed  first  into  an  En- 
dymion,  later  into  a  son  of  Niobe.    No  such  fate  has 


Tin:  IAN!)  OF  riJXY  im:  vorxcKU      ^.m 

befalh'ii  the  our  diM-ovi/HMl   nf   T.n  UHMif  iiin :  no  rc-torn- 
ti(>n(»f  Ihe  original  inarhlc  ha^  been  attempted ;  but  >idr 


Plaster  cast  of  Queen  Elena's  Discolwlus,  with  the  iicidition 
of  the  ri<,4it  arm  now  in  the  Buonarroti  Museum  at  Florence 
and  of  tlie  Lancellotti  head,  a  cast  of  which  has  been  found 
in  I*aris 

by  side  with  it  a  complete  plaster  cast  has  been  placed, 
each  of  the  missinj,'  limbs  having  been  carefully  chosen 
from  other  replicas,  and  adapted  to  the  fractures  or 
joints  of  the  marble.    The  right  arm,  holding  the  disk, 


S^i      \\A\UiAii\K^r 


i  I  i 


i  >  ,    'i  '■   i    \    \ 


U 


V  ■    1 


/ 


was  luuna  in  iii.  Galleri.i  iUioiiarroti  in  Florence,  and  it 
fits  the  torso  c^  T.aiirentnm  so  exactly  as  to  give  rise  to 
the  question  whether  it  is  not  the  original  one  found  l)y 
the  Del  Nero,  Lords  of  Castel  i\>rziano,  when  they  first 
excavated  <  ^^  leen  Elena's  cottage.  The  head  was  cast 
from  a  mould  in  the  Louvre,  the  feet  from  the  Disco- 
bolus of  the  British  Museum.  Professor  G.  E.  Rizzo, 
the  author  of  this  remarkable  reconstruction,  has  given 
an  interesting  account  of  it  in  "Bullettino  d' Arte,"  vol. 

i,  1907. 

A  third  campaign  of  exploration,  made  in  the  spring 
of  the  present  year,  disclosed  a  curious  fact,  —  that  the 
Romans  objected  to  bathing  in  the  open  sea,  or  at  least 
that  they  preferred  to  bathe  in  sea  water  warmed  arti- 
ficially in  the  piscina  of  an  establishment,  where  more 
comfort  could  be  found  than  on  the  unsheltered  beach. 
This  is  the  only  explanation  we  can  give  of  the  fact  that 
the  whole  coast  from  the  Vicus  Augustanus  to  Lauren- 
tum,  and  even  bevond  in  the  direction  of  Ardea,  is  lined 
with  these  bath-houses,  a  few  of  modest  size  and  capa- 
ble of  accommodating  only  two  or  three  dozen  clients; 
others  so  vast  in  their  plan,  so  rich  in  their  decoration, 
that  they  appear  like  city  structures,  ready  to  receive 
great  crowds  of  bathers.  Pliny  speaks  of  this  curious 
state  of  affairs  on  the  coast  of  Laurentum  in  his  letter 
to  Gallus.  The  description  which  he  gives  is  so  true, 
and  is  substantiated  so  clearly  by  the  discoveries  of  the 
last  three  campaigns,  that  it  is  necessary  to  quote  it 
in  extenso.  "Nothing  is  wanting  to  make  the  Lauren- 
tinum  perfect  but  spring  water,  although  one  is  always 
sure  to  find  drinkable  water  a  few  inches  below  the 
level  of  the  sands,  fresh  enough  in  spite  of  the  proxim- 
itv  of  the  sea.  The  forests  on  the  other  side  of  the  road 
supply  me  with  fuel,  and  Ostia  with  all  the  necessaries 


i 


PLASTER  CAST  OF  QUEEN   ELENA'S  DISCOBOLUS 

Completed  by  the  addition  of  the  aim  from  Fhnence,  the  head  from  the  Louvre, 

and  the  feet  from  the  British  Museum 


THE    LAND    OF    PLINY   THE    YOUNGER       327 

of  life.  1 1  owever,  for  a  man  of  sim|)le  habits  the  nearest 
viUa<''e  [the  Vicus  Augustanus]  is  equally  useful;  it  con- 
tains among  other  commodities  three  public  baths,  of 
wlii^h  1  avail  myself  whenever  1  is  ippt  u  lo  reach  the 
villa  unex])ecte(l  nii  I  T  have  no  tihM  \i^  wait  for  the 
funiar^-  iu  \)v  li^iiUii.  I'll*'  ulh'ir  coast  i-  lined  with 
^■i]I;!S,  some  adinininLr  o^m^  ;nint]uM\  -nmc^  <(^pnr;itrfl  by 

'  '  *         I  1  !  *  i 

o*nrt  h'li-^.     ^«■^•^   Ivmw  ilie  Wiiirr  li    hHsk-  iikr  ;i   *'il\    iiiaiiV 

< 

'l\n-   i;i  !'-*■>!    ;i  !hl  1k'-!    of  llir   tllTiM'  ]»;ill!-  of  w  liirh    l*!in\ 
wn^  .-Ml  occn  ^!»  >ii,'i  1    ji.'iirnii    ha.^    )U.>i   hcc-n   cxca  wi  hMi.  ai 


•  iltlioiii^h  it  ap|M'ar>  to  \\-a\v  Ihhmi  r<^|)air(Mi  aim  -nmiiiv 
jillcrcd  ill  tlif  >c'CH;ihl  and  third  cculurio,  ii.-^  iiiaiti  hall> 
and  l)a^i!lN  dah'  fKun  hcfoi-c  llic  au'(^  of  Plinv.  TTorc  W(- 
have,  thcrcfoi't',  a  i>uihh'ng  which  has  cchoiMl  uiUi  his 
voice  and  l)eheld  his  ])rcscnc(\  pavcniciifs  which  ha\e 
l)ccii  trochhMi  l)\  his  t'ciM.  niarhh'  benches  on  which  he 
has  sat,  and  basins  and  piscina'  in  which  he  has  bathed. 
Had  Her  Majest\  the  (j»ne(Mi  btMMi  th(^  first  to  (Miter  this 
l)(\nitit*ul  bniidinu.  nianv  more  details  conld  have  Ix^en 

i  t 

niad(^  clc^ar,  an<l  nianv  works  of  art  conhl  have  bet^i 
recoviM-ed  from  its  richly  decorattMl  halls,  rnfortunately 
these  th(M-nh"e  have  u'ivcMi  sIicIUm"  to  a  media  val  colony 
of  farmers  or  w(>od-(aitters.  and  they  nnist  have  burncMJ 
into  lime  w  hatcwcM-  pieces  of  marble  fell  into  tludr  hands. 
'Idu^  illustrations  on  p.  0^20  represent  sonu^  of  the  few 
l)its  of  statuarv  which  have  (vscaptMl  the  kihi,  and  upon 
which  the  ev(^  of  Plinv  mav  have  rested  while  he  was 
waitiuir  for  his  bath. 

The  iourncv  from  LauriMitum  to  Antium  by  Lavi- 
nium  (Pratica  di  Marc).  Ardea,  Aphrodisinm  (Campo 
Jcmini),  Invicastrum  (1/ Incastro),  and  the  sulphnr 
sprino's  fcaldauiv)  is  ciiuallv  dcliubtfnl  w  hcther  you  per- 


:;is     \\AM)KinN(.S    IN     lUK    HOMAN    (AMPALNA 

form   it   ridinir  a    half-wild     MnnMiunn    pony   iAowj:    the 
\ui  St'veriana,  or  hui:,uin,ir  tlu-  shore  in  a  hoat.     1  have 
(lone  it  in  l)otli  \vay>,  more  than  onee,  while  eampinic  out 
at  the  Foee  delF  Ineastro  with  a  s])ortsTnan  friend.    No 
])cn  of  an  (Mithu>iast  can  docrihe  in  a  Ix^fittinu"  manncn- 
tlu^   heantv   of   the  old   kingdom   of  l^irnn«^,   (\s|HM'ially 
that  .section  of  it   now  broken  np   into   the   farm   lands 
of  Fo>siu'nano,  Hnonripox),  and  l.a  ("ouna.    Idie  valley 
of  the   FosM)  della    Moletta,   which   fornrs  the  hii^diwav 
between  the  station  of  (  arroeeeto  on  the  Anzio  liiu^  and 
the  coast,  is  as  heantiful  and  well  timlMMvd  and  watered 
as  an  Fnulish    park,  ,stock(Ml  with  nntamcMl  cattle;  and 
it  is  archieolou'ically  inttMVstinir.  as   the   track   h^ads  the 
wanderer   pa^l   the  sites  ni    Lonuula,  con(|UeriMl    hv  the 
consul  I\»tumius  Auruncii^.  i>.  e.    [WA,  and  the  lamous 
inedueval     castle    of     N'rpro.a     (("aMnim     Nav.-,    «»nce 
owned  l.v  \hr  monk<  of  >.  Ah-Mo  on  thr  Awntine,  ajid 
l;,trr  l.\-  thr  Fran-ipanr.  llir  Aniiibaldi,  ;MHi  liir  (\'\^arnii. 
I    ivinrnilHT    (Uicf    h-.-ixln-     the    hospiladdc    hiil     nl     inv 
fn, .tpI   ;,!    \\ir   hrrnk   of   d:!x    in    roni]>anv   wilh    fh.-   Intr 


M   l.'i 


.t'lit  on  a   ri*ic    lo   Tonv   (   .ih!;in;i.   xn  lu'iv  a 

fo    f'oliTeVllS    tri     XtCMo,      Xt^Vrr    had    the 

Ill'  '  It!"  n  -^  ■-•  1 1 !  r  1 L 


inn^ 


I  i  I 


iH'caih  oi  ihc  uiidrrness  fell  :n-rr  lu-wr 
seenird  mo-r-  ni^iMriiiL:  than  at  that  oarU  iioui  ui  liic 
niurniH<i:  when  the  in-t  ravs  of  sun-^liin-  nii-nm:  'liron-h 
the  fnHaL:f\  hcavv  \\\\\\  di-ps  Ol  dcw ,  wariiird  ih^-  i.iood 

1,1  of  <:,aaT.Mi.  uane."    The  Via  "^rvrvhiv^. 

O  i    ■  ,  t  •  1  i      t  !  1  r  I  I  ;  i  <  '■  i  i 

'     \  \    ■  '    '.    ^    ■        ;    i   1    1    ^  *     „     '   * 

a  la  i    1  «  Ma  *  ■  Duiil 


"  i  ikf  a,  u  i':h 

tlie  track  of  wiiioh   '^^  r  \u-i'c  iuiluw  ui^  <■; 


\\  o<  )<  lla  nu  -•   o  i 


l^ 


<• 


!  11 


.orrai7("» 


\  i  \  a  f  i    \'o  jt  a  a  i  lo  f  I 


Ana'>ta^ia.  i^  *<"»  niu<ai  o\  <a'a '■<  »v.  n  d^ 
to  ollor  arrhaM)lo-iral  attraction.  sav(^  ulaTr  it-^  pa  x'r- 
inrnt  ha>  been  h-ft  un.li^iurbed  hrrrafid  i\u'vr  by  naMl- 
rrn  roail-mender^.  It  app<-ar,^  worn  int..  drep  rut.-  l)y 
the  passage  of  vehicle-^,  proof  of  thr   int.Mi^ty  of  travel 


'IIIK    LAM)    OF    PLIXY   TIIK    YOFXdKR 


:\^\) 


and  trafhc  which  in  tim(\s  ^one  b\'  enlivened  this  now 
silent  coast.  Tlu  ii;ro()V(\s,  as  in  the  British  Watlini: 
StriH't,  are  a  litth  niori^  than  four  feet  six  and  a  half 
inches  apart.  ''The  wlund  marks  in  Pompeii  are  exactiv 
this  distance  from  one  to  another,  and  this  is  tlie  irauixe 
of  Enu'lish  railwa\s."  'Idiis  asscM'tion  of  Dr.  Bruce  in 
his  ''  Handbook  of  the  Roman  Wall  "  is  not  (juite  exact, 
for  the  standard   u'au^e   is  four  feet  ei<>:ht  and  one  half 


Fra<ijinents  oi  statuary  discovered  in  Tlinys  Hath-  at  tin   Vicus  Augustaiius 


(From  plioto<^'raphs  by  Gino  IV 


nan 


1  a  a  a  '^  1  f  M  1 1   h   no !  t  a  •->-  !  a  'a  r  r  i  a  a 


*     I  I !  r    ( '  (  a  I  i  r  r  I  ia  !  ■  t 


■  i  I 


i  a. '  !  na  rk  !o  a's  "^  r  \ 


,  r  XVOlVht 


hat  Ha-  u^au_r^'  **!'  I'-HLill^h  railaaVS 
was  drtrriiiinrii  1  \  [lie  UieaU  \\  idlli  of  the  W  hert  tiarks 
of  thr  rhaiaot^  aial  fora^a'  cai'ls  wlncli  frt^iuentrd  the 
(•amps  of  llic  l{(Unan  \\all. 

'Flie  forests  wli'cli  frinu'c  tlu^  coa^t  bt^tw^Nai  (  )^tia  aial 


O  .  >  I  1 


WANDKIUM.S   L\     IIIK    ROMAN    CXMVM'^SX 


Ti'rraciiia,  vu^l  of  tlir  iiioiilli  of  tlir  TilnT.  and  froiii 
Torto  to  Paio  westwai'd,  until  latc'x  \\«'rr  con^iddHMl  as 
liiidilv  htMicticial  to  l{onu\    Ili^icc  their  naineof  "  Bosclii 

ilanl  care  with  which 


sarri  ( 


h^l  I 


l/in 


I    1 


ind  ntMicc  \\\c  VI 


(1 


i<>' 


the  novcrnnicnl  ot  the  1  opo  w 


I 


;it('h(Ml  t)\ cr  their  wc^H'are 


'rhi>  popular  belief   in  (he  anti-nialariou-  properti 
th(^  Bosehi  saeri  i^  Ihu^  upheld   hy  a 
the   ('anipauiia    a 


es  () 


f 


Knulish   lovcn-  of 


t    fhe   i)e«'inninu   of   last    ctMiturv 


A 


.^ 


nost  ^^\   the  wind^  Mow  at   no  eo 


nsiderahle  height,  and 


I 


)a>> 


ti 


le  wo(M 


U  of  Ariano,  l.a   Fajola,  A^tura.  Nettuno, 


Ostia.   and    Monterano,    thev    l(\ave   on   their  pa^^au'e   a 

\halation>  a  nd  inaliunaiit 


<^reat  portion  of  the  noxiou^  < 
vapor^  an< 
at  Rome.  . 


1  heconie  inueh  more  pure  before  they  arri\e 


On  tl 


tl 


le  e\  p!-« 


vapor^  w 


nianx  pia 


n>  aeeoiiut,  though,  as  In  well  know  n, 
k.  eliestnul,  and  >ome  othtM'  tree^  exinde 
hi<-h  arc  not  eNtoennMl  ^nluhrioUN  (!j,  llieri^  are 

f  thi^  -oil.  which 


nt: 


iruoN.  anu  irr( 


na  t  ivc  o 


C(  » 


nti'ihutt-  irr(\-itl\-  1)V  their  ctlhixia  to  lli»'  puriii*  ation  ot 


tl 


ic  at  mo'^pl!t•]'c.  and  (^\'cn  ttio-c  ah<>\c  tii.'nf  ioium 


tl 


1 


1  int 


er- 


cen 


it  ai 


t     ;  i  !  i  - 1 


I 

k-    of    tl 


»;■!  I  n  c  h  ai  oi   I  !M 


<   ! 


N      »< 


(•(   >, 


11 


1- 


<   » 


Mi'    r\ 


.\       1  (    ■- 


(■(  »t !  ->!(  It 


CI  MMIH 


H 


i)]\  a  (•( 


(Mint  oi 


1 


)ree/c 


t    ,1 


1 ' 


I 


i  \ 


>r<'\  aiiUiu 


nl! 


rs 


pai't    of   the  \<';ir    th«'    pre 


1 


ionnnatniu"  ^^  nid>  ai"c  tin'  Sirocco  a 


tk 


nd  the  'Vvii  montana 


the  tir>t  o|)prcN^iv 


n< 


1  ViA^ 


ixm 


tl 


K'O 


|)le  of  u'ood    hc.dtli.     It-  cla-ti.'  (jualitv   annn 


r  ot  I  M-r   (IcIicIOUn   to 

c>  all 


nature  and   dear-  the  ^kx   t'rom  r\rry  cloud  and  vapor, 

1  t'artlie>t  details  of  tlie  lan<l- 
tci-  it  is  rather  daiitrcr- 


nd  l)ririL:>  the  mumtcNt  an* 


on 


\)C  into  clear  I'clicf ;  l)ut  in  w  in 

^.    Saliceti,  the  pliy-i<ian  to  Tope  Pins  VI,  used  t( 


)  sa\' 


<cn'occo    c 


micK 


un    amico    noio>(»:    tra montana    e    iiemica 

l)OUt 


liale.'   The  p<»nente  oi-  \\('>t  w  ind,  w  hidi  i-i^tv^  a 


]{)  nv  II  A.  ,M.  in  tie'  late  N|)rnii:  and  .>unnncr  month>,  aui 


tl 


1 


n 


f'si'r I  i ii  ^ ' HI  II 


/■  /,<//.' 


)rf).  !».  .). 


iiii:   kAM)  Ok  PLiN^    riiK  ^()l  Nt.ki 


oo 


1 


dies  a\\a\    towards  -u  n^ct .  dcxa'x  (\>  the  cliaractci'it   had 


;i  moUiiN 


vonian    oi'cc/.i 


t    tl 
I 


IC    a  ui  !cn  I     uoct "» 


1 


IC 


Zcpl 


i\  r 


III 


i- 


I  - 


ia\('    io>i    none  o 


f   t! 


icu"  cliarm>,  an( 


1  it 


re(juire>  the  jxmi  of  a   \  iru'il  or  I'ikulhiN  to  dcscnkc  th' 
beauty  of  the  climate  when  it  i.^  predominant,  waftin; 


1  lall   u  ;iil  l»ulT;il(>r>  >j).>r 


Un^'  ill  ill"-  w  aiiT^  n\    {hr 


ri\t  r  Nuiiiifius  near  AphnKlisIuiii 


(L;i  Fossa) 


as  it  (Iocn  on!  of  it--  dtn\\-  w  inn's  tlic  >c(Mit  of  tlu^  >t\i  and 


ic  ixa  lu  UK'.s  OI   aroma  lie  nu^aiiow.^ 


I'l 


R' 


pr 


O 


niontoiA  of  Torre  Caldana,  whci't^  we  were  to 


l(NiV(^  our  ponies  and  set  sail  for  Antium.  is  supposed  to 
ha vtM)nee  bclonued  to  MaHH^nas.  who  erected  a  statue  ot 
Augustus  at  a  >hrine  by  tlu^  sulphur  .springs.    The  w  hole 


I 


)ron]ontor\    r^  >trewn  with  aiitKiue  inari)les  and  terra- 


bl. 


i  t( 


cottas,  mosth  \(\ssels  us(m1  for  tlie  (h'stillation  and  [)uri- 
fieation   of  sulphur:   but    1    hav(*    found   also   st\ims   of 


SM     WANDKKINtiS    IX    TTIi:    lU)AIv\    <  AMPACXA 

^(,tI\r  «»]>ir(f-  wlii'li  ])!-<»\r  lli(-  |)()j)nl;i  rit  y  of  these 
>prinu'^  trniii  t  lir  t  mh'  « 'i  the  lioin;!  imm  »!i(  iiic^-^l  oi  .Vji(  nun 
to  tlir  a!);iiHloiiiiU'n{  of  the  co.t^l  -^t.itioii^  in  (Im'  >i\lli 
{■t'n{nr\  of  the  ('hri>ti;iii  mi.  The  w.-ih'i'  of  \\\r  ('.il- 
(Liiue,  u  hi*h.  ;i^  the  nn!n«^  it]1]>H(^<,  !tiii>(  oner  h;i\f  Ih'ci! 
\\arui,  w.i^  i)rnn^_;ht  to  the  ii!i|H'rial  thri'itiaal  Aiilinin 
1  »v  inon  Ti<  of  MTi  nnut  ■<  hi(  j .  rriiMin-^itj    \\hi<h    ha\«'    Itmi 

fiillllti    ;jl(tnu*    'h«'    cii;!^!     }i\     i(>(;il    ;  i  !  i  !  a  | !  1  a  Tla  !  i ->. 

{  )\\  i  n_:  hi  t }  M '  *  Ti  )^|,  .fi  ni   H  u"  coa^i,  >i )  1 1  a  ■  <  >l   \\\r  -^j  aai  a.r>, 

huM'ir  oiu  ui    iiii-   ^4!iiii\    lloor   ot    iha    >(,aL,   al  a    «  «a)Mil 
(  ]-:ii,h'    < !  i-^ ::  !!' ■••     fv.  t  n  i     lla'     -^llOVe,   a   ])la 'la 'l]M'ia  ai     Ia"  tio 

means  strange  ih  ihase  voh'aiiic  re<j.i()ns,  and  which 
l)riiiirs    I"    oiir    inaT^ira'v    a    cni'lon^    iTira.ha;?     (-(nincfffMl 

with  i  a'«a-'  s  A  |jf(»  n  i  1 N  .  .'a<  •!  a  The  \  iiai  -h  .. .. :  -.  >  .-h  'se 
fn  t^p  ra-t  PTid  .)!'  L.i  k*-    1  a  :*  ti  n  a  -  t !  im  I .  w  1  i  i  i* •  w  lat  iiii^  U ic 

,  \<  •;  M  a  ■ !  M  a  ■:;.        !  M  <     '  ' 


(  » '    I  I  I  i  i  i  1 1  -^t  I '  I  i  a''  >  a 


!  ,   ,  ' 


\\  na  !'  >•.^ 


•  1 !  ^i  i  ^  1 X  aa  1 1 


III. 


i  <  i 


!  -    .   1 

!  a  •    i  Ui  < ' 


I) 


t  ■(  ( ' 


1  l!  M   (  "  \  /  i  r  I  a  i  •  ■ 
n>  (']<  ■. I  r  w  a  iia'--       \  '    i>  I't  a:!  t  *  a 


H    ■  (    • 


( 


}    !h.'   ^■■) 


\  t  -'"x    ! !  H  a  Mt  a  a    <  m    i  i  a ■ 


■:iv 


\  aan  ■  -  I  a  i  r^i  <»!  1 1   m  f  li;i  f  i  )a  r!  ( > 


<t|  (  iatai*.>  a  I  l'*aiiiiaa  h'>i 
if  }  hr  ^a  I'llrai-  v.'1n<Ti  fa  Tiia 
.if;ir«'>i  i<>  inr  >ih.>r</.  aiai  ill('-^<'  ^{aanu-^,  naxina  hrtai 
fo'lial  l»rn<'fi<'ia  I  for  atfcrtioiv-  of  Ma-rxaa  haa-aiiH'  cda- 
hratrd  iitidai"  thf  iiaitif  i)\   Atjiia-  (    h  (a't  »ti  la  naa 

The  ^itr  of  tht'xiila  w  a^  ocoiipKM  1  in  the  nii<  hllr  a^a-^ 
l.\  a  hamh't  calltMl  Tiii  xa'-ola  .  Ilari^  the  kiii^-^  of  Aiijou 
hiiilf  a  >hootiiiu'  lo<lu<a  the  ro\al  kaimaU.  and  a  hathinix 
otahli^h  merit  capahh'of  accoininoda  t  inu'  thii'ly  pa  ti(Mit>, 
tha  A(jU;e  ("iceroniana'  ha\in^'  retained  thi'onuh  the 
lap>e  of  ^o  many  eentnrie^  their  healinu"  \irtue  against 
ophthahnia.  All  tlie>e  intei-e^linu'  and  pleasant  memo- 
rials an<l  landmarks  were  destine<l  to  disappt^ir  on  the 
'2i)th  of  September  of  the  year  l.^'iS.  Hie  dawn  of  that 
fatal  da\-  wa>  markecl  hv  an  outl)iir>t  of  <j:evser>;  twelve 


Ifli:    l.AM)    OF    NKRO 


38f5 


.t»~  o^.  ^^ffl^f~  ''^>*-r.  .>^a    - 
~y.^     A''    "■'- .         '^'^~--Sl^     ■ 


v  -: 


'^^f? 


The  sulphur  sj)ring.s  of  the  AtjUif  Caldaiiii'  on  the  \  olsoau  cuast  five  miles 

west  of  Antiuin 

lioiir^  !af(a-  Ua-  Monte  Xn(na>  \va<  foiaiied.  a  eone  k")() 
feel  liiuh.  Hi  Ihe  eeiiirc-  of  which  wc  can  >(ill  hchold 
the  eriiphAt'  fhaa  iiicioxal  h\-  masses  of  pumice  >{on(a 
trach\'t(a  and   tufa. 

Aft(M'  a  (h'liuhifiil  rest  at  Torre  (^aldana  wa^  set  -^ail 
for  Cape  Antinm  1  La  Punta  delT  Arco  Muto;,  the  dim 
outline  of  which  appeared  in  the  mornini::  liaze  tive 
miles  to  the  east.  This  part  of  the  coast  is  hi^'luM'  and 
morc^  pictiires(jn(^  than  the  sandy  beaches  of  LaiUHMitum 
and  Lavinium,  tlu^  clay  and  sandstont^  elifi's  heini^ 
frintrc'd  with  clii>ters  of  arhntus  and  mvrtle,  and  (\acli 
headland  ht^nu'  crowncnl  with  tlu^  remains  of  a  villa. 
Impelled  I  v  a  ^'enth^  hreeze  onr  boat  ran  (^astward 
throutrh  \vat(Ts  as  clear  as  crvstal,  showinir  everv  detail 
of  till'  uneven  hotloni  thirty  feet  helow.    So  j)erfeet  was 


/ 


,S:U     \\AM)i:inN<iS    IN     rili:    HOMAN    CAMlWr.XA 

tlicir  ti-nii-|»;irriir\  tlial  \m'  wtit  iihlc  t.»  tr>{  for  lli<'  lir-i 
tiiiH'  tilt'  incwviirx  of  the  tniditioii  cin'rt^ni  niiuniu  ilic 
locnl    ii-lh'riiH'ii,    .-ilnMit    i\]v   (Ai-hMicc   <»i*    nrt    tiTn>i!r(^N 

nlon--  tln^  -linllnw  ^liorc.  Tlir  [i-r;i-^iirr>  iwi'  iH»l  urc.-il: 
;i  [  !,>;i^t  \\  r  -;!  w  (  MiK  ;i  inniilxT  of  colinnTH  nf  w  hih-  in;!  r- 
hlc  hall  l)urir<i  in  a  jKif.  li  of  >;i!hL  iiinnn-M  ( jii  i\  n  in.:- 
!!)a»e>  of  Wf'T'.'].  foi-n!.  :!!](!  -^(\'i  lili*--.  wliidi  ^^(H-inrd  !«> 
ri>f  alirnd  <'f  Hm'  !>r<'\\  ;in(!  lo^irii  ilu-  krcl  ;in<l  flu-n  -mix 
?loi\'1\'  :!--h'!'!i  in  ill''  Shki!  ^  -^«  )'nh  llr^>  wnkr.  l!  i^  jiruij-- 
;il,|,-    [li;.}    ihi.-r  .•;i\cni-  t>f   -\\;!\!n_:    -n  i  •ma  rinr   xf-r!;!^ 

tjofi.    in    i!ir    r('<-('>>r>   uf    wlin   ll    ^llual>   ul    li>li,    h'lull  Iriiat  1 

t ;!  ni   \\  nrk-^  Ul  a   1  M_;  hrr  \  a  i  i  h  ■. 

'riit-r.^  i^  ;t  iMipahir  tr;'<!il!'a!  ih;!i  Mi*'  xalhi^  <^r\  \hr 
coa>L  i»ai\wrn  Artlea  and  Vstiira  were  kaih  f  ^  \  ilie 
y^rnivm-  niit  nt  -ea,  hecause  tliu  icni    in^  of  iii(.ir  iuiui- 


ii*    actnalK    seen   at  some  distance   rioin    ihe 


h'  »re 


.    'I'Im'    tra'iii! 


(  ai 


is   wroniJ:,   sa\i     in 


ft   I ,» 


cases.  As  a  rnle,  all  ;!a*  villas  <>!*  n,.'  f  .-ijfi  ;=;mI  \  ^  »!-«■)- h 
coasl  \\tir  built  oil  iiit'  *'<l<i:es  of  cliti'sand  li»/.Milaii<i-  of 
<  ];;v  nil  -  lalstone,  which  caiifiot  withstand  tlio  arfion 
ul  iiic  waves  nnless  |)r()tecte(l  at  the  base  l)y  artificial 
mear-  such  as  blocks  of  concrete,  ]^alisa(les,  anl  (he 
like.  And  these  means  of  defence  must  l)e  kept  in  a 
state  of  efficiency,  because  the  least  neo;ligence  mio;ht 
bring  serious  disaster  to  the  buildin^:  above.  Cliffs  and 
headlands  have  l)een  washed  awav  since  the  inroads  of 
pirates  and  barl)arians  made  the  villa  owners  abandon 
the  coast  and  seek  refuo;e  within  the  walls  of  the  city; 
but  irreat  masses  of  masonrv  Ivin^  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sea  still  mark  the  site  of  the  old  palaces,  sometimes 
witliin  a  stone's  throw  of  the  shore,  sometimes  at  a 
distance  of  six  hundred  feet,  as  is  the  case  with  certain 
hlnrk-  <^MMi  uTidfM   lavorablc  circum.Ni.UK  (\s  of  li<;'lii  ami 


iifi:   lAXD  OF  m:r() 


^ 


4 


<c'A  <luc  W(^sl  of  t  ho  ])ro- 
nioutorv  dcir  Area  Scuro. 
'HmM'c  i>  uo  <!oulit  that 
what  Ilia  li-jici'iicn  >ay 
nlM)ut  lo.>l  lraa>ira^  is 
iriiu,  and  (lial.  i!  projtcr 
Sc.-frrh  run  Id  l>c  niaila, 
!n;i  !i\  w  ui'ix-.  i  >l  a  ]'!  w  « iidd 
i;c  rccuw  raai.    lii  laul,  iii\ 

(^  n  r  1  i  a  N  t 


;ui  <  >\'  an  :iriliil''<Miir;ii 


\^     !  I   I 


vvi'i  > II (M't  ion  of  Ant  Mil!!  i^  ('(HinuchMi  w  ii  n 

tha     tindini:    ^'^f    SCnailfuult     li!uf;/r     miris 

and  a  uiace  of  i^old  claiin  in  Ihu  !i;irrt)\v 
Ic  l^s'  i^\   ^and  nndrr  Nero  >  p;ii;M-i',      Bc-- 

twurn      M.i!-uji      ;s|h!      Julia     ni'      hi-!      Xuni' 

M:Hlby  iuur  auhiUiii^  ware  raised  iruiii 
ihu  Indha!!  of  Xn-uV  lairboia  iianr  the 
fork  lialnrd  { ..  *  "^^  uiici();liu.  s  aie  of  whicli 
w  !-  t1iirt(a  n  fa(  t  long  and  in  a  perfect 

^tate. 

In  the  time  of  Vny('  Benedict  XI II 
\l-!\  1730)  the  bronze  vase  of  Milli- 
ri  iih-  now  lii  Iha  Palazzo  dei  Conser- 
vatori,  was  likewise  rescued  from  the 
duttom  of  the  sea.  This  beautiful  speci- 
men of  chaste  Greek  workmanship  has 
an  inscription  around  the  rim  in  punc- 
tured characters,  stating  that  it  w^as  a 
present  from  Mithridates  Eupator,  the 
sixth  and  most  famous  King  of  Pontus 
of  that  name,  to  a  gymnasium  of  the 
Eupatorides.     ^Yhere    such    a   gynma- 

^   Uajects  recovered  from  the  wreck  of  a  Greek  ship  on  the  coast  of 
Nuniidia. 


The  Dionysiiic  Her- 
nia by  Boethus  of 
Cluilcedon  ^ 


336    ^^AM»l•i^\ 


IX  llll"   ]\r)M  \\  cwiri'  .\  V 


'fill-'     !.\Vn    ()!-^     \i,K() 


337 


->  1  i  i  !  !  i    \^  .  s 


placed  it  i-  iini  M  w^i!  .!«>  fo  -;i  \  ;  pro]  .;i  I  M\  . ; 


lini.'.    'I'lic  i!ii<liii-  «>!'  Hi!-  rtlh-  iii 


mM\  ri  1  !  t  i!  i  »<  'li  t  N  'TO 
I'lir  iiK'-f  l';i-l!li'n;i  i'h'  <(\!-i<li'  r(^^f»rf  nf  imp.-!-!.!  1  ll!nr> 
c-aiiiiui  lai!  M'  !'rin_  h;M  k  tli.'  r.-c.  »1  Ir.-i  i.  ai  "f  .aia  ..j  ihc 
liin^t  ;ni\irai<  ])(M"in<U  wlli'-h  llir  l\(>!li;in  (  t  •! !  1 1  i  h  ai  \s  a;i  1 1 1 1 
sv...    laird    In    I'.-i--    llirou-li.      I    ralrr   t.  >   I  lie  a;i  lli  j .;!  iun  <  »f 


ss    i;.  ( 


i  I  >j  t;M  a  H 


t  iam_:"    'iii'' 


1 1 '  a  p( '  i  \  t  ■  ■>    i ) ' 


\\  ili  lar 


!  M  it  liri'Li  ta>  droxc  Ari«  >1 ';!  r/ana--  <»nl 
aii<l  N  i<.-<  MihMic-  ..111  of  l^ii  li\  rii;! .  lH>lh 
!  !i.'  luiiiiaii-,  aii<l  f..rc<Mi  ihc  l{«a!i;i  ti> 
of  I  la-  !  !'•(  aaiH'a  nf  A<]:! .  I  >urin_  I  he 
liai  n  la  I  at '!',  a  »!<  •  \t',ir  <»r'l''r->  aci't'  i^-^ia-tl  t  >\ 
liiin  t,,  all  lli<'  citia^  (M'  \-i^!  f'*'-  Mi--  i  a:!  ^^;a  t.  •  ;!!  :<  a!\''n 
hour  of  evcrv   Itaii.iM  \\ii'>  was  ?«•   ^-^   loaaH  ^Aiihai  !li«'M' 

f 

walls.  So  hateful  had  the  (•()n(lUa^u•:^  r<a.haM  Uiaiii- 
selves  to  the  natives,  that  (U^irldy  tliousaU' :  «•;  n  ♦  m  :a'*- 
said  to  have  |)(ii.>hed  in  Ihe^e  "Sieili.-ii  Xespers^'  of 
--  B.  c.  1  wonder  if  the  removal  of  Mithridates'  vase 
from  the  ovnniasium  of  the  Eunatorides  to  the  one 
erected  1)V  Xero  at  Antium  was  intentional,  or  sim|)ly 
an  issne  of  chance.  It  is  said  that  the  blocks  of  (ireek 
marl)Ie  out  of  which  the  sphinxes  decorating;  the  hemi- 
cycles  of  the  present  Piazza  del  Popolo  were  carved  in 
the  time  of  I'ius  \  ii,  were  discovered  together  with  the 

bronze  vase. 

The  possibilities  in  this  line  of  submarine  research 
are  indeed  unlimited,  because  wherever  ancient  vessels 
have  sunk  in  a  moderate  depth  of  water  their  cargoes 
mav  still  be  found  intact,  or  but  little  dama<2:e(l.  Such 
was  the  case  with  the  wine  ship  discovered  at  Astura, 
of  whiali    1    hnv('   ^pokcn   in  'Wncienl    Kane,"  p.   ''2;>3. 

^  Compare  Corpws  In^scr.  Grorc.  ^Itl^,  and  lloinolle,  Bulletin  dc  cones- 
pondanre  Ilelleniqur,  vol.  viii.  p.  lOM, 


i 


If    probnbh   lH'iono;ed  to  !h<'  -lass  <»f  tin-  '' ^c>r^''^Tih!ii," 

wliiah     aX'^ii     a«  a\        )1\     i.aiwara    ihr    \\i\\     of     NahleS    and 
[la'   laoiifli   <>f    tla;-'    Tilxap    i;nla]]   willi    tia-   'haMV\-   w  iia^  of 


Yi)VU[    iV    l-rhi;a       lU     halk     \\;i-    hllail     wilh     niaphi.ra' 


a(aii(^Tit(Ml  lain  n  aia'M  llilaron--  !n;!>>,  !r<aii  whiah  oiax  a 
ft  as  Npaainian^  rouhl  1  >a  (|al;M'ha(|  uithrokaia  >a«-ii  ,iUo 
^^-as  Iha  caM*  with   the  Cji'cek  >hip  hah'ii  \^it!l  works  ul 


Eros  as  a  laiiip-staiid,  before  and  after  the  })r(>cess  of  cleaiisiii^r;  recovered  from 
the  wreek  of  a  Greek  ship  on  the  coast  of  Xinnidia 

art  in  bronze  and  marl)le,  found  in  the  month  of  De- 
cember, 1908,  o])i)osite  the  harbor  of  Mahdia  on  the 
coast  of  Tunisia,  l)etween  r^ousa  and  Sfax.  A  man 
divino-  for  sponws  was  brouo'ht  to  tlie  -i  rface  in  a  state 

(^f  ..])j(w.f  terior.  h.  a.  iao;  beheld  fui  la-  *  >i  :'l*'*^kia^:  liiants 


<  a  1    i  I  h '    o \ 's  - 1\    of 


!  f  a  ■>>  1 1 '  I  *  I  (  a  1  "^    I 


■rai.    Tlir 


t" -t-a- 1 


w 


aau   \s;i 


■-,    »>.  I 


aad   ai>ioad,   ana    raadiau 


iV    a:i  r>    oi     -  i a* 


338     WAX!)!  Kl\<.-    T\     VUV    YUniW    i    \MV\(:\\ 


.  .  in>r!'\ .. }.  *r-  *>r  Tuni^i;!!!  ;i  iil  h  pi  if  i(*s.  Tin*  " --M-f'j 'Hil: 
U'!;int.>>'"  \vi  If  r;i!MHl  io  [lit-  .>ui'Ku\',  and  lli'/  -lii[»  ^^.■!^ 
^iihh'rffM]  \n  :\  c;!]'^}']!!  !i!  \t>!  !l:;i  I  !<  >!!  T(  TiKTi -^llr('(l  ;!  1  »<  »ii  I 
iiiut'U  Uci  ill  Icn^lli  .mhI  I  w  t'n!\ -li\  c  in  ItiTndil!,  .■in<l 
niii^t   h;i\«'  IxTT.  \\'r('<k«'(|   <(>Tn('  ci^'lifrcii   liim<lr<'*!  \f;i!"N 

;i  <.( ,      w  i}  h    iU    (  ;i  !•■■()  I  >r    i  )!'(  »n/r-^    .1  lit  1    !  I  l.'l  I'l  >!< '>    <  ic^l  1  Ih'f  1    j  nr 

:i  |)iiliiii  1  >ii  li.  i  inL:"  of  vomr  A!ric;iii  cohnix,  •*!'  hi*'  \iil;! 
Mi"  a  \\r;iliii\  (■<»l(!ni'-l.  I  htM'<'  \\  a  >  ;i  Jfrtui/*"  -^l;!!!!''  *•! 
l-j'o-^.  v;!i(i  t.t  i»r  a  rrjtiii'a  «)f  a  \\(»rl\  al  I  *i'.!  \  1 1  rk'^ ,  au- 
oMm-!'   ,.;     [jic    saUi'-    -uIh'''!    <  if-i.:ih''!    foi-   a    la  fn  j)---l:nM]  : 


in\<  ^  , 


\\ 


iiii   lli*.    iK'.M  1 


I  )h- 


i'niM ^uvc  nl   ;  t M-  a  i^i  i-^l 


ai.M^  ti  miiiia  i^r  j>iiiai'  iii'iU! 
fi\-'i--    T!;!-   last  worlx   hovr   ila 

l]uc-liiLi-    i'i    (  iiair«'(  i(  aa    \*.}i<'    1 1.  >  i  n' i -I  a '<  1     m     lli<^    se<'M!<! 
(•rilhii-v  lu-^aaa-   fliri^f.      J!     i<    Tin'  firm    hfla^f   thai     in    \\iC 

la  'rM\' 


('^  a  i  r-^t  ■     'a      Ma      <  1  i  I 't  1  a  i 


!   !   ■    ■  i    I   1    M 


\\  !       < 


■    !    ! 

ill 


}-u 


)r    l]Tir!.al  a  kt'Tl     nl       \!!/i«a     \<>    TC^hTr     Nta'*.^     harlx)!'     lu 
-ia  tr.     Ilia  !!\     s  a  *  Mm!  -    i  •  l"    \  a  hh'    Will    1m      !  a'*  'U^lij 
ir!"a<ta     !<)     ■   l\r    i-\  ukaiat.'    ul     NiTu^    llb<.-r.i  iil\ 
i  i-   la  1  i\  <•   |»l.-!ce. 


i  aa  a  t  ■ !' 


t  •     >■  i 


I  I  '.\ 


Pi   '  >- 


Anfi'iin.  IIm'  1ira<l  (  it\  .'irHl  <liicl'  p<»ri  n}  {jia  dan  ot 
lilt-'  \nl^(iaii>>.  (•.•una  iiiji!  (■(•nflici  witli  l\nni«'  a.>  rarlv 
a<  tlio  i\<j:('  (»I"  (  'orinl.'inn^.  Tlic  i-rfa!  cji  rlliw  <  a'ks  ci-cciccl 
!)\  {lie  iiali\t'>  on  {\\r  land  -^n\i\  in  prcnar;! !  ion  for  the 
inipcndinu  >i!'nm;ia  foi-  indcpciKlcncc  and  ti-("<'doni  ot 
tr.-idc  wliidi  \\;i^  in  ^toff  for  llicm.  arc  -"till  |)('!i(M't. 
Tliax  con^i^t  of  a  dilcli  (»r  ar!iii(ial  wdh^v  1  ,">0  \\\'[  wida, 
.>n  f(M't  drap,  an<l  nc.-ii'h  !\\o  miles  lonu.  w  liidi  fnnn'slnal 
!n;it('i-i;il  for  an  cinijanlxincnl  on  llir  inner  >id«\  witli 
ilankinu  \\;ilU  of  ^|on(^  in  tlir-  n(M'i:ld)o!"liood  ot  llie  ^ate^. 
Tlir  \  irw  fi'oin  tlic  l(»p  of  lln^  ami  t.-i  nknicnt .  at  it> 
liiirlipst  point  near  tlir  laiinixinr  iiat<'.  cxtaiids  over  k-ind 
and  saa  as  far  a>  the  Ali>;in  and  \'ol>ci;in  nionntaIn>  to 
the  ('a>t,  and  the  proniontorv  of  (  'ircc  and  the  i>k^ind  ot 


!l!i:     I   \\!)    OF    XEHO 


339 


:^r:^----X.^_^.<^.-'-^ 


-    .  i 


±J 


lilt   _:n  at  (Mrtii.Nnriv-  raided  by  tlie  \^olscians  for  tlie  defence  of  Aiitium  on  the 

land  side 


riHih.'i  in  !la-  .-.ouUi  a  lid  w  a-L  SiiMihtr  aiiii  li  w  oi'k^  liave 
{trail  da^vrriitad  a!  "^.-ih-Iriin!  (Lc  l'\'n'inra  di  r'nnca),  ;il 
Ardca,  and  in  [\onrc  ilNait,  w  luTa  I  lie  _/'. '>•>■(/  nnd  flia  ./^///f  r 
of  SrM'vin<  Tnllins  inndf^  \hc  c]\y  inipi'<^^-na  i'la  at  the 
nioNt  danurrou^  pai't  of  it^  dat'ansive  lines.  The  arti- 
ficial ^Icn  ('iifirciinLi  Antinni.  no\\  oxrri^rowii  with 
('liist(M"N  of  ni\rtl(  .  tamarisk,  .'ind  u'cnista.  altoi*(ls  as 
cnticinu'  a  walk  a>  the  stndent  of  prahistoric  ciNili/a- 
tion  could  wish  to  find  alonu'  this  coast.  'Hic  knolls 
which  rise  on  tlic  ri^lit  of  tht*  path  haxc  hccii  the  scene 
of  nian\  a  ^nlkint  sti'iin-oK^  i)ut  the  \  olscians.  l)eini'' 
ph\sicallv  at  lea.sl  an  inferior  race.  W(M'e  doonicil  to 
sncciunl).  Antinin  was  eaptnriNl  hy  ('amilhis  and  i\ 
Ma'iiins  Nepo>  in  VM  n.  c,  and  the  rostra  of  their  ships 
wre  Imn^  in  the   Fornni. 

After  a   period  of  dc^population  of  iieai'Iy   tln'(M^  cen- 
turies,   the    mildness   of    its   climate,    llu^    l)(\-nit\    of   iU 


.au     WWDliaM.-    i.\    lili.    linMW    iWlVM^SX 


MTiitTK  .   ;i  11'  1    i  h<'    ireaiii*  liL\    ' » 


idll 


;  1    1 


prrciiiltMl  h\  ilif  l\«>ni;ni  vilhi -1  mi  il<  1<t-  («f  tlir  Aui^-u^t;!  ii 
;(^v.  Aihrii-,  (  iccro,  Luculhi-.  M;i-(cii;i-.  l^nihi-,  .-iikI 
(  ';i^>iu^,  til'"  ]>inTifMM'<  of  l{<>ii!;i  II  l';i  >li  i<  >ii;i  I  >lr  <'ii!!L:r;i  i  i"n. 
<!()tt<'<l  (lie  '■M.i-i  with  t'\(  jui^ih'  ^1  rue!  11  !•('>,  tlic  rriii;i  in>>  ( >! 

\xliicli  livr  -fill  to  Ik>  >rc!l  ill  flic  ix'Ihl  of'  tlir  haN  lira  r 
\cf  tuii<».  All!  M!  111.  how  r\(T.  i>  ( '^^oi !  t  ia  H  \  ;i  cifv  of  NiM'o. 
11, T,'  ht'  \\;!-  iiorn  on  I  )rc-cii!i 'oi'  l.">,  a.  i>.  ;>T  :  ln-rr  \]\c 
iH-w-  w;i>.  hr..ii-ht  to  hitn  <»t'  (ht>  oiit])rrak  <•!'  th<"  h.i'c 
i>l*  .)ul\.  U.3;  hric  iu'  lo.l  Poppa';i  ^.ilaii.-i  to  iH'.-onliiKMl 
///;/'  /*;,v,  ,j,  firm' IIS  rrrjf.  ami  hrrc  ihf  ohihl.  i'orii  in  the 
m.iIm.c  n\  ill.'  ^r;i  in  ihf  wiiifrr  of  <il.  w;i-  takm  aw;i\- 
frnni  M,'r  i.;i!-cni-  w  hon  onix    fou  i-  nion  I  h^  oKl.     i  he  ^i-R-i 

:-^cn:!  !r  CM  n!»'  ni  n 


oi    n 


he   t  1  f !  /( 'i  1-.    know    I H  1    !  M  M  1  n<  1  - 


i  '• 


t  •  »i    ! 


W o n M '    to    o 


lor  I iicii'  con*. lolt/nt  o^,  ; 


*  i'  a  I   ■ '  i'-  M 


,-!■,■(■'  ](  ai  <  •!'  :i   nicna  aa;!l.  \\-liicli  i 


^^,  '( 


n  !  -^ 


i  '  i 


iC 


hnxc  \ifi!  in  inaLrnificeiice  with  lh;it  oi  Mir  (  n-n-  -li 
.,f  |^.\il|a^  \.r.,  I.  .till  \\\c  popiihir  licro.  an-l 
subject  ui  many  leo;eii(ls  in  tlu^  fo!h  i..o  ot  \nhiin. 
Nowhere  does  one  feci  more  disposed  to  forgive  hi-  mis- 
deeds and  to  admit  extenuating  cireumstanees  than  n 
this  eity,  which  he  iK^tutified  and  cherished  above  all 
other  imperial  resick-nces.  Nowhere  can  one  better 
ai)|)reciate  his  worth  as  an  artist  and  as  an  en<,nneer. 
The  followinir  considerations  may  n:ive  an  achlitional 
interot  lo  the  \  i.>it  which  none  of  my  readers  shouUl 
oni?  !o  pay  to  h)velv  Xiizio. 


"P),|r"|-|^    tll/^    lonir    l^eT'i 


0( 


a*  1 1\  i-   nil'TcM    m   m  iw  h  jU.i  n.i 


w  iiich 


I 


h  ; .  \  r     I  It  k>'U     :  i  1 1 


.( )  n  1' '   i  'w  o    1 1  io 


snn'l  j)iee(^^  nf  s^riilpiu!'-  h;«\<-  InMai  .  h  i  _:  onl  ol  ihe  -oil 
of  Home  ;in.l  the  (  ki  nipii- ici .  iiichhlin-  ^tnlnc,  bn-t<, 
1so;h!>.  h;!>>-!-c|icf>.  frie/e.s,  aud  s;i  r.  o  ph  ;i  - 1  ■  P>nM-  and 
portrait    hea(U    are    lioman    work-    of    Iniperi;!l    tim(^s; 


ri!1-     I   VXD    OF    XKIIO 


:Ul 


sl.'iiues  and  hn--- re' i*-fv  -iro  but  rep]"o(hnct !on:>  of  lo-t 
(jireek  oriuinal>,  th(_  exi>teii</e  oi  which  would  (jiiicrw  i:^c 
liave  l)een  kne»Avn  euily  from  tlie  de<eri])timis  c»f  Plinv 
and  Pau>ania^.  d  I  iar  (ii>eo\-cr\'  i>  alwax^  welcome.  1h- 
eaus(\Mo  matter  liow  defc<-ti\('  the  replica  ma\  Ixa  wa^ 
can  gather  from  it  some  conception  of  theoriu'inal  t\pe 
created  1»\  Phidi.i-,  Pi'a  \itele.>,  Seopa.s,  Lx.^ippn^,  Pol\- 
cIctiiN.  .•ind  othc!-  -uch  nia>t(a">  of  the  c()|(l(ni  nirc     W  hat 


Tlie  iireat  diUli  excavated  Uv  the  liutuii  tor  the  delence  ot  Ardea  on  Uie 

laiul  side 


loiiiil  we  know,  for  instance,  about  the    Xpowanenos 


of  Iw^innn^  were  it  imt   fee-  \\\c  aecrit 


M  n ! !  ""  o 


fa 


::nia 

UpiV 


Mhiritir  fop\    Hi  die  year    h^k^  nt';ir  ihe  rhurcii  oi 
Ceeiha    m     I  !":;-Mworc  -      1  he  --amc  etni-idcr;!  t  {on- 
to   the    llcrnie-    of    Poheiohl^.    U    C(yp\     ot     wlileil    ha^    in^t 

Ijccn  di^coxrriMl  in  the  t'oinnki  t  hhi^  oi  a  pri\at<.^  house 
near  the  Polite  Ma'Lihcrita:  to  the  Amazon  of  tln^  <amo 
ma>ter,  a  eop\  of  w  hich,  found  in  the  \  ilia  AKlohrandiiii 


.J  ±x 


\\ASuiA.:iS^ 


1\ 


!  ' 
i  I 


N  )M  \\    «  AM  r 


\ 


I    ■  1 


ill    1 1  M     I  >  '\  ^  t  ■•  ■  h  '    \  u  <  '  '\  I »    : . ! 
li    1  l.-ln.!  h'-  \  ilia;  iiip!   ^n 


III  Frascatu   i-  now  rxhituif. 

the    Vntir'aTK    t<^    tln^    I  h-n;. 

reuiir,.    1   discover*'!   in    l^^i 

^fnrr><  of  otluM'  sui)jeets  which  are  (hiily  iiiicai  liiLd  ir«»ia 

the  arcluvological  strata  of  our  hmd. 

Waere,  then,  have  the  original  Greek  masterpieces 
vanished,  winch  Roman  conquerors  and  Roman  em- 
perors are  known  to  have  removed  by  the  thousand 
from  Maana  (Inecia,  Sicilv,  Greece,  and  Asia  Minor, 
and  to  have  carried  home  as  spoils  of  war,  or  else  by 
theft  or  by  ])urchase  ?  There  is  no  exa operation  in  say- 
ino'  that,  at  the  beoinning  of  the  third  century  after 
Christ,  Rome  contained  more  works  of  the  o;reat  masters 
than  could  be  seen  on  the  shores  of  the  /Egean  Sea. 
Each  of  the  Roman  temples,  forums,  basilicas,  baths, 
palaces,  and  villas  was  a  museum  in  itself.  Two  hundred 
and  sixty-one  i>ieces  of  sculpture  or  ])ictures  in  mosaic 
have  already  l)een  du<c  out  from  Hadrian's  villa,  (iio- 
vanni  Antonio  Riccy  pul)lished  in  180^2  a  list  of  one  hun- 
dred and  twentv  works  of  art  excavated  in  the  imperial 
domain  of  Roma  Vecchia.^  Their  number  has  since 
doubled.  In  1884  Luigi  Boccanera  found,  in  a  couple 
of  days,  seventeen  statues  and  busts  in  the  peristyle 
of  Voconius  Pollio's  villa  at  Marino.    This  as  regards 

quantitv. 

As  far  as  quality  is  concerned,  I  can  only  say  that  if 
one  Roman  temple  alone  could  be  reconstrueted,  with 
its  artistic  contents,  it  would  cast  into  the  shade  any 
museum  of  the  ])resent  day.  But  where  have  all  these 
treasures  gone  ?  How  is  it  that  we  must  consider  our- 
selves lucky  if  we  discover  one  Greek  original  among 
a  thousand  Roman  copies  ?   The  answer  to  this  query 

*  "  Deir  antico  Pa<(o  Lemonio,"  in  Oggi  Roma  Vecchia,  Rome,  Ful- 
goni,  1802,  ch.  xii,  p.  109. 


' 


I 


I 


POKTKAIT  HEAD  OF  NERO  AT  ABOUT  TWENTY 
Showing  hiiu  a  healthy  and  cheerful  youth 


THE    LAND    OF    NERO 


34 


o 


)!!  I* 

i  ! 


cannot  be  easily  given.  The  fact  that  the  majority  of 
statues  imported  from  Greece  were  cast  in  bronze  may 
exphiin  their  disappearance  toacertniri  (\t(Mit,  because 
metal  rxcited  the  forced  of  the  barl)arians  more  than  any 

,,f],,  r  <|)(>i1<  of  war.    Fmm  a  de^nripfioii  r>f  lioine  written 

X    !.    ,~)Mk   !.     Z.icliarias,  u   IV  /antme  lii-hHunK   Bisliop 

of   \1  \  i  ikiio  ill  Mm-  i-hih*!  .  m'  i.r>>l>()>,  we  <>;alliCi  liiat,  to- 

jlj    1  ,roIi/e  —   «»!!'■  H;  iln  n^   m;in\'  n--  A\-rr(^  <|  ill    iv«'|  it ,   .i  !    I  M::  i 

liiiK-,  ill  |>n\ci[r  [Mtlaces,  ;_,;ir<i('n>.  ;iih1  \i!l;i-.  (  )i  Ini- 
iinrtH'i;-^*^    cnllcftion    otiIv   ch'rcii    ^jkm  inifii-    tinxe    ch 

(iowil    fo    11^.      liiil     ilicrc    wri-r    li!;ir!»lr-    oriuili.'iU    a^    \Nr 

winch  llic  !»;!!  l..'in';in-  < Ic-pi-^c*  1  and  Icfl  nninjurcJ.  ll 
hn.  i)(M'n  >ai«!  llial  \\\v\  niu>t  liavr  pci-i-lird  in  rnodiipva! 
liiiu'-kilii>.  No  (Inul)l  IIh'V  (lid,  and  i  >y  th.'  tlioh-atid: 
JMit  \\\\\  -lionid  iiKMlia'val  liino-luirn(^r<  tak(^  -;])(M-ia! 
nlcaNurc  in  dr>trn\  in^  (triuina  U  iii  prciVi'ciicr  to  Uoinan 
copies  :-  Tin'-  i>  tht^  prohlcni  flio  solnfinii  of  whirli  lia> 
\('t  lo  1m.'  found. 

\\i\v  let  inc-tatconc  fact  which  r(Mlccni-  to  a  certain 
extent  the  meniorx  of  Nero,  the  loxcr  of  Antinni:  tlie 
fact  i>  tliat.  \\henc\,>r  c\<-avation>  have  l>een  made  in 
uronnd-  know  !i  It .  ha  vc  kelonuvdto  hitn.  some  ir(Mnnnc 
w(M'k  of  a  (  .reck  mailer  ha>  keen  >niv  to  coini^  to  Imiil  : 
in  other  W(.rd>.  the  oii1v  ehanee  we  liavt^  left  ot  <li-cov- 
eriii^*'  lo>[  nia-lcrpieces  i-  to  follow  in  the  toot.-tep-  ol 
X(M'o,  and  s(\arch  cxci'x  I  »uildinu  or  >ite  that  r-  known  to 
hav(^  \)vv\\  inhakitcd  k\  him.  wln^ther  th(^  (lolden  Hon-e 
at  H(nnt\  or  the  huntini:d)o\  at  Siihkoiueum,  or  the  >ea 

palace  at  Aidinm. 

Nero  seem>  to  ha\e  l>een  pos>(\Nsed  of  a  douk»]e  nature, 
oiu^  liair  of  which  was  kind,  ovnerous,  |)oetie,  nrti>tic, 
miLsieal,  w  Idle  the  other  wa>  utterly  depravtMk    Nolhin-' 


:;M.      \\\\l)lin\*r-     1\      nil      IU)MAN     lA\irA«.\A 


colli,  i     vin  .\\      \n-'lrV     fill-    <'«  »Iit  l\i>.i 


I  i 


W    (   !      I   M   > 


h>ll    h» 


It*  !  In.  »nr.   w  Inh'  .^t  ill 

(,t'  ill,,  lir^t  pri'iod  of  lii>  <\-ir('ci-  is  (piitr  cji.-i  i-iiiinL:.      I  Ik 

sjx.rt  .iihi  ;ir[.  r;i{lMM-  ili.-ni  In  i\ir  riiliiiu  of  llir-  l^iiijHro. 
II,.  in-lilMtrd  ;!  (■(  >!i!|H'!  il  i(  >n  l^^v  IIm-  rli;i  mpii  tii-^hip  <>l  iIip 
\\,,rhi  Hi  !ii!i-h  ,  in  ;!(lih'tir>,  ami  in  Imr^t'iiiaiiNli jp.  (n  hr 

]\:n]r  Vi'i-]\:\  U   popnlni'.  (Il-pla  \'- 

h  I M  • .  n '  >  t  <  > !  1 


< ) 


r  h       t  •  \  t 


t  •  \      »  I 


\  i'l 


!  t  ' 


iniT  li  1-  <  'S'v  n  i  a  iciii--  i 


)  ( •  h  t !  •■ ' 


f  ■  (  -I  t  i 


s  «>t  ■ 


A  .  ini! 


;->  IT 


V 


«  » I  M  I  >  <  '  \ 


Ihriiln 


. '» a  I 


! ' « '  I  >  r  <  ■  "^ '  ■  1 


s. 


!  I 


asses  <  'f  »  H 

\'A  I  h  '  h   fl  a  '«■;■*'  U  ^ 

iai  <^ali*a  >  fought  a<^ain-   ta  \^   ;iihl  \\*aiM''r- 
ful  sea  iiM  asters;  experiments  inatK   willi  an  atiuplane 


t  la  »U^.!  Ill  i    ^pcr  f  :i  t<  a  -. 


«(>  a 


'I  M  n  la  (  it  i;i 


(>!     It! 


or 


n, 


_C  niacliine,  which  cost  the  life  of  tla  iiix'aitor, 
^vho  was  distruised  as  Icarus;  the  enacting  ad  vivum  of 
the  most  (hirin^;  mythoIo<^ical  scenes;  a  novel  race  in  the 
circus,  in  whicli  camels  harnessed  to  the  qiiadrigco  took 
the  ])Iace  of  horses.  In  these  sportive  meetinjijs  Nero 
{rained  favor  with  the  assemt)ly  ))y  throwing!!;  amonfj;  the 
ranks  of  the  senators,  of  the  patricians,  and  of  the 
ecpiestrians,  as  well  as  amon^^  the  populace,  handfuls  of 
missilia,  that  is  to  say,  of  ivory  labels  inscribed  with  a 
numl)er,  correspond in^i;  to  a  prize  to  which  the  holder 
of  the  tesacra  was  entitled.  The  prizes  included  {^rain, 
clothin<r,  objects  of  prold  and  silver,  {^ems,  ])earls,  pic- 
tures, bronzes,  hunters  and  charjj^ers,  slaves,  houses, 
wild  animals  tamed  into  pets,  farms  and  wheat  lands, 
vachts,  and  whole  islands. 

When   the  wicked  side  of  Nero's  personality   began 
to  make  itself  manifest,  the  courtiers  remembered  the 


i 


'I  WV.    \.X\i)    Ui-     MAU) 
vri\    ,i\    lii>  u\\  ii   latliar,    !  )n!i 


nil 


\n 


347 


r  I  i(  » 


prupia'^;'*    sn 

|,,.,il)n-^,  *ai  lla/  dav  of  lil-  birth:  ''On  no!  vv\i)\rv,  la, 
1i;m1  >ai*l  to  tlaari;  "  fm  what  can  ba  born  of  A-rippnas 
and  niv.srlf  lait  a  vi(  iiar-  uil*>prinu'  <la>tin('(l  to  ilo  ui-<-at 
evil  to 'mankind  r"    And  vat  evan  in  the  wor>t  nioniant- 


Portrait  heutl  of  Nero  at  alx)ut  twenty-six,  showing'  eiiwts  oi 

excesses  and  dissipation 

of  his  career  Nero  remained  an  artist  and  a  builder 
without  rivals,  despising  anything  short  of  perfection, 
and  never  attempting  a  work  of  public  utility  unless 
frau^rht   with   difficulties   which   would   certainly  have 


ilotcnvd  A  loss  (hiring-  srluMuor.  If  w  (^  nMollcd  lli.it  in 
tho  short  period  of  his  rtMun  ho  rolniill  {\\c  onNitiM'  |>nrl 
of  tho  c\U\  witli  hi>  (n\  n  (i^^Mim.  1  I  hin(»  .ms  n  ooniro; 
that  ho  (1oiiI>KhI  its  \\ator-sui>|>l\,  proxidod  li  wilh  .1 
s\\  iininiiii^-p'^nil  :i-«  hirm^  ns  n  l.-iki\  \'vcr  h.illimi:*  ;u«.  oiii- 
luoihitions  and  two  irront  son  harl>oi«s;  (ii;il  lir  ;!n<Mnpt.  d 
to  o«-!:d>li>h  :\u  iid:ind  \\ator-\\a\  i^  [wtc  n  \..iMc  -  ,iihl 
luuno:  tliat  ho  snoooodod  in  'lunini:  lh<  ('.^m  in:!!! 
C^nml:  that  ho  laiil  i>ul  an  \\\nuc  |>ark  aiiu'iL,  Mi.  *  rjirs 
o<  Suhiaoo.  and  a  «-oa  irardni  at  \niniin:  and  Hi. M  lio 
onriohod  tho^t^  plaoi-  \\i;:>  '.\\c  chci.  r-l  (7/r/*  (/"(////'/•<  >  *>! 
( i^-tT'k  art.  I  luMirx  i^  ^^  ('  arc^  jii-n'M'.i  111  vr:,\n  din^  llir>r 
a>  i^xtonnatini:'  i'ironnistanoi\s. 

I  liavo  ah'oadx  tlt^srrilud  thoViuidrn  Ih'U-r  \\\  \n- 
ciont  Uonio."  |v  IJ  L  and  tlu^  ari  iliri;.  i  l,k(  in'Hnn- 
anil  1- \'  avation>. "  p.  .^i'^*-  1  iio  luiiiuu  »'!  K^'Mic  P.  m - 
til-  \n"ai>tip  hou'nn  hN  ^landin-  ;nid  minph  h  d  !'\ 
Nr:^'.  inrK-vvl  an  aroa  of  1  :»';:.  re-.  -u'Inm*  d  i'\  \r\\\r^ 
and  a  i>roakwator.   vn  it1i   a   dMplli  •>^'  -i\i<m-i 


rt  •  i 


i  i !    a 


M  >  '■      I  M 


\ 


!   1  ! 


n  !  1 1. 


>.   ( 


\\\r    >[.i\ 


!  >r.Mili   ,;  !l\      M 


(piay  frontairo  of   J'-""  yards.    'Ihr   h 
hnilt  for  tho  n<*^  of  tho  Iniporial  uallrx 
of  tlie  oonrt  at  that  -oa>itU^  ro>orl.  '- 
n<o.  alth(>'i::h  nuu'h  daniaiTod  and  di>ii_'nrd  m  dir  Imu' 
o\    r-:-    h.noront    Ml       I'-'M     17*^^^  I'ltr    plrr-^    wifli 

wliirli  lio  sholtorrti  dir  harin'!  .ii\  -Liil  cxPin!.  ;;-  it'H' 
exani])los  of  livth'aulio  arolutootiiro  a<  .an  }>v  tnund 
on  tho  >hori>  ul  tho  Moditorran<  .>  n  1  h.  \  :ivr  -nil  .  n- 
cased  in  tlioir  oriirinal  franio-  nr  (  ;  .11(^<  (.1  -tc  1!  oak 
heam-.  \vlHoh  liave  hank^iod  to  t?  .^  . 'iiM-h  n.  \   ..1   iroti. 

\  i(  If.  .-i  nd  roarh 


Tlie  pier"^  aro  ['.«'<•  feet  I 
a  doptli  of  forty. 


(Ui""  ;■  li'  1   *  h!!'l\    \ 


The>hipoanal  hetv.-.n  tk.    !  ,:i  v  .  »f  \a  ph- ;tnd  \Umw 
i>   thn-   de>rii:»cd    \>\    Suetonin^:   "'N'r"    Ih-jh   al>(>   a 


I  III:    LAND    or    NHl: 


Mi) 


walor-wav  holwoon  tho  lake  of  Avonnis  and  tho  Tihor, 
SM  III  I  ships  nii<i;hl  <i;o  from  one  phioe  to  tlio  oth^r  with- 

uiii     piiMm;^    to    sea:   one    lnin(h<'d    ai-i    >ixty    rrnh"^    ni 

|,  ,,    i|.     :nid    'vifh-    rfKHi'di    lo    ;dlo\v    the   sailiri^i;   ot    two 
,|iijM.  .11.  ! .  hi.      .fi)roasl,.     Koroand!!.'   "n    dds  and  other 

|p.  ,mP.  \'  a    di^M    [H  1  Miici  -,  ,iiid   <  unviots  from 


s 


<\u 


!tH"~ 


!      !   1 


'  I  I  •  I   < 


M         i< 


'in 


;(ii   p,M  ! 

ill. id*-  t< '  \\ '  M  !  ^  <  ai  !  hose  u  1  id«  i  I . 

\  •  -    P  1  Ih  1    j '■ 


ii  nii<r|it  into  Italv,  and 


>> 


iM::s. 
dd(  iPi-  ^'i  w  -^   P)lh  1    h.K  !  1'  iilars:  '''t  '^'-  < 


r^ 


I  !m     l^'^i^Tiors  and 

;!!,  i   (  <|er,   wliose 

tli!n<r>  im[)OS- 


'"I 


,  j  ir.'cf.  »!-  of  li!-  \\"M!-k>  Wrvc  '^cvcvi 
M ,  ■ !  1 1  i  I  •  -  ; f !  I  d  , I  t  M  ! » 1  P  til  i  *  ' !  P  i*  i  i  s  t  • '  • ^  i 
siPl.'  d\  Mi'ir  n.Pi:rc.  niid  Mmi-  lo  waste  thf-  treasure  of 
p,,.  nrnir.-.  d'lM".  ((.mL,  m^  .id'iipMh.  ^nd-rtaken  to  make 
;,  ii;i  \  in;P  ,|.-  *  .)  ii.P  iVmM!  \  <  '  nu  -  i<j  Pir  liioiidi  ot  the  J  iher, 
tn  !)<•  <-;ii'nrd  .d<'!ij  ;.  P.mt-ii  di'.f*-  ;tnd  t!jr<,,,a>h  moun- 
Piiij.  \\hi<h  M'-  ,t<  TM^^  ih-  dii'-.  .■!!«!  where  no  water  is 
lonnd   f\c.'pt    Ml    Mm-    I'nhh!!^-  di^oi^  ',     d'lie  re>.t  is  rook 


<  )!•  ( 1  r\   ><  n 


I 


r|  I     i  i .  M 


|;d  M  >!'    wold"  I    ha\'e    !»ecn    l!i  f-  M' 


t  h.    [Ill .  M  (  '   !  M  .  n  praetieahle,  the 
'    !  iPh'.  c*"i^d!!ir  no  aderpiate 


the    i_p'c;!{c-t     j 


);i  ih  -    h  ' 


it  •  r  1  <  ) 


}( )  A\  *Tnii-,  ;i  lid    1'  t  1  h  !- 


impossible  was  at 

r   du    mountains  nearest 

i;i\   diere  remain  traees  of  the 

a  I  H  M'l  1\  e    -cheiiH  ', 

P;,(.iPi.  I,  it  r-  MJAiMndx  f<,  d;.-  tunnel  bored  in  the 
direction  ui  l.ieuhi.  kiK-w  n  \^>r,A\\  as  tho  Grotta  di  Pace. 
}r(,iii  (he  -ipatn'ard.  Prdi^  d;i  Pa/,  who  first  foun.l  and 
cxplorod  il  in  !•■><>'.  -hik-  dnM-nno;  on  the  northern 
chores  of  Lak<^  Aveinu-.  A  ^u-.-]^  cuttinir.  not  unlike 
j|i;P  of  the  (  idel.  -I  oil  die  lkiii;']!i;i  ( 'anal,  was  be^run  at 
{\w  same  tiiiu^  ikroUL^h  ike  rid^e  uf  Ainvcla^.  near  the 
bav  of  (.aeta.  uiieiv  \\ir  (  ;er-P;:!i.  fkr  kiuiT  of  Italian 
wines.  wa>  irvowii.  Nero  ruiiuM  tki-  j^rosperous  district 
forever,  and  <m  tiie  tablo^.  of  \\\c  Uonian  :--i>NxTacy  the 


,S,'i 


w AM>r.in\f^-  IN"  THi'  i:n\i\\  i  \\ir\«.\\ 


aiiuthcr  braiMi,  ihr  ^rlini.iii.  ur«.u  n  ..ii  tlir  luMMrr  n\  tlic 
Pniitine  ]iinr<1i«^<.  ni\n'  ilir  |M'i-^..'iil  \  ilLi^c  ol  >r//.c. 

li;ihir;!i  .litliralUr-,  i'iit  aii  aril^l  .i-  afll.  (  ninp.av.  a-i^ 
:,,  ^1 -,  I ,,  , ._  ;ii,.  ;»iers  iiiclM^ina  In-  ]i;fr^>ta-<  oi  (  Kn.i  ;iiia 
Anliaiii    a  ilu    iii'     j^'^!'^^^   -'-'i    i  nv.i  i^xx -aa-   «»!    "Ui'   <.u  a 

times, cluni-^    Ta:!<<iv'^  structural,  witli  naix  !i\   li a  aih 

cranes,  coal-14'-.  or  o:rain  elevators  to  break  Mm    ia.a.. 
tonv  of  the  line,  and  old  guns  for  the  nioiaan*;'  of  >iiii.'->. 
1      \    ro\s  work  we  find  tlie  nioorinu'-rin^s  cut  in  marhle 
or  cast  in  bronze  in  the  sliape  of  a  lion's  mouth  ov  of  a 
M    hisa's  head,  and  the  nioorinu-posts  formed  by  ex- 
quisitely carved  granite  pillars,  on  the  surface  of  which 
inscriptions  in  praise  of  the  Em]KM'or  were  engraved. 
We  enter  our  docks  through  an  iron  gate;  the  ancients 
entered  through  a  triumphal  arch,  such  as  the  one  still 
standing  on  the  eastern  pier  of  the  port  of  Ancona.    The 
view  of  the  harbor  of  Ostia,  with   its  colossal  statues, 
its  triumphal   bronze   chariots   drawn    by  four    l)ronze 
elephants,  its  lighthouse  two  hundred  feet  high,  built 
in  imitation  of  the  Pharos  at  Alexandria,  its  groups  of 
bronze  Tritons  turning  on  |)ivots  so  as  to  indicate  the 
direction  of  the  wind,  its  watch-towers  or  semai)hores, 
from  which   the  approach  of  incoming  vessels  was  an- 
nounced, and  other  such   particulars,   can    be   studied 
in    two    contemporary    records,  —  the    sarcophagus    of 
Philocyrius,  now  in  the  vestibule  of  the  Vaccari  palace, 
ST    \'ia    del   Tritone,  and   a    bas-relief   in    the  Torlonia 
'i    scum,    of    which    I    have   given    a    reproduction    in 
*' Ancient  Rome,"  p.  ^247. 

\\  acre,   however,   Xero's   artistic   soul   reveals   itself 


Tin:   !  \M>  ov   \i:u() 


i5.51 


1 


J^  ^-vlvnii  f'trr-nt 


niMv!   foi'cilih    !-  ni  Mm'  ;i  ri'inia^'nit'iii  oi 

il   Mil)iac(a     Rtaa.ai   \  ilka  a  >a  Iklria,  a>  a   ruka  ^hn\\  rd  ,i  a 


One  of  Xiobe's  sons,  from  Nero's  villa  at  Subla(iueum 
(Museo  Xazionaie  alle  Terme) 

absolute  disregard  of  natural  beauty.  Stiffness  and  con- 
ventionality were  their  characteristics.  No  tree  or 
shrub  was  allowed  to  grow  in  its  own  way,  the  shears 
of  the  crardeners   being  alwavs  reach    to  force  it  into 


absur-i  -^h  iik-.     I  in    paiii-  wore  shut  in  by  wiilN  of  box 


;i  ii'-rl.  w  itli  \\  ni<i'  »\^ 


\  t  ■;  (  I      Iw^l    >i  !h  1    i.s  -i    .1  li  H  '11 


f^ 


!  s  ' 


]J,,,|j;j|l   |-:;h.v^_  ,  .,  ,|]c,']VtM  1   iIm'  notinii  (^f  flic   l-,n_i 


1 1 ;  M 


'    ■      ., ,     t]n',>ii"h    wlihli    llir    '-iXfi'     \nh>    |(>!"rril    lU    vn  a  \  . 


•aifinl    ! 


(  I  \"' 


1? 


>\ 


.  1;.  IilIinnLT 

iir    <T.-;  It'!  i     •  hl't'c    !!  ini  111  i.Ml 

\'ir_nih^   \\;Mri-  ai   \\  iihi-^.. 


_,/.•.•  _  '-a  at  a  i  1  I    ai  1  I  -   1!  i !  <  •   !  ha   \  a  i  laX    l  la 
il     ihl'irt^     will;     «i;i!ii>    !  \w  *    iililhiml    Ic'ti     iiiUli, 

1.:  Ixa-.    in    !  ha     ftai  lllia!'    .  .f     1  lie 
ilia     i  i  I  •!  'ai      (Ilia     1  K'lll^     *  »\  ar 


a 


!a      Mai 


^  1  ■  ^      \  \  (  • '  ■  (  ' 


a  '  1  a  \  \  I  ■  i 


!  >\"    i'\: 


I 


:\u 


.1 


ifaiha--     alMi      v )  \  al'l  ia  1 1^  11  i_,      itM_i\->,      Ih 


a  a  ■      1 


1  1 1  ■ ''-- 1  laa--     ( 


ah 


I  ]•]  M  )V,>^,  ■,'?}!    ia-'-]i--         ! 


W(  1 


1       1 

■(Hi 


^M-faiiMH)*  tlie  .'ib^'^^  :it  :i  T>rn(bL:"i( 


,  \  !    !  ■  (  '    (   a  I  I  I  i  a  a  i  t   i  1     !  >  \ 


'V     (  )  i  h 


t  li'l'  !    a  ' 


a  1  ^  M « ■  I  ■    a 


ic-a 


(   )  n  a  a. 

,f  ,    ^,  '  Mat  •     Hi       1  S^(  i.      U  1  M  }ar     !  1  la 

Tll(nin<t(M'\'    at'     M.     bt    la-.iit-',     Mi.ika-    a.    \\,th<|ar    al     h-    -iiil- 

Pilaiix  .     i;;.'     ula:?    j.aria.  ti.M.    ill    lla:!     -\ui\>\\r\\\  :     \\  liaf 
\>,  ;.  i  i-i  la  ill!  Il!_^,  !iii'^;u<     I  Ki  \  aliiiiii:-,  a  ii<  i   !iiiiri>U' 


[(  M  i^',  'v.     I  ;  l-M   I  a  a"  (  M  !      in      I  !  1  \       '  ■^' 


(Al  1 


t  ■ 


i«  a  1 


»f   tliT'  ("■\'«';m";i- 


i  t )  I ;    1  a  1 1  \    '  s  n  a    !  n ;  i! '  1  i  1 1    ^  i  ^  1 1 1  i  <.  ■ .     • » a  t     in 


W'a     h  a.lh  !     m     MM'    a(  )ll!'-a    ( 

1  .1 1  i     t  h  !>,    -.1  a  !  1  la    w  a  ->    }  1  h' 
a,  -a  w]t  |]    w  1 !  |al  I    1    aa  I  na    iii 

ronia^'l    ill     ill}     a\j.a>-!ari.   ,      ;i^    .Ml     a  Ta  !  a  « 'a  |a_:  i, -a  1    aXpldar. 

If    ,.f .pr,.^,']]!-*   ovk    'h    Ml''  <(ni^   <' 


!'-.I    all    ■  I 


( . 


■t   t  ■  K 


\: 


(MM' 


i  n  lak    111    ha 


bai  k  b\    ihe  arra\\    .  .i'   Ap' 


t  .  a 


iM'  a     aa  1  1 !  i_     <  Ml     h  A     lal  1     k  I  h  '* '. 


a  I 


(  a  ;  hT  t  la; !  <  1 1  \ 


i  r  t  ! 


\     I!  M-^-!  !«• 


{«  i     -h  laj.  ! 


..■it    1  raft !    a  11 


j  i  1 1  "^  ^  I 


I 


.  .  t  a  t  a     * 
n  t  ->   aa,  M  1 :  1  a  i  1    i 


•a   .  I  ]( 


i  t 


faih! 


!  M  1  I  M 


I, lit     hil'inaii    part    ,,f   ;,     x;|.}    rullilM '-liiali,    (il    i\\a!ll\" 

•  (  A. 


« 1 1 


t  \\  alif  \  -h  »!  ir.      Hi 


(    M  a  ! 


\  iaha.  lit-r  lni<b;ni(i.  hai 
.,,11.  aihl  <lan_:lilt/iA  \uth  lli«  ir  hih.r^  ainl  -<  .\  ariia^^a.. 
_r.aii.a.l  in  a  |  .i< -f  i  ll'r-.  pir'  «'<n}(\  Wk*'  flh'  an  m  }  m  »-i  t  l<  Ui  > 
uiia    >.aa-    111   tli*/   rli.ipab    of    IIm'    >aar..    \b»lih'   al    \  ;i  r;   " 

at   \  ;!  !"»'^«'. 
A-  1  h.sw  .ihva<h    r»'i!ia!-ka,|   \u  (  'haj.h 


( ) 


( ) ' 


I  \b   1 1 «  » n  a  b.  u ! 


h,    I.aM)    iU-     SVAli* 


353 


a  iinlhuiiciii-a  ai^  all  •■mperor  could  ii.i^^'  iii'lul^cl  in  Ha^ 


n  \  f ! 


mF  -aaiiriTv  n  rc^pHra  of*  these  \;i-i  a.  Miip' ^-h  HJii:~>; 
aiiil  \ai    \ara\  ai   r-^ukia.-a  I-  t)\    no  nsran-  tha  miUv  ma- 

klloWTl    h»    li:t\«'   aXlAail    Hi    at'    iiaar    bninr.      \\    -tjaiii^    lliat 
iha     |)l-ol()t\  pa    ol     all     Ua^     Mia    nur     niodaHcd      1  )V    <af,|,as 

for  br;i\!h-h">  I'^r  iIm'  :--a rjiadouiiuii  <>t  ^  iiiria,  'Aui-h 
i\  <n.iiA,  IIm'  iVh'!!'!  ''1  ^birk  Aiilnnv,  —  I  Mo  no!  kimu' 
hrliicr  b\  hnnaM  or  Unil  mr;i!i-.  Inok  posse-Aaii 
\   and   ivninva^l    h.  ilia   fainj.lp  of  Apollo  in   Pioin.a     No 


w 


li-aco  lia>  c\ai   been  toiind  i^\   (!ti>  ui-i-in;il  iri-unj):  aiPa  i- 
tlir    rrnh'iii!-   <»t"    ill  •    Irniph'    li 


!  \  (' 


ir\a'!'    \*'l     PCt'Ii    aXca- 


('  .q-oiit)   inu-t    l!;i\<'   iH'cn   rainnx* 


I   t 


(      fa) 


Mi  ar  a   ha-ll!<';i  .iflar  llic  flo-Ili.:  '•!   fainpa-; 


•(  )!1- 

i     a  < 


\atrb,   «>!•   ''I 

f(  innn  or  :\  I  ki  ni  nv  a  dh^w 

ordaivd    \>\    N'alrnhiiinn    in    ;>!H.     Lfiivlnir   on!    a! 
sidai-alinn'Ai-av  j.u-cr^  uliM-h  ;nv  li)  be  seni  M-aParau  a 
tlia  CuloniKi   b;ib'<k  in  tlia  N'ilhi  A!i):iiik  niib  ni  \AroiKi. 

\-irnn;!-    DlVMlan.  r\r.,   lliai-a   u.-ra   in    lb. Hit'  lit    h-:i-^    1<H]!- 

i-f    nit'ii!  i<  »na(l, 


a  an«" 


I  nia.  '  he 


lapra-.anP-i  t  H'H-  '»!     !  lia    Tn\  1  h. 

Ihi'  MTond  in  lli^-  h'inpia  of  A|)nlln  .ni  lli.'  b 

lliir.l   in  llm  b:nni-ni  u-nrdcn^.  tlir  hnirlh  in  IIm'  irardaiis 

of   S;iiln-I.     'biin 


;  I  --  i    h ; !  ^ 


u-aoiiK'   onita  latap-   t!ia  nn 


->.t 


:in- 


ralabrah'b  of  all.  fr^ni  ill''  {nHliiiLT  <»1  <'na  m  Pa 
forfnikitn  .km-hlar^  nnbrr  llir  pn-ant  < bninir-rnrnn  of 
tlu>  JMMi.r  ulinv  1  live  and  uh«'iv  I  ;ini  urhin,  ihese 
iina^..    Tlu'  di^cnv-ry  t(yok  plnoo  nndar  llh'  P.lhox  m,  <  ir- 

On  (ha  niarnin:  of  June  Mh  lliadlraat.h-  ai  :  ha  ^^x)rk 
un  Ihe  ImiiM'  lliaii  in  aauFM^  of  aaii^tnialion  nobiia.!  me 
nf    Ike    iindiiiL:    n^    a     orvpL    or    nia k"r-]"ound    aaiTi.iar. 

n,n-tv-livr  \rr\  bahox  tka  k'Vai  of  tha  -nnind.  nndonbt- 
fallv'coTHKMhad  u  i t k  ikc  !!n|>«ha;d  cnMiio  ^^\  ika  ^ardaiis 
nf  SalkiM.  ranmin^  of  ukidi  ;iiv  ^lili  lo  bo  <n(ni  In  'he 
bi;i//a  SnlkAtian  i.     Ibaneiiibcrin-  ikal  in  kaAa-  x  ears 

iko  -anie  >>lrnctnre.  nnd  b  in„  at  ika  -.nne 


otiier  (■]'}  pi-  ' 


:].'l 


w  wni  IM\'n<    !\ 


n  n  M  \  \    *    \  M  r  \ '  A  \ 


,]r|(fl.    M'Mlf!"    t1i«'    ]i(>n<p<  Ixsrilpriiifj-  nil    \]]i'    ^niiK*    pinzzil. 


At    n  ' 


■1  *l! 


I  i  i 


»f  s('iil|)tiir(\  I 


iiii  «  I     i  .H_'(/li    I  i  '  i 

1  warned  the  overseer  to  use  the  fi^reatest  eare  in  »  iear- 

iii<'-  awav  the  ervpt,  lest  the  works  of  statuarv  iHuhabh 
?^  ,  «  I  tit/ 

huried   in  its  (h^pths  might  he  damaged.    Four  or  five 
mornings  hiter  the    masterpieee  shown   in   the  accom- 
panying ilhistration  was  exhumed  from  its  hiding-place. 
1  need  not  expatiate  on   its  artistic  and  archaH)l()gical 
value,  nor  discuss  the  place  which  the  unfortunate  girl 
occupied  hi  the  group.    It  is  sufficient    to   remark   that 
this  is  the  eleventh  or  twelfth  figure  from  the  same  com- 
position which  has  come  to   light  ex  ahdifis  I  oris  within 
the  bounds  of  the  gardens  of  Sallust.   Pietro  Saute  liar- 
toli,  the  anti(|uarian  of  Po|)e  Innocent  X,  states  in  his 
"Memoirs''  that  while  Father  Luke  Wading  was  laying 
the  foundations  of  the  facade  of  S.  Isidoro  on  the  Pin- 
cian  he  found  five  statues  huried  in  a  crypt,  which  were 
purchased  by  Cardinal   Francesco   Barberini,  the   ])ro- 
tector  of  his  order.  Six  or  seven  more  statues  were  found 
likewise  concealed   under  the   house  No.  3  Piazza  Sal- 
lustiana  in  October,  bSS(),  two  of  which,  from  the  set 
of  the  Xiobids,  now  belong  to  the  Jacobsen  Museum  hi 
Copenhagen.    Pirro   Ligorio  describes   *'a    numl)er    of 
statues,  life-size,  in  bold  relief,  l)elonging    to    the   story 
of  Xiobe  and  lier  daughters  shot  by  Diana  and  Apollo," 
as  found  in  the  sixteenth  centurv  within  a  few  feet  of  the 
hiding-place  of  the  last  X^iobids.    Therecan  l)e  nodoubt 
concernimr   the  danaer  from  which  the  keepers  of  the 
gardens  of  Sallust  tried  to   save  its  works  of  statuary. 
Compare  Proco|)ius,  "  Vandals,"  1,  *'2,  where  he  describes 
the  storming  of  the  Porta  Salaria  and   the  destruction 
by  fire   of  the  Casino  by  the  barbarians   of  Alaric  on 
August  10,  410. 


ONE  OF  NIOBE'S  DAlCxHTKKS  STIUCK  TO  DEATH  BY   DIANA'^ 

ARROW 


•5 

: 

: 

i 


=VVAXDEKIXC;S   IX   THE   ROMAX   CAMPACiXA   3.57 

The  falliiiir  voiith,  now  in  the  Museo  Nazioiiale  alle 
Terme,  i^  not  the  only  specimen  of  the  giuiti;  [Jaced  by 


One  of  the  aaiighters  of  Niol)e.  from  Nero's  villa  at  Suhlaciueum 

(Vatican  Miisenm) 

Nero  hi  liis  viUa  at  Sublaqiienni.  One  of  his  sisters, 
now  in  the  Museo  Chiaranionti.  was  found  in  the  same 
phiee  in  tlie  time  of  Pope  Paul  I  \  \  ^>oth  statues,  onee 
standino;  on  tlie  same  mass  of  roek,  were  most  carefully 
detached   from   it   in  the  time  of  Nero,  who  probably 


' 


358     WANDLiiiM.-    IN     I  HI.    i^^  ^^1 


\ .  ^ 


c  AM 


1    \'  i 


WaiiU'ti    [a  |»KiLL'   lli^-'i'i 


one  bv  ( 


)iH    in 


^\  iiimetrical  line 


ihr  -iiape  of  a  |m  iimt  ni.  1  hi-  j  tm  t^ss  of  separation 
from  tlir  socket  or ii:*!?! 'illy  shared  i>\  ihe  wliulc  oroup 
ni  i>ovs  and  ^irls,  is  quite  noticeable  in  the  plinth  of 
the  youth  (p.  351),  where  the  rioht  foot  has  been  made 
to  rest  on  a  projecting  bracket  because  a  larger  ])iece 
could  not  be  cut  away  from  the  rock  without  damaging 
the  nearest  figure. 

A  discovery  of  the  same  nature,  but  of  higher  value, 
was  made  in  the  spring  of  187S  in  Nero's  villa  at  Antium. 
Part  of  the  clitf  on  the  edge  of  which  the  palace  stood 
having  collapsed  after  a  great  gale,  a  statue  was  found 
lvin<^  in  shallow  water  at  the  foot  of  its  original  niche  and 
pedestal.  An  interesting  legal  case  arose  between  Prince 
Pietro  Aldol)randini,  the  owner  of  the  cliff  and  niche  and 
of  the  pedestal  from  which  the  statue  had  been  wrenched 
bv  the  furv  of  the  storm,  and  the  Italian  government, 
the  owner  of  the  shallow  inlet  in  which  the  statue  was 
found  lying.  Judgment  was  given  in  favor  of  the  prince, 
whose  heirs  have  just  given  up  the  statue  to  the  nation 
for  the  handsome  consideration  of  six  hundred  thou- 
sand francs  ($b20,()()0),  six  times  as  much  as  the  price 
at  which  it  could  have  been  purchased  in  1878.  It  re- 
presents the  draped  figure  of  a  maiden  holding  a  plate 
in  her  left  hand  and  looking  intently  at  its  contents. 
She  has  been  named  the  Maiden  of  Mystery  l)ecause 
archaeologists  are  as  ignorant  to-day  of  her  origin, 
authorship,  name,  and  place  in  the  history  of  Greek 
art  as  they  were  thirty  years  ago,  when  she  first  emerged 
from  the  foam  of  the  sea. 

I  have  just  paid  her  another  visit  (June  1.5th)  in  com- 
pany with  two  leaders  of  the  Italian  and  German  classic 
schools.    I  have  listened  to  their  arguments  and  subtle 


TUE  MVSTEHIOrs  GllEEK  MAIDEN   FROM  AXTUM 


THE    LAM)   OF   NERO 


361 


controversy,  and  1  have  left  Antium  more  fascmated 
thnnever  ]  \  the'bella  incognita,"  but  no  nearer  to  the 

k!MAJrdu,c  of  the  truth.    She  i;.  not  a  mystery,  but  a 
fifi-h    ni   inysteries.    M  ist  we  con^l  r  lur  !nvely  face 

a  j)urir.)!i  hMm  luiture,  or  is  it  sin ipK  <\ui'  lo  ilir  hnicy  of 

n    iaiiivl  or  ;ih  olixr  iH'^iirl,  r     ^  ^he  tiikiiiu   ii    np  frnfii 


:.|n!l'  lie;!!'  [Im'  rni!  mI  ilir  philr.  i-  il  n  >;icri!iri;!  I  hniiH.  ^r  -i 
vcrs.il    of    pnivliiiKiii.   ni'   ;i    -h';i]>  oi'   Irntiirr  r      Hir    liHU' 

ohiW^    Whi.ll     ;.iV    -•rli     !!«•;(!'     iIh'    tui^.    do    lliry   holoTlil-    t(» 

ji  ynA  aiiininL  oi-  an-  llic^  ilic  iVct  of  n  raiHirlnl  n'mn  ««r 
(»f  an  iiUTiiM'  iH»\  (arrrm)^  What  inipiv^Moti  .li.l  iIm- 
arii^t  trv  tu  conwv  1 » \  Irrahim  Iut  tinii'-  nnd  Her  sli;iw| 
ill  su('!i\'i  iHM-nli;ir  >tvl<'r  Tluit  the  >li.tx\  1  \\a>  nia-lo  oi 
\\inA  and  Ih.r-  fiiiii'.-  of  piaihMl  raw  >ilk  r  1^  the  iiiarLle 
oil!  of  which  -he  \-  rarwd  Pa!'i;i!i  nr-  I  iMiicUian  :  h* 
uliirli  rpooh  aiiil  to   XNhirh  M-h<»ol   iiiii^t   -Hrh  a  wr^'k   i.e 

a<<i^iii'<  1  .' 

No  ih'fililh-  a!i^x\-r  1ia^l)(MMi  -ivrii  to  tho^o  rpirrie^^ino 
siil.jccl  inoiv  .^hruialcd  in  mv-toi-y  h.-i-  r\rv  porj.lrxod 
the  sIikK^hI.  Vantrlr-v  \hc  mnhlvu  \\\\\  mirv  \\ic  i:n\r- ul 
thr  M!i>r(»  Na/.ioiii  h'.  and  iia  nH'h\ss  she  \n  iki  roinain  m 
spite  of  :dl  dh'  a!lanipl<  on  our  part  to  wn-t  hia-  M^avt^ 
frinn  her.  (  )iir  point,  houexor.  seems  cort.-iin:  .^lie  Inok^. 
or  slic  1ia-  been  ni;i<h'  intent ionahv  to  look,  untidy:  her 
liair  i^  not  chv.MM;:  her  .haxxl  h;is  jn^f  boon  thrown 
rare'h'-lv  on  her  .^honlder^:  lier  >hoe>  k)ok  nioro  hkr- 
J.ippers'  dian  ^nndaN.  ?ne1i  a  ^lovonlv  appearaiae, 
,.,.Hanil\  intention  d,  ha.^  -iven  riM^  to  tlie  h^kioxxni- 
.•onjeelnre:  that  >he  niav  W  ;.  "  p.aiit.ait  "  -irk  ehoMai 
by  her  trikie  or  l»y  her  fenow-eiti/en>  to  appea>o  the 
wralli  of  the  is^U  n\u\  to  axaal  with  her  (Mlerni->  and 
praver>  an  impending  eahninty.     It'  tlds  i>  the  en^e,  it  i< 


362     \\  Win  K  i  \< 


\     ■        .         \ 


\ 


I '  K  \     [  I ! ;  i  } 


we  (*;i  fill*  M    n.-i  !i>r  idi  h  1 1 1\ 


I « '  i  1 


bject-  ^\l!i«  ]i 


!  I 


iKiS     iriiUifl'ril     , 


Ui-V     pKlit 


u  1 1 1 '  r  1  n  _:  n  > 


•f|j  M  •!  n  >! ! 


<-»ii    ill*,'    >ubjc'i[    ui     tiiL'    \uUih    lf(»ni    >!ui»i;HM.    m;ik.-    u^ 

^ir.-rk     ;i!-!      hM      \\\r     (  M-!!:i  lurlil.i  h<  •!!     ii\      Juv     !H'>  i*  It'lirt'^     a:> 


\\  i  •]'( '    1 1 1  -^ *  n i « '» I    i  *  > 


iKHit'H-'f^    nivi    t|.-f\     !]](>    k(M'in 


K '■ 


(    ! 


*  {  >f ":  i  ''^    I  (  (    1 1 ; :  \ 


OTUV 


Willi   liii>   liiiiik'     \  i^it   to   the  remains  of  hoauUiul 
Aiitium  we  have  coiiie  to  the  end  of  our  hrst  journey 
throuo-h    tlie   C'anipaona.    1   sav   first    journey    because 
many  centres  of  mterest  such  as  Lanuyiuni   n.iia,An)a- 
nunu  Veii,  Astura,  Xonientuni,   Fi(lena\  Gahii,  Aricia, 
hayin(,^  been  passed  over  for  want  of  space,  it  is  possible 
that  —  >liouId  the  present  vohime   prove  acceptable  to 
the  reader  —  the  sul)ject  niioht  be  continued  in  anotlier. 
The  author  of  tlie  "Description  of  Latium"  remarks 
that  '*  however  satisfactory  and  complete  may  be  the 
account  (jfiven  by  difi'erent  authors  of  the  citv  of  Rome 
and  its  more  immediate  environs,  little  (in  comparison) 
has  been  said  on  a  subject  orateful  to  the  classic  scholar 
no  less  than  to  the  painter  and  anticpiary."    These  Ihies 
were  written  in  180.5;  Init  they  api)ear  no  less  true  a 
century  later.    Since  the  pu])lication  of  the  "Descrip- 
tion/' many  works  have  been  written,  bv  (iell,  Xibbv 
Burn,  Ashby,  Tommasetti;  they  deal  with  the  arclueo- 
lo(rical  or  topo^^n-aphical  side  of  the  sul)ject,  but  none 
with  the  feelinrrv  r,f  quiet  contentment  with  which  the 
r     I  pa<rna    reward^    its   explorer.    "Here   the    mind    i:>, 
never  .|.'prf^<<f- !   us    iiu^  w(Mirht  ^f  tlie  alniM^nlir-.  .   lun- 


tlM'    f; 


I  •  ■ 


i  ■  i  I  I  1  !  M 


■'i  l'\    die  (■ 


I  i  i  1  i 


*i.i  >K    \\  iiii  ii.  Hi 


* 


V  cr  >  n  i  1 '  s  '■ 


«      I  I    '  ! 


i\  HILT 


(  ( 


M'    <()C\:i 


Hi'a  net'  ii  n*  1  i!i<  "  i*'ra  Imu 


i  mI*  (existence. 
\  (1  pable  of 

[  )\{-H  -•!!  r«  '^    '^\  iiU'ii    Iciii- 

i\  lltonuh  HI'*'  iiinv  ii(»t 


ma  n  \  <  Hier  cou n  t r ies,  destroy  ever 

\   j^Ml'uu-    .Hi'i     rliC(M'flll    old     an:e   is    llCl 


a     1  ! 


1 


\()MV  nun 


\  i  ( \  \ 


The  My.stenous  (.^reek  Miuaeii  iroiu  Aimuiu 
(Details  of  head) 

be  prolonged  in  these  climates  beyond  the  usual  limits 
(as  is  the  case  with  the  province  of  Perugia),  it  certainly 

glil,  .  nK>rc  smoothly,  and  is  freed  from  those  minute 
cares,  an  i  tiresome  precautions,  wliJ  ii.  w  many  other 

p-it  t>  ui  laiiuiK,  ii  iidar  ohl  age  a  burdrn,  and  interrupt 


(-> 


iH 


\\  \\  hl.ilLNti-    i\ 


U      la/'MAN     (  AMPA<  '^  V 


( »     II 


<  *  >  i  1 


t  '    i  '  u 


\  lilL'ill 


at  e\ 


u 


!      M   i    I      !    s  \    t 


lihil 


!i   t  h<'  1 ! 


ii'n 


the-  Q 


i  t 


« )i 


\  !  t 


(  )!l\  ir]'(  » 


(  ■;!!• 


t  •   (  i  I     W  1 1  !  r  !  1 


•t  i\ 


1     f 


Ki   ;!  ( 


icii    <-»ii 
•(•  now 


f '    11 


'llnW  HI,:' 


i!u'>  \\  rrr  t 


I, _.!•;, \(mI  on  ill*'  pliiitii 


i  M   a 


tal 


r   * ' 


1- 


1  > 


/ 


/  /'/'/  // 


I  ■!   )  t'  I  !l  '/■'■  ■■^' 


/■(  ihi/r 


i    I 


l!  1 1  If} 


(I  fi  nn  (  St  I' a 


rifdfi  IN    auiatul'O^Us   nn  IS  I 


/■( )  ///  / 


ft' 


I 


)!•(  )ll  1 1--1 


to 


tl 


U"    !i»\f!">    o 


f   nnfiirt^   lioallh  and   a    l.liv>l'!il    iVanir   oi 


ninii 


Ol 


nion  • 


Caralla    liun>olt'   proNo*!    {\\c    Irufli    ol 


tlio  -{atcinont    o 
srrtMio  happiiio- 


\   (1\  in::'  at   tlir  ri] 


>t 


M^>      ,    )|  t'lM- 


lit 


\  -one  Hi 


Hiat    tt'xl  oimlil    no\(a-   to   1 'o   tor-ot 


trn.l 


ton    l)\-  tlio-o  w  ho   aro   contm' iniL: 
ith  tho  worrio-  of  pro!o->ion; 


tVoni  >lic'or   ni'oo>>il\ 


w 


ArrENDix 


Description,  p.  vi. 


ai'1'i;m)IX 


> 


1 


\\  » •    II.!  \  <  •   <•<»;! 


■<■.      If    1 1 1,1 


-1(  Ifli'i  I    I  Im'   <    ;i  ! 


(■!■(•>!     I  (  !<  ■    It  M  «  M 


(.iL-lia   ;i 


!•■     I  ..I  li< 


I! 


»r 


lol 


i(';i  r  w  1 1,1 


I   I 


M  I  ( ■  i  n  1 1 1 1  -  • 


;t  s    hi    >;i  \    (  I  If  1 1  ■(  'P!  I  ! !  ii_=     l 


i(  •   ^t •(■(}]  |( 


I  o. 


(•II  !  |( 


l\|»n(l<>     [»llU     il 


I  !  I  (    !  i  il  ■     II  M  li !  !  f  I     < 


tl     Mm-    i'li-h    ii-ur<  r 


■If 

P,no!:    r,f 


I    ijlou- 


II"     (  lex   ril  lih  Ml    t  I 


I    i  lie   (  |i;i  ini    1 1!   <■(  HI  n  !  i\    iitf  II  j  M  Ml   in 


'  ■     »     i  I  I  !  i     I 


M  !  I  ,  I  •  "■ 


J"na, 


\v 


e  (H  »  I  M  il    know    i  ill-  ;i  I 


;i  i  ()cc;i>.l<  Ml  <  M    1  hf  I  ;(|r.  hu  i    no 


(  )< 


-  •  ■  I  • '  i  i  - 


more  likcix  .  .1-  f>n<'  wfihi'  -.wisisf^^ 


f.    i 


;if]  !  (i;i  I  I  Im'It 


:i  r<*i.<M'i  i 


liat 


ir  D^iii'rr  \v;i><  ;ihMijl    h»  tMi\    a   t  •< »!  in  t  lA -!  )la  i  m  ■  an 


<     r«  -I  n  t  ■  1  11  M  i  i    Ml 


I- 


> 


nc 


i< 


I  M I  i\\c  --i  riMi_:  1  !i  I »! 


ic   fll  ni<  )!■   lilt-   pi  »ct!i    '.'.a  -    V,  !| 


The  pfcsciit    Iraii-hii  I'Mi  lia>  Ixth  N|>c(ia!l^\    iii.i'lf  i';>    i*r<»l.   .I'Min 


Mollis  MtMjic 


mi:    IMJAI^K-    OF    A    COrNIKV    Ml  i: 

(iii.Al  I  .-^    ILLK) 

Aljiir^.  flw  f/surcr,  xZ/k/.v  fhc  praises  of  a  cojinfnj  Jijr,  hut  shorilij 

ajtcr  returns  to  /lis  old  trade 

Happx    Mk'   man    \\\\*k   la  I'  tmin   li'a.tlii-  loiiiL 


(Miicn 


»ll\  -     I  M     I  M 


To  ( M-A  n    aiai    plmi-h    tlir   tidiU    hi-   lalhfr  j»l<»ii_ 
1  a  \  (•-   !  !■(•»•   !  !<  Ml  i   Itiji  Irr  -  _«  mi  I  ! 


I  M-   hnii   th  >   ru  i  li 


[r>.>   wai'-iniliiji  -^ollii'l-  aiai'lii-, 


\ 


( 1    >■(  "a    M  ■' Ti  1 1 ' 


T-nar 


II 


( ■  >  i  i 


I  ■     I   I  M  u  i  M  .    a  i 


i  ill 


he  u^iM*'] 


:!  !•!! 


A 


M  >\  (•   u  ic   I  a  i  i    1 


la    !    -    i  a  M  I ; 


A 


n  1    !'a  I  ia 


T  In 


s(  Mia  •    li  )I  I  \       I'M 


CC 


w  tM     t  la'   \  nif   [  )fi  M  (■(' 


(  )i 


Ci-t 


(MTinu   l!(>rl\v   la'  stavs  lit 


ee 


(  lo   iik'iiiiii 


( »  t  1'  i  in'   iiifai 


( )r  J irn !!('■>  and  iiTai  U  In-  plant 


\\ 


1  ! 

tian-1   -<' 


irl[-    \  iL'u!"    I« 


)    ftMM'NN^ 


3G8 


( ) r  p  resse 


Oi 


Ali'KXDIX 


S    !H  =!l<'\     111  1<  >    \  t'v^rK    j 


H     !«' 


AihI    \\1i''!1    MitllC    Alltlini!!.    f)t';i!ll!Ili:    <'«■' 


I  (•   lain 


w 


11  ll     !!M' 


!(!\\     tiMll!     1>    ^<"t' 


w 


i.t 


ll  ) 


\    1 11^  uTalu't 


)(M 


IX.    w  itti    rarrtll!    II. I 


1  ll 


Ainl   [Hirplr  >;'ra[>c-^  t*  >  _;1«' 


W 


nil  !iu-««' 


I 


riaiiu-.  \\< 


liiiiir  ai<l   propiti; 


'J1i(x.'  trihiilr-.  >ii'f  >\i\aini-.  uiiU)  Ui<--t 


■l.oiiic  ()tlrriiii:>.  Ih' 


to    111 


'J 


It'  -iiariiiaii   (•!    hi-  ^aif 


(  )!'tti!iif>   hriif.itli  an   a::*' 


(  )t't    oil   a    L:i'a>-\    liri_:l! 


A\ 


■Vi'  wat 


t'l"-.    ImHIIK 


1  oak  lu-*!l   rot 


ll  itic  r<Mk\    (Tc 


in_:f  inaulx    <'U 


11 


(  )r  ii-}itl\    -l<'fp  u  lifPt"  l>ir<U.  ill   K'at\    n 


( )nl\, 


l(,-pfai    Hhar   plaiM!l\r   lalc 
\i\    tlif    -Urrt    cnncrrt    •  »!     ilir 


iahl>liM_:'  I'r'X'i-^ 


Mcandcriiiu'  tlirouuli   ili'-  'i;ik' 


"But  whou   hi-  tmipo^t^  t  liiin<rrin_;-  .I<»\«'  pivpaiT 


M'     <a 


If   \\  1 !  1  M-r   t  la  <  'k 


i" 


!('  -a  \  a  _•■»■   1  M  la  r   m  > 


wan!-   Uif   I't' 


-na  rr 


IIl-  (iri\r>  \silli  ra-<'r  | 


»a  I  i\ 


Iff-    Id 


nMrll     IK'i-. 


Or  L:-!Tr(]\-  nini-lif-  1' 

'riia  1    1  Peat  li'n  >ii--  ^ia  \  c-  -n  j  »p<  -rt . 
Or    .iij.  for  limi.l   liarf-  aial  (ranc-  li*'  -''N, 


n 


It'  ^a  1  (•!"(]<  >n   111    111-   -pi  a 


Will  .    f(  »!•    -11<1 


1     1 1  > \  -    \\  (  M  1 


].]   ni'l   ilc-ci'l    llif  1; 


W 


id'f   t  ti'i  •11-  an 


I      f\\  I 


!M'--    III''' 


W 


1 1 


lie  <|\\a,'lliii^"  -hare 


Aim!   tfn<l   lli<'  <liil<lr«'n   -\\tM' 


One  likr  llir  Sakiiir  wift'.  or  -unkiirnt   -pou-e 


> 


i 


I 


AI'PKNDIX 


^^  ho  lilU   tin'  ^nrT"(>(i 


i''artli  with  fracklinL^  l)0!iLr]i 


11 


cr  w ca 1 \    n 


<»    clK'Ci' 


ii'l   niilk-     he  'aplui-M  ewe.  ami   laps  Uic  na.^k 


W 


ilii  -\\{ ct   n«"\\    \  iiiiauf  }'raii*'lit 


Anil     mid   Pic  xiand-  -el-  flic  wclconn'  fla-k. 
1  <  >  tla  \  oi    !(»(  m|  !inl  Mui^lii . 

Not    i.akc   LiK fimi-"  oxNtcr-.  not   the  lio-t 

(  )t'  t  nrkol .  (|ainl\    iVast, 
llial    li(t\\iinu  -h»!-ni-  (•(.iiipcl  toward-  oiir  (•»)a-t, 


W 


No!   A' 


<(  a 


ti-li  iVoiii  the  Ma>t 


!<•  -.  nor 


Ioiiia'>  fowl,  t'or  nio 


If  thai    I    hnl   ohtain 
A   1  M'ir\    t  roai   I  he  lii-<'i<  >iis  ( )li\  c    t  r 


cc 


() 


I'  -orrcl   1  roiii   t  lie  plain 


(  )r  \\  hoh'-o'iM'  niallow-.'  or  the  lanih  di-patdiM 


n   !('-! !  \  f  -ai  rit 


li-c 


i'o  'rcrniinu-.  or  kid  adrolth    NnatchM 
I'Voni  1 


1 1 1  i\ 


!_:    Won   -   ( lr\  lee 


^^hil<■  thn-   1   liaiHjiH't.  let   nie  \  lew    in\    {locks 


11  >   hoii:c\\;ird  fail\    f 


Cl 


( ) 


r.   Willi   the  olonLdi   rc\cr-(l.  the  W(\ar\'  nv 


1) 


ra  w    nil:  h    w  it  li   dro«  ipiim'   iieau 


I  hen.  a!    the  weih-i)read   tahle,  lei    ni\    slav 


es, 


W 


a  '-e  niimher  i-  nix    oride 


"Fnjox    !he  -iinple  food   that   hnn^'er  ci-a\'es, 


ri 


le  uli-leiiin^-    nea 


>e-ltH' 


riie-e   -aid.    the   lender   A 


w  ea  rs  !ie  n  >nni 


11 


II 


am-,  ami  fa  rniiiiu  -la  r 


111!]-   pa--     he   Ide-.   hnt.   when    tile    kalcnd-  c-<)nie 


;»i!) 


I  re-h   I  toiid-  a  re  m   I  he  ma  r 


:tni 


ntiai  as  a  -alMd  ui  -onu-  iH)iinn-\-  ii 


laiv.  in  ]i 


K- 


:ilV 


T 


( ) 


\r    -V    • 


aihan   dear 


LXDEX 


^ 


AhoKKHn;  -.  til.  .  ;n  t]\v  rVminagna,  14. 

Addison.  .!"-«  pii.  .jinard    h/j. 

A'ivocates  m  an.!,  nt  nines.  See  Law- 
yers. 

Julaii  taniil\.  ih-'.    lli^    ]:;(», 

A  t  rica.  (■■-tail'-)  m,    \*t. 

A 'I'"'  f  'initolinus,  1'''.'    lil. 

Auiippma.  -^84,  285. 

Allia   I,Mii>_;a.    1-). 

Albrrt.  Mauru'.-,  >'n  Mu-ceiias's  \illa, 
82. 

Aliii'V  !  and!,  I  i!-.^i'.  wu  -i .  Mip  of  horses 
iv'^iw    1  iadnali's  villa,   l.i'.* 

A 1  jiiiif  ri>a<i>,  ''$0-.''J4. 

A  !M"  '!ia.   (    II  iar(  I  li  ,  al     i  i\ a  .ii,    ! '  '7. 

Ana  at  II-.  ( '  .Inliii--.  sectarian,  L<»7,  io^. 

Aiinai,   tla-.  L^n7    l^O!'. 

,\niii,  tla-  part  ;t  ha-  |'ia\t  i|  lu  luriiiin^ 
t  he  ( "anijMLin,..  II,   lU. 

AntiiaHi-.   1  7'.t    1  ^7. 

Am  Mini,  eunllii'l  «>f,  ^^iti>  Idai..-,  ');>',)  ^ 
a--o('iations  of,  \\ atli  N  i .'.  '■'*  1' '  ;  villa 
lit  Nrro  at .."•  1  ">..'>■">  I  .I'll'  ;  iiainor  ut, 
.■'•!>   ;   Maali  n,   ■'!     M  \  -!     IV    fnuild    at. 

A !  ;  I  i  1 1 1 .  ( '  a  pe,  3.33-335. 

Ail /a  I.    .s, ,    Aiitiiirn 

A(|  na'    A  i  i  aila-,    ~ii  >.   ■'>]  . 

A(  jua'   A  [It  >i !  i ii:i  1 1  -.    .".() 

An  a  i'  Cicei'DUiaiue,  333. 

A  I  j  aa-    ii  i-id  ;a  naa  ■  )0. 

Aijiiidiiets  of  tlie  <  a.tn|)a'^!!a.  H,  7,  L' 1. 

Ar<Z't'ntar;i  I.  iM^nrc,    IS. 

Astiiiclii.  {'nli'    ili'i;!;.  aliarcli  on,  1^17. 

.\>t  u  ra.  >u  nktai  -hi!*  i  i  ixa  .\ «  i-tal  a  *..">!)*  >. 

AuL;u>tu-,al     lVi>nr,  >  1 .   "^'J  ;   lis- ab-'r- 

niioiisness,     '.'7  ;     in-     tundness     for 

i^'aiiiiiiL^,  '.•7.  '. •>'. 
Auiflian.  and  Ztiml-ia. .  1  ■"'■'•.  \~\  :  t'aises 

tt'Iliplf   to  tlic   Siui   <tt    luuiif,    1(0. 


Antclii!-.     Marcus,    Sjufa!    (auuthii    of, 

MijiiKal   i»y  rartliijnakf,  'Jil'J.  ijjn. 
Vin-fliii-  \  icier  on   iladnan.   rj7. 

Autograph-  of  aiadiiiects  and   painters 
on  iiiin,-,  1.">S.  !,"■);>. 


I)anMllu-.    'I'i.   dnlius,    sectarian.     Iti7, 
1()8,  l(i'.>. 

ali-phi\inL;  in  ancu-ni  tinir-.  !!^    luO. 
anditl  I  in  anmont   !  inic-.    In.    Jl. 
aioino,  (aialinal  ( '•■■^aro.  '_'71. 
Bai'toli,   I'ictio    ."^anlo.  ou  .-anciuar\   ,il 


1 


\'t  11.  :i;it;. 


Bathma-    Ml    tho  upfii  >ca,  Uoniaii.-?   ob- 
jecttal  to.  ;!•_'  I. 


iiii-.  }s  .-,1^,  ;;ii}, 


i-uinni.   See  Frat  nadli, 

fivt  (Icrp    Apollo    louiul   m  Al.'bu}    uf 
( litittafo!  i"ita.  'iOS, 
IVrt  nmro,  -pllll^-  ot.    Is.   ll», 
liia-sanon.  (aidmal,  'J7l."_'7*i    L'sl. 
P>iondi.  274. 

lii.-'ucclii.   Nt«    Kruliot  ill. 
Hoccea,  08  n. 

I>of'j:liose,  Araroantoiiio,  hi.-  estate,   13. 
liurgiiese,  Cardinal  Seipioiie,  •_".»;').  ■_".»}. 
"Bo-rld  -^acn  del  La:'i()."'  330. 
Hracc'ian".  laike  ul,  \->. 
I'faeciolin!.    ^o^■gio.  at    'ls\oi!.   1<i7. 
liraan.     hand,     on      i-cpr.  -ont  at  a  iii-     uf 

Anliuous,  l>ti. 
Ureislak,    Pr..   <mi  ;hr    Ibnnan    loruin, 

I   a. 
UrcscKUii.  Aiitonio.  invest SL^-ated  oracu- 


lar 


aa\e.  li2S.  -lilK 


JMucatii  on  niakaiia    m   the  rainp.auna. 


— .  • '. 


Brne.a  Th'.,  nil  the  wheel  inarh-  i:i 
h'l.nipaii  and  the  uanm'  ot  i-jiLiii-h 
raiiwav.-,  IV2\K 


S7^Z 


!  \  n 


373 


Brutus,  villa  of,  at  Tibur,  76. 
Hulgariui  family  plumlered  Hadrian's 
villa,  139. 

Caecilia  Metella,  grave  of,  25. 

Ciesarion,  son  of  Csesar  and  Cleopatra, 
104. 

Cains  Cestins,  Pvraniid  of,  20. 

Calendars,  00,  01. 

Calvo,  Monte,  attractive  excursion  to, 
120. 

Camaldoli,  hermitage  of,  297-301. 

Cameos  found  in  the  Campagna,  20. 

Campagna,  the  wholesomeness  of,  in 
early  times,  2-()  ;  inhabited  in  pre- 
historic times,  4  ;  called  the  "  Land 
of  Saturn,"  0  ;  sanitation  of,  towards 
the  end  of  the  Republic,  (>,  7  ;  its 
appearance  in  early  imperial  times, 
6  ;  its  extent,  8,  9  ;  its  formation,  9- 
11  ;     three    geological     formations 
traced  in,  11,  12  ;  early  inhabitants 
of,  13-10  ;  what  part  of,  included  in 
the     ancient    metropolitan   district, 
10-24  ;   comparison    of  the  ancient 
and  modern  conditions   of,  19-24  ; 
ruins  of,  24-29  ;  villas  in,  29,42-48  ; 
causes  of  the  denudation  of,  52-00  ; 
tree-worship  in,  00-05,  140;  watch- 
towers  in,  05,  00  ;  attempt  of  popes 
to  restore.  0()  ;  flora  of, 07.  08  ;  fauna 
of,  08,  71  :  '-■•    \:  -hibald  (ieikie  on, 
71    73  ;  land  of  Horace,  74-120;  land 
of  Hadrian, 127-1S7;  landof  Gregory 
the  Great,  188-24(5  ;  land  of  Cicero, 
■J  I"     '  !   :  laud  of  Pliny  the  younger, 
30J-;i:^3  ;   land  of  Nero,    ,33:^-304 : 
amount  of  sculpture  dug  out  of,  31'' 
the   "  Description   of    Latium  "   on, 
302-304. 

Canina,  j7  I. 

Caput  Aqu«'e  Ferentin^e,  16. 

Caraifa,  Cardinal  Oliviero,  304. 

Ca  ray  ilia,  villa  of  Annibale  Caro, 
288  J'L' 

Caro,  Annibale,  adviser  of  Tor^piato 
Conti  in  laying  out  villa,  212  ;  his 
villa,     ~~l.     288;     translated     the 


^Eneid,  274;    a  successful  explorer 
of  anti(juities,  291. 
Cassio,  Alberto,  his  account  of  excava- 
tions at  Villa  Santa  Sigola,  204,  205. 
Cassius,  villa  of,  at  Tibur,  70. 
Castel    Madama,  identification  of  site 

of,  104  n. 
Castel  Porziano,  7  n.,  9  n. 
Castellacci  in  the  Campagna,  05,  60. 
Catena,  Villa,  211-21(>. 
Cato  on  the  fever,  5. 
Catullus,  villa  of.  91. 
Chaupy,    Capmartin    de,    on    Cicero's 
villas,  42  ;  claimed  to  have  discov- 
ered   the    site    of    Horace's   Sabine 
farm,    1-1    l-',\;    identified    site    of 
Cures,  122  ;  on  the  Tusculan  district, 
258. 
Cicero,  number  of  his  villas,  42  ;  on 
the  origin  of   Praiueste,  227,  228  ; 
site  of  liis  Tusculan   villa,  217,  248, 
'jril,    _    7  ,    his    Tusculan    villa    the 
centre  of  a  cluster  of  lawvers'  villas, 
248  ;  not   a   lawyer   in  the   present 
sense  of  the  term,  250  ;  in  defence 
of  Fonteius,  252  ;  in  defence  of  Milo, 
253.  254  ;  his  love  for  his  Tusculan 
villa,   258,  259  ;  his  Tusculan  villa 
small,  but  of  great  value.  259-201  ; 
his    children,    20)1,  202  ;    his  habits 
and  death,  2()3,  2(54  ;  tile   inscribed 
with  his  name,  204  ;    his  Tusculan 
villa  in  the  hands  of  Silius   Italicus, 
265. 
Cicero,  Marcus,  son  of  the  orator,  261, 

263. 
Claudian  aqueduct,  24. 
Clfiudianus,  Flavins,  his  villas,  42. 
Cleopatra  at  Rome,  1'  1 
Cocciano,   present    name   of    imperial 

estate  at  Frascati,  285. 
Coliseum      injured     by     earthquakes, 

i!   1-224. 
Collegium  sniufare,  266. 
I  Como,  Lake  of,  45. 
Conche,  154,  L')7. 

Constantine,    basilica    of,    injured  by 
earthquake,  221. 


♦J 


Conti,  the,  pedigree  of,  207-209.  In- 
nocent 111,208,  209,  213;  career  of, 
210,211;  Torquato,  211-213:  Villa 
Catena,  211-210;  Innocent  X!!!. 
213-210  ;  last  stand  of  the  Fraticelli 
against  the  churcli  under  the  pro- 
tection of,  217  ;  Torre  de',  218  ; 
connection  of,  with  Forum  Pacis,  221. 

Contini,  Francesco,  157,  158. 

Corpus  I nscriptionum  Latinarum,  Tivoli 
the  birthplace  of,  107. 

Cozza,  Abbot  Giuseppe,  on  the  site  of 
Cicero's  Tusculanum,  247,  248. 

Cures,  site  of,  122. 

Cynthia,  villa  of,  88-UU,  Uhk  Inl  ;  her 
grave,  103. 

Decimo,  08,  08  n. 

Delille  on  Tibur,  75. 

"Description  of  Latium,"  on  Pales- 
trina,  244,  245  ;  on  the  hermitage  of 
Cardinal  Passionei  and  the  monks 
of  Camaldolesi,  300  ;  on  the  forests 
and  the  winds  of  the  Laurentian 
coast,  330,  331 ;  on  the  city  of  Rome, 
302;  on  the  Campagna,  302-304. 

Dice,  use  of,  in  ancient  times,  97,  98. 

Dion  Cassius,  his  description  of  the 
welcome  given  to  King  Tyridates  at 
Rome,  1()4,  105. 

Dionigi,  Marco,  207. 

Discobolus,  statue  of,  found  in  Queen 
Elena's  cottage,  320-324  ;  other 
statues  of,  320,  321. 

Dodona,  220. 

Domenichino,  273. 

Domitii,  estates  of  the,  40-48. 

Drinks,  in  ancient  times,  95-97. 

Dureau  de  la  Malle  suj)ports  Straton's 
theory  of  a  flood,  13. 

Earthquakes,  effects  of,  in  Campagna, 
219-224. 

Elena,  Queen  of  Italy,  inscription  dis- 
covered at  the  Vicus  Augustanus  by, 
311  ;  tribute  to,  311  ;  her  cottage, 
315-318  ;  statue  of  the  Discobolus 
discovered  at,  318-324. 


Empulum,  site  of  Castel  Madama,  104, 

105. 
Este,  Cardinal   Ippolito  d',  107,  111  ; 

death  of,  114. 
Este,  Villa  d',  107,  108,  111-114. 
Eustachius,  legend  of,  200-204  ;  home 

of,  on  the  Vulturella,  204,  205  ;  his 

burial  place,  200,  207. 
Ex-votos,  236. 

Falconieri,  287. 

Farnese,    Violante,    builds    church   of 

•Mtaonua  della  Pietk,  213. 
Fauna  of  the  Campagna,  0^,  71. 
Fede,  Count  Giuseppe,  connection  of, 

with  Hadrian's  villa,  142,  145. 
Fever,  the,  in  Roman  literature,  5,  0. 
Ficana,  10. 
Ficoroni,    Francesco,    on     the     tombs 

and  mausolea  of  the  Campagna,  24, 

25. 
Fiumicino,  lU. 
Flood,    Straton's    theory    of,   12,    13  ; 

caused  bv  the  Tiber,  189. 
Flora  of  the  Campagna,  07,  08. 
Fons  Aponi,  50. 
Fontana,  Domenico,  restores  the  spiral 

column    of    Marcus    Aurelius,   219, 

220. 
Forests,  along  the  coast,  west  and  east 

of   the    mouth   of    the    Tiber,   329, 

330. 
Forsyth.  W.,  quoted,  94. 
Fortunse  Primigenije,  Templum,  239- 

Fortune-telling,  method  of,  in  ancient 
times,  242. 

Forum,  Roman,  a  volcanic  crater,  4, 
4n. 

Forum  Appii,  39. 

Forum  Pacis,  221. 

Frascati,  rebuilt  by  Paul  III,  2S1, 
280  ;  represents  the  central  palace 
and  headquarters  of  the  imperial 
estate,  283  ;  Villa  Rufina  at,  287. 

Fraticelli,  the,  217,  218. 

Furietti,  Alessandro.  his  discoveries  in 
Hadrian's  vill.i,  1  IL 


374 


DEX 


Gaiouas,  M.  Antonius,  sectarian,  167, 

170-173. 
Galen,  on  gymnastics,  1(K). 
Gallus,  Cornelius,  1)1-1>3. 
Gambling  in  ancient  times,  97,  98. 
Gamekeepers  in  ancient  times,  310- 

312. 
Games,  social,  in  ancient  times,  97. 
(iauckler,  Professor  Paul.  17-J-177. 
Geikie,  Sir    Archibald,  on    the  Cam- 

pagna,  71-73. 
Gericomio,  farmhouse  called,  114-1'JO. 
Ghezzi,  Pier  Leone,  his  writings,  298, 

299. 
Giannutri,  island,  46,  47. 
Giglio,  Isola  del,  40,  47. 
Ginestre,  Colle  delle,  site  of  Cicero's 

Tusculan  villa,  257. 
Gosselin  supports  Straton's  theory  of 

a  Hood,  13. 
Gracchus,  Caius,  discovery  of  the  place 

of  his  deatlj,  172.  i 

Great  St.  Bernard,  the,  31-34.  I 

Greek    works    of    art,   loss   of,   341- 

343.  I 

Gregory  the   Great,  land  of,  gem   of  ' 

tlie  Campagna,  188,  189  ;  birth,  189  ; 

at  tlie  time  of  the  plague,  190-194  ; 

physical     characteristics     of,    194  ; 

crowned,  194  ;  his  home  on  the  Cae- 

lian  liill  unexplored,  195  ;  disposed 

of    possessions  in  favor  of   brother 

monks,  19G. 
Grottaf errata.  Abbey  of,  near  Cicero's 

Tusculan  villa,  247  ;  not  on  the  site 

of  Cicero's  villa,  266-268  ;  relics  of. 

268,  271  ;  wealth  of.  271  ;  name  of, 

272;  charm  of,  272,  273  ;  connected 

with  literary  and  artistic  work,  274- 

276  ;  connection  of  Cardinal  Bessa- 

rion  with,  271,  -76-281. 
Groups  of  statues,  86-88. 

Hackert,  Georg,  his  views  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Horace's  farm,  123,  1-1 

Hadrian,  his  ancestry,   129,  130  ;    his 
career,  130-131. 
Villa  of,  portrait  gallery  in,  85  ;  ex- 


cavated by  Ligorio,  107;  plan  of, 
taken  by  Ligorio,  HI  ;  places  re- 
produced in,  127  ;  site  of,  128; 
kept  in  good  condition  to  time  of 
Constantine,  132,  135;  uncertain 
when  it  began  to  be  despoiled,  135, 
136  ;  plundered  from  time  of  Alex- 
ander VI  to  middle  of  last  century, 
136  ;  plundered  by  the  Bulgarini 
family,  139  ;  excavated  by  Furietti, 
141  ;  finds  made  by  Baratta  at,  141  ; 
under  Count  Fede,  142,  145  ;  under 
Lanciani's  care,  145  ;  excavations 
of  Hamilton  and  the  brothers  Pira- 
nesi,  147,  148  ;  excavations  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  148,  149  ;  pres- 
ent condition  of,  149,  150. 

Hamilton,  Gavin,  liis  excavations  in 
Hadrian's  villa,  147. 

Helbiir  on  statue  of  Antinous,  180. 

Hirculani'i  AugustaleSy  82. 

Herodotus  on  the  royal  road  from  Sar- 
dis  to  Susa,  35. 

Horace,  on  inns,  38,  39;  on  Tibur,  74  ; 
life  of,  76-81  ;  had  sore  eyes,  92  ; 
on  wines,  IK)  ;  his  Sabine  farm,  121- 
126;  translation  of  second  Kpode, 
367-369. 

Horosius,  Excerpts  from  the  Chronicle 
of,  222. 

Hortensia  pleaded  before  the  magis- 
trates, 253. 

Hortensius,  248,  2.')0,  253. 

Horti  Mjeceniani,  86. 

Hostelries.  See  Inns. 

Hotels.  See  Inns. 

Human  sacrifice,  trace  of,  discovered 
at  Rome,  176  ;  at  Alexandria,  177. 

I  cone  t  (a,  62. 

Iconographic  sets,  85,  86. 

Innocent  III,  Poi)e,  209. 

Innocent    XII,  journey    of,  to    Porto 

d'  Anzio,  21  1      15. 
!  iuocent    XI  11     journey    of,  to    Poli, 

213-216. 
Inns  in  ancient  times,  38—11. 
Inundation  caused   bv  the  Tiber,  189. 


M 


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NEW    TALES    OF    OLD     ROME. 

trated  with  Maps  and   Drawings. 

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ANCIENT  ROME  IN  THE  LIGHT  OF  RECENT 
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ina;  several  Heliotvpes)  and  64  Text  Illustrations. 
Maps,  and  Plans.     Svo,  ^6.00. 

PAGAN  AND  CHRISTIAN  ROME.  With  26  full- 
page  Illustrations  and  90  Text  Illustrations.  Svo, 
$6.00. 

THE  RUINS  AND  EXCAVATIONS  OF  ANCIENT 
ROME      With  216  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo,  $4.00. 


Profusely   illus- 
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